TEDSummit
Laura Boushnak: The deadly legacy of cluster bombs
劳拉·布什纳克: 致命的遗患——集束炸弹
Filmed:
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战争的破坏并不会随着斗争的结束而结束。2006年爆发的为期34天的黎以冲突期间，约有四百万吨的集束炸弹被投放在黎巴嫩境内，肆意杀戮。冲突结束后这些炸弹的威胁依存，因为它们中许多没有被成功引爆而处于待命状态，随时有可能导致接触它们的人受到伤害甚至丧命。在演讲中，摄影师兼TED合作伙伴劳拉·布什纳克给我们展示了集束炸弹幸存者的纪实影像，同时呼吁以美国为代表的那些坚持生产和使用这种武器的国家禁用它们。
Laura Boushnak - Photographer
Laura Boushnak is a Kuwaiti-born Palestinian photographer whose work focuses on women, literacy and education reform in the Arab world. Full bio
Laura Boushnak is a Kuwaiti-born Palestinian photographer whose work focuses on women, literacy and education reform in the Arab world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I once had this nightmare:
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我曾经做过一个恶梦：
梦到我站在埋满地雷的荒地上。
00:15
I'm standing in the middle
of a deserted field full of land mines.
of a deserted field full of land mines.
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00:19
In real life, I love to hike,
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现实生活中，我爱好徒步旅行，
但是每次要去远足，我都非常焦虑。
00:22
but every time I want to go on a hike,
it makes me nervous.
it makes me nervous.
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00:26
I have this thought in the back of my mind
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我脑海中浮想着自己
会不会突然失去一部分肢体。
00:28
that I might lose a limb.
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00:31
This underlying fear started 10 years ago,
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这种潜在的恐惧产生于十年前
也就是在我遇到穆罕默德之后，
这是一个在2006年黎以冲突期间
这是一个在2006年黎以冲突期间
00:34
after I met Mohammed,
a cluster bomb survivor
a cluster bomb survivor
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黎巴嫩集束炸弹袭击中的幸存者。
00:37
of the summer 2006
Israel-Hezbollah War in Lebanon.
Israel-Hezbollah War in Lebanon.
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00:42
Mohammed, like so many
other survivors all around the world,
other survivors all around the world,
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穆罕默德，和世界上
许多的幸存者一样，
许多的幸存者一样，
每一天都不得不承受着集束炸弹带来的
00:45
had to live through the horrifying
repercussions of cluster munitions
repercussions of cluster munitions
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残忍后果。
00:50
on a daily basis.
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00:53
When the one-month conflict
started in Lebanon,
started in Lebanon,
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当黎巴嫩长达一个月的战争开始时，
我还在巴黎的法新社工作。
00:55
I was still working
at Agence France-Presse in Paris.
at Agence France-Presse in Paris.
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00:59
I remember how I was glued to the screens,
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我记得当时我寸步不离电视，
焦急地跟进新闻报导。
01:02
anxiously following the news.
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01:05
I wanted to reassure myself
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我试着安慰自己
炸弹没有落到我父母家。
01:06
that the falling bombs
missed my parents' home.
missed my parents' home.
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01:10
When I arrived in Beirut
on assignment to cover that war,
on assignment to cover that war,
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之后我带着新闻工作回到贝鲁特，
直到和家人团聚我才释怀，
01:14
I was relieved to be united
with my family,
with my family,
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那时他们已经逃离了黎巴嫩南部。
01:16
after they had finally managed
to escape southern Lebanon.
to escape southern Lebanon.
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01:20
The day the war was over,
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战争结束的那一天，
我看到了这样的景象——
01:22
I remember seeing this image --
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被封锁的道路之一，
01:24
one of blocked roads,
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01:26
of displaced people eagerly rushing
south, back to their homes,
south, back to their homes,
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满是无家可归人们着急南下，
想回到家乡，
想回到家乡，
不管那里还剩下什么。
01:30
regardless of what they would find.
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01:33
An estimated four million
cluster submunitions
cluster submunitions
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约有四百万吨的弹药，
在34天的冲突中散落在黎巴嫩。
01:36
were spread in Lebanon during
the 34-day conflict.
the 34-day conflict.
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01:42
Mohammed lost both legs
during the last week of the conflict.
during the last week of the conflict.
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穆罕默德就是在冲突的
最后一个星期失去了双腿。
最后一个星期失去了双腿。
01:46
The fact that he lives a five-minute
drive from my parents' home
drive from my parents' home
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他就住在离我父母家
只有五分钟车程的地方，
只有五分钟车程的地方，
所以那几年我很方便采访到他。
01:49
made it easier to follow
him through the years.
him through the years.
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01:52
It was now almost 10 years
since we first met.
since we first met.
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距离我第一次见到他
已经过去十年了。
已经过去十年了。
01:56
I saw the young boy
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我目睹这个小男孩
承受着生理上和心理上的创伤。
01:57
who had to endure
physical and emotional trauma.
physical and emotional trauma.
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02:02
I saw the teenager who tried
to offer his friends tattoos,
to offer his friends tattoos,
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我看到过这个少年通过
给朋友画纹身，
给朋友画纹身，
赚取五美元的酬劳。
02:05
in return for a set fee of five dollars.
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02:09
And I know the young, jobless man
who spends hours surfing the Internet
who spends hours surfing the Internet
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我还知道这个失业的男青年
在网上花了几个小时的时间，
在网上花了几个小时的时间，
想约一个可能会当他女朋友的女孩。
02:13
trying to meet a girl who might
become his girlfriend.
become his girlfriend.
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02:17
His fate and the effects
of losing his legs
of losing his legs
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他的命运以及失去双腿带来的影响，
已经成为了他生活的一部分。
02:20
are now his daily reality.
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02:23
Survivors of bomb trauma like Mohammed
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像穆罕默德这样的炸弹幸存者
每天都要处理我们不会碰到的
许许多多的琐碎小事。
许许多多的琐碎小事。
02:25
have to deal with so many details
that never occur to us.
that never occur to us.
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02:29
Who would have imagined
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谁能想到
这些我们早已习以为常的小事，
02:31
that so many daily tasks we do
or take for granted,
or take for granted,
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比如去趟海滩或者
从地上捡起一件东西，
从地上捡起一件东西，
02:33
such as going to the beach or even
picking up something from the floor,
picking up something from the floor,
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也会成为压力和焦虑的来源。
02:38
would become sources
of stress and anxiety?
of stress and anxiety?
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02:41
Well, that's what eventually
became of Mohammed,
became of Mohammed,
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穆罕穆德的现状，
都是不灵活的假肢造成的结果。
02:44
due to his inflexible prosthetic legs.
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02:48
Ten years ago, I had no clue
what a cluster bomb was,
what a cluster bomb was,
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十年前，我还不知道什么是集束炸弹，
更不清楚它可怕的威力。
02:52
nor its horrifying implications.
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02:54
I learned that this indiscriminate
weapon was used
weapon was used
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我了解到这种对目标不加鉴别的武器，
曾被世界上许多国家所使用，
02:57
in so many parts of the world
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至今还在伤及无辜，
02:58
and continues to kill on a regular basis,
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不区分军事目标，
03:01
without distinguishing
between a military target
between a military target
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或者是小孩。
03:04
or a child.
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03:06
I naively asked myself,
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我天真地问自己
“说真的，是谁制造了这些武器？
03:08
"But seriously, who made those weapons?
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03:11
And what for?"
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其用途又是什么？”
03:13
Let me explain to you
what a cluster bomb is.
what a cluster bomb is.
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我来说明一下什么是集束炸弹。
正如这个装满小型炸弹的大罐子。
03:16
It's a large canister
filled with bomblets.
filled with bomblets.
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当它在高空被投放下来，
03:19
When it's dropped from the air,
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到达半空时它会自动打开
释放上百颗小型炸弹。
释放上百颗小型炸弹。
03:21
it opens up in midair to release
hundreds of bomblets.
hundreds of bomblets.
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03:25
They scatter around wide areas
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它们散落在各处
然后爆炸，
03:27
and on impact,
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其中也有许多没有成功爆炸的。
03:28
many fail to explode.
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03:31
Those unexploded ones end up
just like landmines --
just like landmines --
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那些没有爆炸的炸弹和地雷无异，
潜伏于地面，
03:34
sitting on the ground,
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等待着它们下一个目标。
03:35
waiting for their next target.
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03:38
If someone steps on them by accident
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如果有人不小心踩了上去
或是捡起它们，
03:41
or picks them up,
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它们可能就会爆炸。
03:42
they can explode.
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03:44
These weapons are extremely unpredictable,
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这些武器是完全不可预测的，
这使得它们的威胁进一步增大。
03:47
which makes the threat even bigger.
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今天，一个健康的农民去干农活，
03:49
One day, a farmer can work
his land without a problem.
his land without a problem.
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第二天他焚烧了些树枝生火，
03:52
The next day, he can make fire
and burn some branches,
and burn some branches,
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高温就可能引爆旁边隐藏的炸弹。
03:56
and the submunitions close by
could be set off because of the heat.
could be set off because of the heat.
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04:00
The problem is children mistake
those bomblets for toys,
those bomblets for toys,
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问题还在于有些小孩
会误把那些炸弹当玩具，
会误把那些炸弹当玩具，
因为它们看起来
像弹球或者汽水罐。
像弹球或者汽水罐。
04:04
because they can look like
bouncy balls or soda cans.
bouncy balls or soda cans.
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04:08
Being a documentary photographer,
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作为一名纪实摄影师，
我决定在冲突结束
后回黎巴嫩待上几个月，
后回黎巴嫩待上几个月，
04:10
I decided to go back to Lebanon
a few months after the conflict ended
a few months after the conflict ended
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去探访集束炸弹幸存者。
04:14
to meet cluster bomb survivors.
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我确实见到了一些——
04:16
And I met a few --
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侯赛因和拉莎，
04:18
Hussein and Rasha,
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他们都被集束炸弹炸掉了一条腿。
04:19
who both lost a leg to submunitions.
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04:22
Their stories are similar to so many
other kids' stories across the world
other kids' stories across the world
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他们的故事和世界上
千千万万孩子的故事相似，
千千万万孩子的故事相似，
都成为了不断使用这些武器
04:26
and are a testimony
to the horrifying implications
to the horrifying implications
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给人们带来可怕灾难的证据。
04:29
of the continuous use of such weapons.
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04:33
That's when I met Mohammed,
in January 2007.
in January 2007.
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我2007年以一月见到
穆罕默德的时候，
穆罕默德的时候，
04:37
He was 11 years old,
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他才11岁，
我在那场意外过去四个月后见到了他。
04:38
and I met him exactly four months
after his accident.
after his accident.
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04:42
When I first saw him,
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第一次见到他那会儿，
他正在接受痛苦的理疗
04:43
he was going through painful physiotherapy
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以治愈新伤口。
04:46
to recover from his fresh wounds.
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04:48
Still in shock at such a young age,
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穆罕默德在努力地适应残缺的新身体，
年幼的他依旧惊魂未定。
04:50
Mohammed was struggling
to get used to his new body.
to get used to his new body.
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04:54
He would even wake up sometimes
at night wanting to scratch his lost feet.
at night wanting to scratch his lost feet.
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有时候他半夜醒来
还想要挠一挠失去的脚。
还想要挠一挠失去的脚。
05:00
What drew me closer to his story
was my instant realization
was my instant realization
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我渴望进一步了解他的故事，
是因为我突然意识到，
是因为我突然意识到，
穆罕穆德可能在未来面对的困难，
05:03
of the difficulties Mohammed
was likely to face in the future --
was likely to face in the future --
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05:07
that what he has been suffering
while adjusting to his injury
while adjusting to his injury
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可能会比他在11岁时适应残疾
05:11
at the age of 11,
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所经历的困难，
05:13
would increase manyfold.
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还要更艰巨。
05:15
Even before his disability,
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即使是在遭遇不幸之前，
他的生活也并不好。
05:17
Mohammed's life wasn't easy.
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他出生在巴勒斯坦难民
集聚的拉希迪赫难民营中，
集聚的拉希迪赫难民营中，
05:19
He was born in the Rashidieh Camp
for Palestinian refugees,
for Palestinian refugees,
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至今也没搬过家。
05:22
and this is where he still lives.
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黎巴嫩有约40万的巴勒斯坦难民，
05:25
Lebanon holds some 400,000
Palestinian refugees,
Palestinian refugees,
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他们受到当地法律的不公平对待。
05:28
and they suffer from discriminatory laws.
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05:31
They're not allowed to work
in the public sector
in the public sector
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他们不能进入公共部门工作，
或者从事一些特定的职业，
05:34
or practice certain professions
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就连财产所有权都得不到保护。
05:36
and are denied the right to own property.
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这就是为什么
05:39
This is one of the reasons
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穆罕默德没有因为伤后退学
05:40
why Mohammed doesn't really
regret dropping out of school
regret dropping out of school
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05:43
right after his injury.
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而感到后悔，
05:45
He said, "What's the point
of a university degree
of a university degree
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他说：“如果我毕业后依然找不到工作，
那么上大学又有什么意义？”
05:48
when I can't find a job to start with?"
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05:53
Cluster bomb use creates a vicious circle
of impact on communities,
of impact on communities,
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集束炸弹的使用在我们的
社会上形成了一个恶性循环，
社会上形成了一个恶性循环，
它们危害的不仅仅是受害者的生命。
05:57
and not only the lives of their victims.
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许多因这种武器
导致伤残的人因此辍学了，
导致伤残的人因此辍学了，
05:59
Many who get injured by this weapon
drop out of school,
drop out of school,
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或是无法找工作甚至失去工作，
06:03
can't find jobs or even lose their jobs,
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从此失去了养家的能力。
06:06
therefore losing the ability
to provide for their families.
to provide for their families.
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06:09
This is not to mention
the continuous physical pain
the continuous physical pain
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更不用说持续的生理上的痛苦，
和心理上的孤独感。
06:13
and the experience of feeling isolated.
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06:17
These weapons affect
the poorest of the poor.
the poorest of the poor.
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受打击最严重的是穷人，
昂贵的医药费对一个
家庭来说是巨大的负担。
家庭来说是巨大的负担。
06:20
The high medical cost
is a burden to the families.
is a burden to the families.
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06:23
They end up relying
on humanitarian agencies,
on humanitarian agencies,
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他们只能依靠资源有限
又无法提供持续帮助的人道主义组织，
06:26
which is insufficient and unsustainable,
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06:29
especially when injuries require
lifelong support to the injured.
lifelong support to the injured.
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对于那些需要终身接受治疗的伤者来说，
更是无法承受。
更是无法承受。
06:33
Ten years after Mohammed's injury,
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穆罕穆德受伤后十年，
06:35
he is still unable to afford
proper prosthetic legs.
proper prosthetic legs.
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他依然买不起一条合适的假肢。
06:39
He's very cautious with his steps,
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他走路非常小心，
因为这几年的几次跌倒，
06:41
as a couple of falls over the years
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已经让他在朋友中颜面失尽。
06:43
brought him embarrassment
among his friends.
among his friends.
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06:47
He joked that since he doesn't have legs,
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他开玩笑说因为他没有腿，
有一天他会尝试用手走路。
06:49
some days he tries to walk on his hands.
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06:53
One of the worst yet invisible
impacts of the weapon
impacts of the weapon
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这些武器留下的最糟糕而且无形的影响，
06:56
is the psychological scars it leaves.
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就是心理上的创伤。
06:59
In one of Mohammed's
early medical reports,
early medical reports,
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一份关于穆罕默德早期治疗的报告中，
他被诊断出患有
创伤后精神紧张性精神障碍。
创伤后精神紧张性精神障碍。
07:01
he was diagnosed with signs of PTSD.
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他饱受焦虑、食欲不振、
睡眠障碍的困扰，
睡眠障碍的困扰，
07:04
He suffered from anxiety,
poor appetite, sleep disturbance
poor appetite, sleep disturbance
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还有易怒的倾向。
07:10
and showed signs of anger.
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07:13
The reality is Mohammed never received
proper help to fully recover.
proper help to fully recover.
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现实是穆罕默德从来没有
接受过合适且完善的康复治疗。
接受过合适且完善的康复治疗。
07:18
His current obsession
is to leave Lebanon at any cost --
is to leave Lebanon at any cost --
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他当前的愿望就是
不惜一切代价离开黎巴嫩——
不惜一切代价离开黎巴嫩——
即使要和其他跨越地中海
07:22
even if it meant embarking
on a hazardous journey
on a hazardous journey
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07:25
along with refugees drifting towards
Europe today through the Mediterranean.
Europe today through the Mediterranean.
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逃往欧洲的难民那样踏上危险的旅途。
07:31
Knowing how risky such a journey would be,
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他清楚这样的旅行风险很高，
07:33
he said, "If I were to die on the way,
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但是他说：“如果我死在半路
也没有什么关系。”
07:36
it doesn't matter."
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真正的穆罕默德早就死在这里了。
07:37
To Mohammed, he is dead here, anyway.
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07:42
Cluster bombs are a world problem,
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集束炸弹是个全球性的问题，
因为这些武器不断伤害
和摧毁我们整个社会，
和摧毁我们整个社会，
07:45
as this munition keeps destroying
and hurting whole communities
and hurting whole communities
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影响着世世代代的人。
07:50
for generations to come.
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07:52
In an online interview with the director
of the Mines Advisory Group,
of the Mines Advisory Group,
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在一个对地雷咨询团体负责人
杰米· 富兰克林的
杰米· 富兰克林的
在线访谈中，
07:56
Jamie Franklin,
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他说：
07:57
he said,
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“美国空军在老挝投下了
超过两百万吨的弹药。
超过两百万吨的弹药。
07:58
"The US forces dropped over two million
tons of munitions over Laos.
tons of munitions over Laos.
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08:03
If they couldn't find
their targets in Vietnam,
their targets in Vietnam,
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如果飞机在越南搜查不到目标，
他们会先把弹药
投放到老挝的自由投放区，
投放到老挝的自由投放区，
08:06
there were free-drop areas in Laos
where planes would drop their loads
where planes would drop their loads
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然后才返回基地，
08:10
before going back to base,
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因为带着弹药着陆是危险的。”
08:12
because it's dangerous to land
with loaded planes."
with loaded planes."
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08:16
According to the International
Committee of the Red Cross,
Committee of the Red Cross,
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红十字国际委员会的数据显示，
仅仅老挝——
世界上最贫困的国家之一——
世界上最贫困的国家之一——
08:19
in Laos alone -- one of the poorest
countries in the world --
countries in the world --
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就有九百万到两千七百万吨的
未成功引爆炸弹遗留。
未成功引爆炸弹遗留。
08:22
nine to 27 million unexploded
submunitions remain.
submunitions remain.
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08:28
Some 11,000 people have been killed
or injured since 1973.
or injured since 1973.
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1973年起约有11000的人因炸弹意外伤亡。
08:34
This lethal weapon has been used
by over 20 states during armed conflicts
by over 20 states during armed conflicts
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这种致命武器被20个国家
在军事冲突期间，
在军事冲突期间，
用在超过35个国家上，
08:39
in over 35 countries,
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比如乌克兰、伊拉克和苏丹。
08:41
such as Ukraine, Iraq and Sudan.
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08:46
So far, 119 states have joined
an international treaty
an international treaty
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到目前为止，
有119个国家签订了一项关于禁用
有119个国家签订了一项关于禁用
集束炸弹的国际协议，
08:50
banning cluster bombs,
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也就是《国际禁用集束炸弹公约》。
08:52
which is officially called
the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
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08:56
But some of the biggest producers
of cluster munitions --
of cluster munitions --
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但是一些集束炸弹制造大国——
比如美国、俄罗斯和中国——
08:59
namely, the United States,
Russia and China --
Russia and China --
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不受挽救生命的公约的制约，
09:03
remain outside of this lifesaving treaty
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坚持生产这些武器，
09:05
and continue to produce them,
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并且保留未来可能再次生产的权利，
09:07
reserve the right to produce
them in the future,
them in the future,
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同时保有这些杀伤性武器的库存，
09:10
keep those harmful weapons
in their stockpiles
in their stockpiles
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甚至将来极有可能会使用。
09:13
and even possibly use them in the future.
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09:17
Cluster bombs have reportedly
been used most recently
been used most recently
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报道称集束炸弹最近在也门和叙利亚
持续不断的冲突中被广泛应用，
09:21
in the ongoing conflicts
in Yemen and Syria.
in Yemen and Syria.
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09:26
According to research
on the worldwide investments
on the worldwide investments
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根据荷兰的非政府组织Pax的
一项关于集束炸弹制造商
09:28
in cluster munitions producers
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全球投资来源的调查显示，
09:30
by Pax, a Dutch-based NGO,
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09:33
financial institutions invested
billions of US dollars
billions of US dollars
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商业机构已经为集束炸弹制造商
投资了几十亿美元。
09:37
into companies that make
cluster munitions.
cluster munitions.
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09:40
The majority of these institutions
are based in countries
are based in countries
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这些机构大多属于那些没有签订
《国际禁用集束炸弹公约》的国家。
09:44
that have not yet signed
the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
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09:49
Getting back to Mohammed,
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说回穆罕默德，
少数几种他能找到的
工作之一就是采摘柠檬。
工作之一就是采摘柠檬。
09:51
one of the few jobs he was able
to find was picking lemons.
to find was picking lemons.
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09:55
When I ask him if it's safe
to work in the field he said,
to work in the field he said,
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我问他在地里干活安不安全，他说：
“我也不确定。”
09:59
"I'm not sure."
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10:01
Research shows that cluster munitions
often contaminate areas
often contaminate areas
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有调查显示集束炸弹经常污染
10:05
where agriculture is the main
source of income.
source of income.
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那些以农业为主要收入来源
地区的土地。
地区的土地。
10:10
According to Handicap
International's research,
International's research,
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国际助残组织的调查显示，
被集束炸弹导致伤残的
98%的人都是平民，
98%的人都是平民，
10:12
98 percent of those killed or injured
by cluster munitions are civilians.
by cluster munitions are civilians.
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10:19
Eighty-four percent
of casualties are males.
of casualties are males.
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而其中的84%为男性。
10:23
In countries where
these people have no choice
these people have no choice
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那些国家的人们没有其它选择，
只能在那样的土地上劳作，
10:25
but to work in those fields,
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他们不过是干农活而已，
10:27
they simply do it
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却要冒着生命危险。
10:29
and risk it.
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10:31
Mohammed is the only male
to three sisters.
to three sisters.
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穆罕默德是家里
四个孩子中唯一的男孩。
四个孩子中唯一的男孩。
习俗上说，应当由他来养家，
10:35
Culturally, he's expected
to provide for his family,
to provide for his family,
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但他做不到。
10:38
but he simply can't.
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10:40
He tried to have so many different jobs,
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他尝试过各种各样的工作，
却因为身体的残疾一个都做不下去，
10:42
but he couldn't keep any
due to his physical disability
due to his physical disability
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即使不是这样，
当地社会对残疾人也缺乏
当地社会对残疾人也缺乏
10:45
and the less-than-friendly environment
to people with disabilities,
to people with disabilities,
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足够的宽容态度。
10:49
to say the least.
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10:51
It hurts him a lot when he goes
out looking for a job,
out looking for a job,
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当他去应聘工作被别人用一点施舍
打发走的时候，
10:54
and he's turned away
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他受到了深深的伤害。
10:56
with a small amount of money
paid to him out of pity.
paid to him out of pity.
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10:59
He said, "I'm not here to beg for money,
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他说：“我不是来乞讨的，
我只想靠自己的本事挣钱。”
11:02
I just want to earn it."
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11:05
Mohammed today is 21 years old.
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穆罕默德今年已经21岁了。
他是个文盲，
11:08
He's illiterate,
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只能通过对话交流。
11:09
and he communicates with voice messages.
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这是他的一条语音信息：
11:12
Here is one of his messages.
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11:15
(Audio) Mohammed: (Speaking in Arabic)
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（音频）穆罕穆德：（阿拉伯语）
11:23
Laura Boushnak:
He said, "My dream is to run,
He said, "My dream is to run,
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他说：“我的梦想是奔跑，
我很确定一旦我开始奔跑
11:25
and I'm pretty sure once I start running,
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我就决不会停下来。”
11:28
I would never stop."
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谢谢。
11:29
Thank you.
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（掌声）
11:30
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laura Boushnak - PhotographerLaura Boushnak is a Kuwaiti-born Palestinian photographer whose work focuses on women, literacy and education reform in the Arab world.
Why you should listen
Boushnak's documentary project I Read I Write explores the barriers women face accessing education and the role of literacy in improving the lives of women in Egypt, Yemen, Kuwait, Jordan, Tunisia and Saudi Arabia. For the project, Boushnak encouraged women to write their thoughts on prints of their portraits, engaging them directly in the artistic process. Boushnak’s images have been widely published, and her work has been exhibited in museums and galleries around the world. She is a co-founder of Rawiya, a collective that brings together the work and experience of female photographers from the Middle East.
Laura Boushnak | Speaker | TED.com