TEDSummit
Laura Boushnak: The deadly legacy of cluster bombs
蘿拉·包士拿克: 致命的榴霰彈遺禍
Filmed:
Readability: 4.8
706,559 views
戰爭的破壞並不止於戰事結束的那一刻。在 2006 年夏天，以色列和黎巴嫩真主黨的 34 日戰爭期間，估計有四百萬枚榴霰彈被投擲在黎巴嫩的地面上，無分辨性地濫殺了許多人。因為殘留了很多的未爆彈，將會殺死或殘傷任何遇到它們的人，所以仍然存在著潛在危險。在這演講中，攝影師和 TED 研究會員於一身的蘿拉·包士拿克展示榴霰彈倖存者的令人難忘的照片；譴責榴霰彈的投資金融機構、武器製造商，和使用者；並要求那些生產和容忍這些武器的人，包括美國在內，徹底丟棄它們。
Laura Boushnak - Photographer
Laura Boushnak is a Kuwaiti-born Palestinian photographer whose work focuses on women, literacy and education reform in the Arab world. Full bio
Laura Boushnak is a Kuwaiti-born Palestinian photographer whose work focuses on women, literacy and education reform in the Arab world. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I once had this nightmare:
0
809
2174
我曾有過這樣的噩夢：
00:15
I'm standing in the middle
of a deserted field full of land mines.
of a deserted field full of land mines.
1
3007
3901
我站在佈滿地雷的廢棄田野間。
00:19
In real life, I love to hike,
2
7571
2465
在現實生活中，我喜歡徒步旅行，
00:22
but every time I want to go on a hike,
it makes me nervous.
it makes me nervous.
3
10060
3669
但每次我想去徒步旅行就很緊張。
00:26
I have this thought in the back of my mind
4
14327
2524
可能會失去肢體的這個想法
在我的腦海裡揮之不去。
在我的腦海裡揮之不去。
00:28
that I might lose a limb.
5
16875
1514
00:31
This underlying fear started 10 years ago,
6
19402
2699
這潛在的恐懼感始於十年前，
00:34
after I met Mohammed,
a cluster bomb survivor
a cluster bomb survivor
7
22125
3298
我遇見受榴霰彈攻擊的倖存者穆罕默德之後，
00:37
of the summer 2006
Israel-Hezbollah War in Lebanon.
Israel-Hezbollah War in Lebanon.
8
25447
3936
在以色列和真主黨於2006年夏天
在黎巴嫩的戰事之際。
在黎巴嫩的戰事之際。
00:42
Mohammed, like so many
other survivors all around the world,
other survivors all around the world,
9
30303
3254
如同世界各地其他許多
倖存者，穆罕默德
倖存者，穆罕默德
00:45
had to live through the horrifying
repercussions of cluster munitions
repercussions of cluster munitions
10
33581
4987
每天都必須過著在榴霰彈的
恐怖陰影下的殘酷生活。
恐怖陰影下的殘酷生活。
00:50
on a daily basis.
11
38592
1592
00:53
When the one-month conflict
started in Lebanon,
started in Lebanon,
12
41122
2639
在黎巴嫩為期一個月的
軍事衝突爆發後，
軍事衝突爆發後，
00:55
I was still working
at Agence France-Presse in Paris.
at Agence France-Presse in Paris.
13
43785
3313
當時我還在巴黎的法新社工作。
00:59
I remember how I was glued to the screens,
14
47837
2602
猶記得我緊盯著電視螢幕，
01:02
anxiously following the news.
15
50463
2185
焦急地追蹤戰事的消息。
01:05
I wanted to reassure myself
16
53155
1683
我自我安慰：
01:06
that the falling bombs
missed my parents' home.
missed my parents' home.
17
54862
2879
炸彈並未落在我的父母家。
01:10
When I arrived in Beirut
on assignment to cover that war,
on assignment to cover that war,
18
58773
3538
當我抵達貝魯特去報導那場戰爭時，
01:14
I was relieved to be united
with my family,
with my family,
19
62335
2468
很欣慰地和家人團聚，
01:16
after they had finally managed
to escape southern Lebanon.
to escape southern Lebanon.
20
64827
3123
當時他們終於逃離了黎巴嫩南部。
01:20
The day the war was over,
21
68744
1799
在戰事結束的那一天，
01:22
I remember seeing this image --
22
70567
2151
我牢記著目睹的這個影像：
01:24
one of blocked roads,
23
72742
1443
在一條被封鎖的道路上，
01:26
of displaced people eagerly rushing
south, back to their homes,
south, back to their homes,
24
74209
4129
流離失所的人們急切地
向南衝，要回自己的家園，
向南衝，要回自己的家園，
01:30
regardless of what they would find.
25
78362
2095
完全不管會在那裡看到些什麼。
01:33
An estimated four million
cluster submunitions
cluster submunitions
26
81374
3070
據估計，有四百萬顆榴霰彈
01:36
were spread in Lebanon during
the 34-day conflict.
the 34-day conflict.
27
84468
3636
於34天期間落在黎巴嫩。
01:42
Mohammed lost both legs
during the last week of the conflict.
during the last week of the conflict.
28
90462
3539
穆罕默德在軍事衝突的
最後一星期，失去了雙腿。
最後一星期，失去了雙腿。
01:46
The fact that he lives a five-minute
drive from my parents' home
drive from my parents' home
29
94826
3051
因他的住處離我父母家
只有五分鐘的車程，
只有五分鐘的車程，
01:49
made it easier to follow
him through the years.
him through the years.
30
97901
2755
所以我這些年來很容易追蹤他的情況。
01:52
It was now almost 10 years
since we first met.
since we first met.
31
100680
2980
從我們第一次見面至今已近十年。
01:56
I saw the young boy
32
104309
1551
我看到一個不得不忍受
身心創傷的小男孩。
身心創傷的小男孩。
01:57
who had to endure
physical and emotional trauma.
physical and emotional trauma.
33
105884
3880
02:02
I saw the teenager who tried
to offer his friends tattoos,
to offer his friends tattoos,
34
110277
3332
我看到一個
幫朋友紋身
幫朋友紋身
02:05
in return for a set fee of five dollars.
35
113633
2553
一次賺取五塊錢的的青少年。
02:09
And I know the young, jobless man
who spends hours surfing the Internet
who spends hours surfing the Internet
36
117170
4143
我認得這個失業的年輕男子
長時間上網
長時間上網
02:13
trying to meet a girl who might
become his girlfriend.
become his girlfriend.
37
121337
3093
試圖找個女朋友。
02:17
His fate and the effects
of losing his legs
of losing his legs
38
125408
3514
他的命運以及失去的雙腿的後遺症
02:20
are now his daily reality.
39
128946
1997
是他現今每天面對的現實。
02:23
Survivors of bomb trauma like Mohammed
40
131578
2389
像穆罕默德這樣的炸傷倖存者
02:25
have to deal with so many details
that never occur to us.
that never occur to us.
41
133991
3453
得要處理許多我們
根本不會遇到的細節。
根本不會遇到的細節。
02:29
Who would have imagined
42
137817
1176
誰會想到
02:31
that so many daily tasks we do
or take for granted,
or take for granted,
43
139017
2735
有這麼多我們習以為常的日常瑣事，
02:33
such as going to the beach or even
picking up something from the floor,
picking up something from the floor,
44
141776
4253
例如去海灘，或從地上撿起東西，
02:38
would become sources
of stress and anxiety?
of stress and anxiety?
45
146053
3024
會是他們壓力和焦慮的來源？
02:41
Well, that's what eventually
became of Mohammed,
became of Mohammed,
46
149886
2311
由於他僵硬的義肢，那是
穆罕默德必須面對的景況。
穆罕默德必須面對的景況。
02:44
due to his inflexible prosthetic legs.
47
152221
2742
02:48
Ten years ago, I had no clue
what a cluster bomb was,
what a cluster bomb was,
48
156465
3670
十年前，我根本不知道
榴霰彈是什麼，
榴霰彈是什麼，
02:52
nor its horrifying implications.
49
160159
2288
也不知道它的可怕。
02:54
I learned that this indiscriminate
weapon was used
weapon was used
50
162835
2437
後來我明白，這種無區別性地攻擊人們的武器
02:57
in so many parts of the world
51
165296
1515
被用於世界許多地區，
02:58
and continues to kill on a regular basis,
52
166835
2272
並且持續奪取性命，
03:01
without distinguishing
between a military target
between a military target
53
169131
3039
不區分是軍事目標或是孩子。
03:04
or a child.
54
172194
1172
03:06
I naively asked myself,
55
174141
1841
我天真地自問，
03:08
"But seriously, who made those weapons?
56
176006
3379
「到底誰製造這些武器？
03:11
And what for?"
57
179847
1353
用來做什麼？」
03:13
Let me explain to you
what a cluster bomb is.
what a cluster bomb is.
58
181687
2468
讓我解釋榴霰彈是什麼。
03:16
It's a large canister
filled with bomblets.
filled with bomblets.
59
184179
3174
它是個充滿了小炸彈的大罐子。
03:19
When it's dropped from the air,
60
187377
1663
當它自空中落下時，
03:21
it opens up in midair to release
hundreds of bomblets.
hundreds of bomblets.
61
189064
4100
罐子會在半空中打開，
釋出數以百計的小炸彈。
釋出數以百計的小炸彈。
03:25
They scatter around wide areas
62
193632
2118
小炸彈散落於廣大的區域，
03:27
and on impact,
63
195774
1153
落地時仍有許多未爆炸。
03:28
many fail to explode.
64
196951
1683
03:31
Those unexploded ones end up
just like landmines --
just like landmines --
65
199348
3221
那些未爆彈就像地雷，
03:34
sitting on the ground,
66
202593
1233
留在地面上，
03:35
waiting for their next target.
67
203850
1971
等待下一個受難者。
03:38
If someone steps on them by accident
68
206560
2454
如果有人無意中踩到
03:41
or picks them up,
69
209038
1158
或撿起來，
03:42
they can explode.
70
210220
1458
它們可能就會爆炸。
03:44
These weapons are extremely unpredictable,
71
212283
2883
因這些武器極為叵測，
03:47
which makes the threat even bigger.
72
215190
2029
使所造成的威脅更大。
03:49
One day, a farmer can work
his land without a problem.
his land without a problem.
73
217243
3099
某一天，農民可以毫無危險地耕作；
03:52
The next day, he can make fire
and burn some branches,
and burn some branches,
74
220366
3955
而第二天，他升火燒掉些枯枝，
03:56
and the submunitions close by
could be set off because of the heat.
could be set off because of the heat.
75
224345
3790
熱度可能引爆附近的未爆彈。
04:00
The problem is children mistake
those bomblets for toys,
those bomblets for toys,
76
228762
3549
孩童會誤把未爆彈當作玩具，
這是個大問題，
這是個大問題，
04:04
because they can look like
bouncy balls or soda cans.
bouncy balls or soda cans.
77
232335
3351
因它們看起來很像是
彈力球或汽水罐。
彈力球或汽水罐。
04:08
Being a documentary photographer,
78
236943
1866
身為紀錄片的攝影師，
04:10
I decided to go back to Lebanon
a few months after the conflict ended
a few months after the conflict ended
79
238833
4139
在戰事結束後數月，
我決定回黎巴嫩，
我決定回黎巴嫩，
04:14
to meet cluster bomb survivors.
80
242996
1973
與受榴霰彈攻擊的倖存者會面。
04:16
And I met a few --
81
244993
1151
我見到的幾人中，
04:18
Hussein and Rasha,
82
246168
1573
胡笙和瑞夏
04:19
who both lost a leg to submunitions.
83
247765
2001
各因炸彈失去一條腿。
04:22
Their stories are similar to so many
other kids' stories across the world
other kids' stories across the world
84
250143
4216
他們和世界其他各地
孩子們的故事類似，
孩子們的故事類似，
04:26
and are a testimony
to the horrifying implications
to the horrifying implications
85
254383
3049
見證了持續使用這類武器
的恐怖影響。
的恐怖影響。
04:29
of the continuous use of such weapons.
86
257456
2830
04:33
That's when I met Mohammed,
in January 2007.
in January 2007.
87
261332
3585
當我遇到穆罕默德，
時值2007年1月。
時值2007年1月。
04:37
He was 11 years old,
88
265427
1280
他那時十一歲，
04:38
and I met him exactly four months
after his accident.
after his accident.
89
266731
3514
恰是爆炸意外後整整4個月。
04:42
When I first saw him,
90
270777
1151
第一次見到他時，
04:43
he was going through painful physiotherapy
91
271952
2119
他正經歷著痛苦的物理治療，
04:46
to recover from his fresh wounds.
92
274095
1976
為了讓傷勢恢復。
04:48
Still in shock at such a young age,
93
276547
2272
小小的年紀，仍處在驚恐之中，
04:50
Mohammed was struggling
to get used to his new body.
to get used to his new body.
94
278843
3494
穆罕默德掙扎著要適應
他已改變的身體。
他已改變的身體。
04:54
He would even wake up sometimes
at night wanting to scratch his lost feet.
at night wanting to scratch his lost feet.
95
282650
4310
甚至有時他在夜裡醒來，
想撓已失去的腳以止癢。
想撓已失去的腳以止癢。
05:00
What drew me closer to his story
was my instant realization
was my instant realization
96
288187
3689
吸引我深入走進他的故事的原因，
是我瞬間幡然醒悟，
是我瞬間幡然醒悟，
05:03
of the difficulties Mohammed
was likely to face in the future --
was likely to face in the future --
97
291900
3566
穆罕默德在未來
極可能面臨的種種困難，
極可能面臨的種種困難，
05:07
that what he has been suffering
while adjusting to his injury
while adjusting to his injury
98
295997
3325
比起他十一歲身軀
所承受的痛苦和必須的調適，
所承受的痛苦和必須的調適，
05:11
at the age of 11,
99
299346
1670
05:13
would increase manyfold.
100
301040
1616
困難將會成倍地增加。
05:15
Even before his disability,
101
303771
1590
即使在他成殘之前，
05:17
Mohammed's life wasn't easy.
102
305385
2217
穆罕默德的生活並不容易。
05:19
He was born in the Rashidieh Camp
for Palestinian refugees,
for Palestinian refugees,
103
307626
3280
他出生於拉希迪赫
的巴勒斯坦難民營，
的巴勒斯坦難民營，
05:22
and this is where he still lives.
104
310930
2149
這也仍是他目前的居所。
05:25
Lebanon holds some 400,000
Palestinian refugees,
Palestinian refugees,
105
313103
3722
黎巴嫩約收容著
四十萬名巴勒斯坦難民，
四十萬名巴勒斯坦難民，
05:28
and they suffer from discriminatory laws.
106
316849
2298
他們忍受著歧視他們的法令。
05:31
They're not allowed to work
in the public sector
in the public sector
107
319662
2573
他們不被允許在公家機關工作，
05:34
or practice certain professions
108
322259
1983
不能從事某些行業，
05:36
and are denied the right to own property.
109
324266
2988
並被剝奪財產權。
05:39
This is one of the reasons
110
327278
1255
那是穆罕默德並不後悔
受傷後輟學的原因之一。
受傷後輟學的原因之一。
05:40
why Mohammed doesn't really
regret dropping out of school
regret dropping out of school
111
328557
2743
05:43
right after his injury.
112
331324
1672
05:45
He said, "What's the point
of a university degree
of a university degree
113
333397
3539
他說：「找不到工作時，即使有個
大學學位，又有什麼意義？」
大學學位，又有什麼意義？」
05:48
when I can't find a job to start with?"
114
336960
2163
05:53
Cluster bomb use creates a vicious circle
of impact on communities,
of impact on communities,
115
341046
4214
使用榴霰彈對社會造成惡性循環，
05:57
and not only the lives of their victims.
116
345284
2685
影響的不僅是受害者的生活而已。
05:59
Many who get injured by this weapon
drop out of school,
drop out of school,
117
347993
3815
許多這個武器的受害者輟學，
06:03
can't find jobs or even lose their jobs,
118
351832
2437
找不到工作，或失去工作，
06:06
therefore losing the ability
to provide for their families.
to provide for their families.
119
354293
3197
失去負擔家計的能力；
06:09
This is not to mention
the continuous physical pain
the continuous physical pain
120
357887
3327
遑論持續的身體疼痛，
06:13
and the experience of feeling isolated.
121
361238
3105
和精神上的孤立感。
06:17
These weapons affect
the poorest of the poor.
the poorest of the poor.
122
365512
3088
這些武器影響赤貧者尤甚。
06:20
The high medical cost
is a burden to the families.
is a burden to the families.
123
368624
2879
高額的醫療費是沉重的家庭負擔。
06:23
They end up relying
on humanitarian agencies,
on humanitarian agencies,
124
371884
3047
最終，他們只得仰賴人道援助機構，
06:26
which is insufficient and unsustainable,
125
374955
2529
這些機構資源不足，且不能持續太久，
06:29
especially when injuries require
lifelong support to the injured.
lifelong support to the injured.
126
377508
3642
尤其當傷者倚賴終身支援時。
06:33
Ten years after Mohammed's injury,
127
381704
1838
穆罕默德受傷十年後，
06:35
he is still unable to afford
proper prosthetic legs.
proper prosthetic legs.
128
383566
3719
仍然負擔不起換裝合適的義肢的錢。
06:39
He's very cautious with his steps,
129
387856
1805
他小心行進，
06:41
as a couple of falls over the years
130
389685
2018
因過去數年間的幾次當眾跌倒，
06:43
brought him embarrassment
among his friends.
among his friends.
131
391727
2420
使得他在朋友間非常困窘。
06:47
He joked that since he doesn't have legs,
132
395218
2079
他開玩笑說，因為沒有腿，
06:49
some days he tries to walk on his hands.
133
397321
2656
有些時候他試圖用手走路。
06:53
One of the worst yet invisible
impacts of the weapon
impacts of the weapon
134
401054
3358
最糟糕卻又無形的武器後遺症之一，
是留在心裡的創傷。
是留在心裡的創傷。
06:56
is the psychological scars it leaves.
135
404436
2552
06:59
In one of Mohammed's
early medical reports,
early medical reports,
136
407348
2316
一份穆罕默德早期
醫療報告的診斷記載著他有
醫療報告的診斷記載著他有
07:01
he was diagnosed with signs of PTSD.
137
409688
3043
「創傷後壓力症候群 」的跡象。
07:04
He suffered from anxiety,
poor appetite, sleep disturbance
poor appetite, sleep disturbance
138
412755
5232
他焦慮、食慾不振、有睡眠障礙，
07:10
and showed signs of anger.
139
418011
2411
並出現憤怒的跡象。
07:13
The reality is Mohammed never received
proper help to fully recover.
proper help to fully recover.
140
421197
4614
現實的情況是穆罕默德從未得到
能夠讓他完全復原的適切幫助。
能夠讓他完全復原的適切幫助。
07:18
His current obsession
is to leave Lebanon at any cost --
is to leave Lebanon at any cost --
141
426271
4216
他目前執著於不惜一切代價
要離開黎巴嫩，
要離開黎巴嫩，
07:22
even if it meant embarking
on a hazardous journey
on a hazardous journey
142
430511
2865
即使這意味著開始一段危險的旅程，
07:25
along with refugees drifting towards
Europe today through the Mediterranean.
Europe today through the Mediterranean.
143
433400
4579
如同今日經由地中海
漂流至歐洲的難民一般。
漂流至歐洲的難民一般。
07:31
Knowing how risky such a journey would be,
144
439034
2261
知道旅程的危險程度，
07:33
he said, "If I were to die on the way,
145
441319
3120
他說：「即使我在路上死了
也沒關係。」
也沒關係。」
07:36
it doesn't matter."
146
444463
1260
07:37
To Mohammed, he is dead here, anyway.
147
445747
3116
穆罕默德認為，
反正他在這裡形同已死。
反正他在這裡形同已死。
07:42
Cluster bombs are a world problem,
148
450294
3008
榴霰彈是個世界性的問題，
07:45
as this munition keeps destroying
and hurting whole communities
and hurting whole communities
149
453326
4661
因這炸彈持續摧毀和傷害整個社會，
07:50
for generations to come.
150
458011
1703
禍延後代子孫。
07:52
In an online interview with the director
of the Mines Advisory Group,
of the Mines Advisory Group,
151
460618
3514
某次線上訪談非營利的
排雷諮詢組織的領導，
排雷諮詢組織的領導，
07:56
Jamie Franklin,
152
464156
1151
傑米•富蘭克林，
07:57
he said,
153
465331
1156
他說：
07:58
"The US forces dropped over two million
tons of munitions over Laos.
tons of munitions over Laos.
154
466511
4552
「美軍曾在寮國投下
超過兩百萬噸的炸藥。
超過兩百萬噸的炸藥。
08:03
If they couldn't find
their targets in Vietnam,
their targets in Vietnam,
155
471570
2685
如果找不到要攻擊的越南目標，
08:06
there were free-drop areas in Laos
where planes would drop their loads
where planes would drop their loads
156
474279
4297
他們會先把所載的炸彈
丟在位於寮國的拋棄區內，
丟在位於寮國的拋棄區內，
08:10
before going back to base,
157
478600
1995
飛機才返回基地，
08:12
because it's dangerous to land
with loaded planes."
with loaded planes."
158
480619
3037
因為飛機載著炸彈降落極為危險。」
08:16
According to the International
Committee of the Red Cross,
Committee of the Red Cross,
159
484653
2762
根據國際紅十字委員會，
08:19
in Laos alone -- one of the poorest
countries in the world --
countries in the world --
160
487439
3356
僅在世界最貧困的國家之一的寮國，
08:22
nine to 27 million unexploded
submunitions remain.
submunitions remain.
161
490819
4813
就留有九百萬至
兩千七百萬枚的未爆彈。
兩千七百萬枚的未爆彈。
08:28
Some 11,000 people have been killed
or injured since 1973.
or injured since 1973.
162
496238
4933
自1973年以來，約有
一萬一千人被炸死或炸傷。
一萬一千人被炸死或炸傷。
08:34
This lethal weapon has been used
by over 20 states during armed conflicts
by over 20 states during armed conflicts
163
502691
4888
這種致命的武器被使用於
超過二十個武裝衝突的地區，
超過二十個武裝衝突的地區，
08:39
in over 35 countries,
164
507603
2158
在烏克蘭、伊拉克和蘇丹等
35個以上的國家裡被使用。
35個以上的國家裡被使用。
08:41
such as Ukraine, Iraq and Sudan.
165
509785
3428
08:46
So far, 119 states have joined
an international treaty
an international treaty
166
514403
4286
到目前為止，有119個國家
簽署國際條約
簽署國際條約
08:50
banning cluster bombs,
167
518713
1711
禁止榴霰彈，
08:52
which is officially called
the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
168
520448
3039
正式名稱是《榴霰彈公約》。
08:56
But some of the biggest producers
of cluster munitions --
of cluster munitions --
169
524417
3450
但一些最大的榴霰彈生產商，
08:59
namely, the United States,
Russia and China --
Russia and China --
170
527891
3339
即：美國、俄羅斯，和中國，
09:03
remain outside of this lifesaving treaty
171
531254
2470
仍把這拯救生命的公約排除在外，
09:05
and continue to produce them,
172
533748
1937
繼續製造榴霰彈，
09:07
reserve the right to produce
them in the future,
them in the future,
173
535709
2819
保留對榴霰彈未來的生產權，
09:10
keep those harmful weapons
in their stockpiles
in their stockpiles
174
538552
2726
庫存著這些有害的武器，
09:13
and even possibly use them in the future.
175
541302
3188
且很可能將來還會使用它們。
09:17
Cluster bombs have reportedly
been used most recently
been used most recently
176
545520
4192
據報導，最近榴霰彈被用於
09:21
in the ongoing conflicts
in Yemen and Syria.
in Yemen and Syria.
177
549736
3387
持續進行的葉門和敘利亞衝突中。
09:26
According to research
on the worldwide investments
on the worldwide investments
178
554122
2763
根據位於荷蘭的非營利、
非政府組織PAX的一項研究，
非政府組織PAX的一項研究，
09:28
in cluster munitions producers
179
556909
1626
09:30
by Pax, a Dutch-based NGO,
180
558559
2083
金融機構投資數十億美元
09:33
financial institutions invested
billions of US dollars
billions of US dollars
181
561380
3876
09:37
into companies that make
cluster munitions.
cluster munitions.
182
565280
2783
在全世界的榴霰彈生產商上。
09:40
The majority of these institutions
are based in countries
are based in countries
183
568660
3848
其中大多數金融機構的總部
位於尚未簽署《榴霰彈公約》的國家內。
09:44
that have not yet signed
the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
184
572532
3521
09:49
Getting back to Mohammed,
185
577114
2027
回到穆罕默德，
09:51
one of the few jobs he was able
to find was picking lemons.
to find was picking lemons.
186
579165
3650
他能夠找到的少數工作之一
是採摘檸檬。
是採摘檸檬。
09:55
When I ask him if it's safe
to work in the field he said,
to work in the field he said,
187
583505
3562
我問他在田地裡工作是否安全，
09:59
"I'm not sure."
188
587091
1209
他回答：「我不確定。」
10:01
Research shows that cluster munitions
often contaminate areas
often contaminate areas
189
589021
4670
研究顯示，在榴霰彈殘留的地區，
10:05
where agriculture is the main
source of income.
source of income.
190
593715
3242
通常以農業為其主要的收入來源。
10:10
According to Handicap
International's research,
International's research,
191
598014
2876
根據「國際殘疾協會」的研究，
10:12
98 percent of those killed or injured
by cluster munitions are civilians.
by cluster munitions are civilians.
192
600914
5978
百分之九十八的
榴霰彈死傷者是平民；
榴霰彈死傷者是平民；
10:19
Eighty-four percent
of casualties are males.
of casualties are males.
193
607479
3210
百分之八十四是男性。
10:23
In countries where
these people have no choice
these people have no choice
194
611074
2733
在一些別無其他選擇，
只能在田野裡工作的國家，
只能在田野裡工作的國家，
10:25
but to work in those fields,
195
613831
2056
10:27
they simply do it
196
615911
1656
人們只能冒險工作。
10:29
and risk it.
197
617591
1232
10:31
Mohammed is the only male
to three sisters.
to three sisters.
198
619914
3068
和三個姐妹在一起，
穆罕默德作為家中唯一的男人，
穆罕默德作為家中唯一的男人，
10:35
Culturally, he's expected
to provide for his family,
to provide for his family,
199
623006
3326
在習俗期許下，
他應該負擔家人的生計，
他應該負擔家人的生計，
10:38
but he simply can't.
200
626356
1409
但他根本無法辦到。
10:40
He tried to have so many different jobs,
201
628117
2084
他試過許多不同的工作，
10:42
but he couldn't keep any
due to his physical disability
due to his physical disability
202
630225
3566
但沒一個能夠長久，
主因是他身體的殘疾，以及
身處於對殘疾人不友善的環境中。
身處於對殘疾人不友善的環境中。
10:45
and the less-than-friendly environment
to people with disabilities,
to people with disabilities,
203
633815
3465
10:49
to say the least.
204
637304
1221
10:51
It hurts him a lot when he goes
out looking for a job,
out looking for a job,
205
639583
3328
對他的巨大打擊和傷害
是他去找工作時被拒絕，
是他去找工作時被拒絕，
10:54
and he's turned away
206
642935
1193
而用一點點的憐憫小錢
打發他走。
打發他走。
10:56
with a small amount of money
paid to him out of pity.
paid to him out of pity.
207
644152
2665
10:59
He said, "I'm not here to beg for money,
208
647650
2731
他說：「我不是在乞討，
11:02
I just want to earn it."
209
650405
1708
我只是想靠自己賺錢。」
11:05
Mohammed today is 21 years old.
210
653764
2418
穆罕默德現年二十一歲。
11:08
He's illiterate,
211
656206
1198
是個文盲，
11:09
and he communicates with voice messages.
212
657428
3069
靠語音訊息溝通。
11:12
Here is one of his messages.
213
660521
1753
這是他的一段語音。
11:15
(Audio) Mohammed: (Speaking in Arabic)
214
663234
4975
（穆罕默德的阿拉伯語音頻）
11:23
Laura Boushnak:
He said, "My dream is to run,
He said, "My dream is to run,
215
671325
2575
（蘿拉•包士拿克：）
他說：「我的夢，是奔跑。
他說：「我的夢，是奔跑。
11:25
and I'm pretty sure once I start running,
216
673924
2177
我萬分肯定，一旦起跑，
11:28
I would never stop."
217
676125
1510
就永遠不會停下腳步。」
11:29
Thank you.
218
677659
1183
謝謝。
11:30
(Applause)
219
678866
4824
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laura Boushnak - PhotographerLaura Boushnak is a Kuwaiti-born Palestinian photographer whose work focuses on women, literacy and education reform in the Arab world.
Why you should listen
Boushnak's documentary project I Read I Write explores the barriers women face accessing education and the role of literacy in improving the lives of women in Egypt, Yemen, Kuwait, Jordan, Tunisia and Saudi Arabia. For the project, Boushnak encouraged women to write their thoughts on prints of their portraits, engaging them directly in the artistic process. Boushnak’s images have been widely published, and her work has been exhibited in museums and galleries around the world. She is a co-founder of Rawiya, a collective that brings together the work and experience of female photographers from the Middle East.
Laura Boushnak | Speaker | TED.com