TED2008
Paul Stamets: 6 ways mushrooms can save the world
Paul Stamets:蘑菇拯救世界的6种方法
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真菌学者Paul Stamets 列出了真菌菌丝可以拯救世界的6种方法：清洁被污染的土地、生产杀虫剂、治疗天花甚至流感....
Paul Stamets - Mycologist
Paul Stamets believes that mushrooms can save our lives, restore our ecosystems and transform other worlds. Full bio
Paul Stamets believes that mushrooms can save our lives, restore our ecosystems and transform other worlds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I love a challenge, and saving the Earth is probably a good one.
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我喜欢挑战，拯救地球也许就是一项好的挑战。
00:22
We all know the Earth is in trouble.
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我们都知道现在地球陷入困境，
00:24
We have now entered in the 6X,
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现在我们进入了6X——
00:26
the sixth major extinction on this planet.
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这个星球上的第6次大灭绝。
00:29
I often wondered, if there was a United Organization of Organisms --
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我常想知道是不是有一个生物联合组织——
00:32
otherwise known as "Uh-Oh" --
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或者叫做“呃喔”——
00:34
(Laughter) -- and every organism had a right to vote,
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（笑声）——每一个生物都有选举权，
00:37
would we be voted on the planet, or off the planet?
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我们是留在地球还是离开地球？
00:40
I think that vote is occurring right now.
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我想选举现在就正在进行。
00:43
I want to present to you a suite of six mycological solutions,
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我要向你们展示6个真菌学方案，
00:46
using fungi, and these solutions are based on mycelium.
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利用真菌，这些方案以菌丝为基础。
00:53
The mycelium infuses all landscapes,
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菌丝深入土地，
00:56
it holds soils together, it's extremely tenacious.
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把泥土抓在一起，非常牢固，
00:59
This holds up to 30,000 times its mass.
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和他的净重比是30,000倍的力量。
01:02
They're the grand molecular disassemblers of nature -- the soil magicians.
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它们是天然的大分子拆卸器——土地魔术师。
01:05
They generate the humus soils across the landmasses of Earth.
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它们产生腐殖土横跨整个地球的陆地。
01:09
We have now discovered that there is a multi-directional transfer
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现在我们发现植物之间可以多向输送养分，
01:14
of nutrients between plants, mitigated by the mcyelium --
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由菌丝中介——
01:18
so the mycelium is the mother
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所以菌丝就是母亲，
01:20
that is giving nutrients from alder and birch trees
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向桤树、桦树
01:22
to hemlocks, cedars and Douglas firs.
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到铁杉、雪松和道格拉斯冷杉输送养料。
01:24
Dusty and I, we like to say, on Sunday, this is where we go to church.
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这是Dusty和我（在树林里）， 我们常说，这就像周日去教堂。
01:29
I'm in love with the old-growth forest,
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我爱古老的森林，
01:31
and I'm a patriotic American because we have those.
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我是个爱国主义者，因为我们有古老的森林。
01:35
Most of you are familiar with Portobello mushrooms.
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你们大多数都很熟悉波特比罗蘑菇吧。
01:38
And frankly, I face a big obstacle.
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坦率地说我面临很大的障碍。
01:40
When I mention mushrooms to somebody,
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当我对某些人提及蘑菇时，
01:42
they immediately think Portobellos or magic mushrooms,
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他们立即想到波特比罗蘑菇或魔法蘑菇，
01:44
their eyes glaze over, and they think I'm a little crazy.
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他们的目光呆滞，他们认为我有些疯狂。
01:47
So, I hope to pierce that prejudice forever with this group.
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所以我希望和大家一起永远刺破这个偏见。
01:50
We call it mycophobia,
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当我们提及真菌的时候，
01:52
the irrational fear of the unknown, when it comes to fungi.
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人们有莫名的非理性恐怖，我们把它叫做蘑菇恐惧症。
01:57
Mushrooms are very fast in their growth.
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蘑菇生长的很快，
02:00
Day 21, day 23, day 25.
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第21天，23天，25天。
02:04
Mushrooms produce strong antibiotics.
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蘑菇产生很强的抗生素。
02:06
In fact, we're more closely related to fungi than we are to any other kingdom.
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实际上，我们与真菌的关系比其它任何部分的自然界更紧密。
02:09
A group of 20 eukaryotic microbiologists
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2年前，20名真核微生物学家
02:12
published a paper two years ago erecting opisthokonta --
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发表了一篇论文，建立了后鞭毛生物——
02:15
a super-kingdom that joins animalia and fungi together.
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一个新的“域”，将动物界和真菌连在一起。
02:18
We share in common the same pathogens.
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我们共有病原菌。
02:21
Fungi don't like to rot from bacteria,
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真菌不趋向于因滋生细菌而引发腐烂，
02:23
and so our best antibiotics come from fungi.
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所以我们最好的抗生素来自真菌。
02:27
But here is a mushroom that's past its prime.
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但这个蘑菇已经过了它的顶盛期，
02:29
After they sporulate, they do rot.
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在它们形成孢子后就腐烂了。
02:31
But I propose to you that the sequence of microbes
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但是我要告诉你们腐烂蘑菇上的
02:34
that occur on rotting mushrooms
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微生物序列
02:36
are essential for the health of the forest.
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对于森林的健康是至关重要的。
02:38
They give rise to the trees,
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它们产生树种，
02:40
they create the debris fields that feed the mycelium.
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它们产生残片为菌丝提供养料。
02:43
And so we see a mushroom here sporulating.
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我们在这看到蘑菇在长孢子菌，
02:46
And the spores are germinating,
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然后孢子在长芽，
02:48
and the mycelium forms and goes underground.
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菌丝形成，向地下伸展。
02:51
In a single cubic inch of soil, there can be more than eight miles of these cells.
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每一立方英寸土地，这些细胞可以有8英里。
02:55
My foot is covering approximately 300 miles of mycelium.
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现在我的脚下就大约覆盖着300英里的菌丝。
02:58
This is photomicrographs from Nick Read and Patrick Hickey.
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Nick Read 和 Patrick Hickey的显微照片。
03:03
And notice that as the mycelium grows,
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注意当菌丝生长时，
03:05
it conquers territory and then it begins the net.
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它占据领土，随后开始结网。
03:11
I've been a scanning electron microscopist for many years,
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我从事电子扫描显微镜技术多年，
03:14
I have thousands of electron micrographs,
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我有数千电子显微照片，
03:16
and when I'm staring at the mycelium,
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在我盯着菌丝看时，
03:18
I realize that they are microfiltration membranes.
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我意识到它们是微孔膜结构。
03:20
We exhale carbon dioxide, so does mycelium.
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我们呼出二氧化碳，菌丝也是这样。
03:23
It inhales oxygen, just like we do.
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它吸进氧气，就像我们一样。
03:26
But these are essentially externalized stomachs and lungs.
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但这些基本上是外在的胃和肺。
03:30
And I present to you a concept that these are extended neurological membranes.
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我向你们显示一种延长神经膜的概念。
03:35
And in these cavities, these micro-cavities form,
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在这些空腔中，这些微孔形成，
03:38
and as they fuse soils, they absorb water.
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当它们融合土地时，它们吸收水分。
03:40
These are little wells.
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这些是小孔。
03:42
And inside these wells, then microbial communities begin to form.
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在这些小孔中，微生物群开始形成。
03:45
And so the spongy soil not only resists erosion,
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所以海绵土不仅能抵御侵蚀，
03:49
but sets up a microbial universe
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而且可以建立微生物宇宙，
03:51
that gives rise to a plurality of other organisms.
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引起其它生物的多样性。
03:56
I first proposed, in the early 1990s,
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90年代早期，我首次提出
03:58
that mycelium is Earth's natural Internet.
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菌丝是地球天然互联网。
04:02
When you look at the mycelium, they're highly branched.
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你仔细看菌丝，它们有很多分支。
04:07
And if there's one branch that is broken, then very quickly,
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如果一个分支断裂，然后很快
04:12
because of the nodes of crossing --
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由于交叉接点——
04:14
Internet engineers maybe call them hot points --
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互联网工程师可能把它们叫做热点——
04:16
there are alternative pathways for channeling nutrients and information.
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就会建立旁路途径输送养料和信息。
04:21
The mycelium is sentient.
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菌丝是有感知力的，
04:23
It knows that you are there.
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它知道你在那里。
04:25
When you walk across landscapes,
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当你穿过土地时，
04:27
it leaps up in the aftermath of your footsteps trying to grab debris.
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它在你的脚步之后跳起来，努力抓住残片。
04:34
So, I believe the invention of the computer Internet
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所以我相信计算机互联网的发明
04:38
is an inevitable consequence
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是一个以前证明过的
04:40
of a previously proven, biologically successful model.
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生物学成功模式的必然结果。
04:43
The Earth invented the computer Internet for its own benefit,
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地球为自己的利益发明了计算机互联网，
04:47
and we now, being the top organism on this planet,
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我们作为地球上的高等生物，
04:51
are trying to allocate resources in order to protect the biosphere.
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则努力合理分配资源以保护生物圈。
04:57
Going way out, dark matter conforms to the same mycelial archetype.
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暗物质符合同一菌丝体原型，
05:02
I believe matter begets life;
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我相信物质产生生命，
05:04
life becomes single cells; single cells become strings;
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生命变为单细胞，单细胞变成串，
05:07
strings become chains; chains network.
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串变成链，链变成网。
05:10
And this is the paradigm that we see throughout the universe.
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这就是我们在整个宇宙中看到的变化。
05:16
Most of you may not know that fungi were the first organisms to come to land.
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你们大多数可能不知道真菌是出现在大地上的第一个生物。
05:19
They came to land 1.3 billion years ago,
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它们是13亿年前出现的，
05:22
and plants followed several hundred million years later.
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数亿年之后才有了植物。
05:25
How is that possible?
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这怎么可能？
05:27
It's possible because the mycelium produces oxalic acids,
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它是可能的，因为菌丝产生草酸
05:30
and many other acids and enzymes,
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和许多其它的酸和酶，
05:32
pockmarking rock and grabbing calcium and other minerals
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风化岩石和攫取钙和其它矿物质
05:36
and forming calcium oxalates.
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形成草酸钙。
05:38
Makes the rocks crumble, and the first step in the generation of soil.
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使岩石崩裂，这是产生土壤的第一步。
05:43
Oxalic acid is two carbon dioxide molecules joined together.
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草酸是两个二氧化碳分子结合在一起，
05:47
So, fungi and mycelium
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所以真菌和菌丝
05:49
sequester carbon dioxide in the form of calcium oxalates.
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以草酸钙的形式隔离二氧化碳。
05:53
And all sorts of other oxalates
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所有其它草酸
05:55
are also sequestering carbon dioxide through the minerals
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也通过形成的矿物质
05:58
that are being formed and taken out of the rock matrix.
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和从岩石基体中得到的矿物质隔离二氧化碳。
06:02
This was first discovered in 1859.
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这最初是在1859年发现的。
06:04
This is a photograph by Franz Hueber.
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这是Franz Hueber拍摄的照片。
06:06
This photograph's taken 1950s in Saudi Arabia.
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这张照片50年代拍摄于沙特阿拉伯。
06:09
420 million years ago, this organism existed.
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4亿2千万年前，这个生物就存在了，
06:13
It was called Prototaxites.
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叫做原杉藻属。
06:15
Prototaxites, laying down, was about three feet tall.
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原杉藻属， 放倒了也有3英尺高。
06:19
The tallest plants on Earth at that time were less than two feet.
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在那个时候地球上最高的植物低于2英尺。
06:24
Dr. Boyce, at the University of Chicago,
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芝加哥大学的Boyce博士
06:28
published an article in the Journal of Geology
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去年在地质学杂志上发表了一篇文章
06:31
this past year determining that Prototaxites was a giant fungus,
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确定原杉藻属是一种巨大的真菌，
06:37
a giant mushroom.
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巨大的蘑菇。
06:39
Across the landscapes of Earth were dotted these giant mushrooms.
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当时地球上都布满了这种巨大的蘑菇
06:43
All across most land masses.
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大部分土地上都有。
06:46
And these existed for tens of millions of years.
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它们存在了数千万年。
06:49
Now, we've had several extinction events, and as we march forward --
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那时我们已经有几次灭绝性事件。后来——
06:53
65 million years ago -- most of you know about it --
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6千5百万年前——你们大多数人都知道——
06:56
we had an asteroid impact.
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我们有过一次小行星的撞击。
06:58
The Earth was struck by an asteroid,
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地球被小行星撞击，
07:00
a huge amount of debris was jettisoned into the atmosphere.
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大量碎片抛入大气层。
07:04
Sunlight was cut off, and fungi inherited the Earth.
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阳光被阻断，真菌遗留在地球上。
07:09
Those organisms that paired with fungi were rewarded,
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以真菌为伍的那些生物得到了好处，
07:13
because fungi do not need light.
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因为真菌不需要光。
07:16
More recently, at Einstein University,
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最近在爱因斯坦大学
07:18
they just determined that fungi use radiation as a source of energy,
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刚刚确定真菌利用辐射作为能量来源，
07:23
much like plants use light.
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很像植物利用光。
07:25
So, the prospect of fungi existing on other planets elsewhere,
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所以我认为真菌还存在于其它某些星球的展望
07:29
I think, is a forgone conclusion,
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是一个必然的定局，
07:31
at least in my own mind.
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至少在我的脑海中。
07:33
The largest organism in the world is in Eastern Oregon.
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世界上最大的生物体是在东俄勒冈地区。
07:36
I couldn't miss it. It was 2,200 acres in size:
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我不能错过它。它的面积是2,200英亩，
07:39
2,200 acres in size, 2,000 years old.
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2,200英亩,有2,000年的历史。
07:43
The largest organism on the planet is a mycelial mat, one cell wall thick.
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星球上最大的生物是菌丝团，有一个细胞壁厚。
07:47
How is it that this organism can be so large,
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一个生物体为何能如此之大，
07:52
and yet be one cell wall thick,
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能有一个细胞壁厚，
07:54
whereas we have five or six skin layers that protect us?
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而我们有5-6个皮肤层保护我们？
07:56
The mycelium, in the right conditions, produces a mushroom --
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菌丝在适当条件下产生蘑菇——
07:59
it bursts through with such ferocity that it can break asphalt.
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它以巨大的力量冲出，这股力量能够冲破柏油。
08:02
We were involved with several experiments.
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我们参与了几项实验。
08:05
I'm going to show you six, if I can,
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我可以向你展示
08:07
solutions for helping to save the world.
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拯球地球的6种方法。
08:09
Battelle Laboratories and I joined up in Bellingham, Washington.
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巴特尔实验室和我一起在华盛顿贝灵汉，
08:12
There were four piles saturated with diesel and other petroleum waste:
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我们有四堆用柴油和其它石油废液浸透的绒布。
08:16
one was a control pile; one pile was treated with enzymes;
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一堆作为对照，一堆用酶处理，
08:20
one pile was treated with bacteria;
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一堆用细菌处理，
08:24
and our pile we inoculated with mushroom mycelium.
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我们这一堆用蘑菇菌丝注射。
08:26
The mycelium absorbs the oil.
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菌丝吸收油。
08:29
The mycelium is producing enzymes --
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菌丝产生酶——
08:31
peroxidases -- that break carbon-hydrogen bonds.
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过氧化物酶——其打破碳-氢键。
08:34
These are the same bonds that hold hydrocarbons together.
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碳-氢键将碳氢化合物结合在一起。
08:37
So, the mycelium becomes saturated with the oil,
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菌丝被油浸透了，
08:40
and then, when we returned six weeks later,
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6周后我们回来
08:43
all the tarps were removed,
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所用的油布都被挪动了，
08:45
all the other piles were dead, dark and stinky.
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所有其它的绒布都死了，变黑而且很臭。
08:47
We came back to our pile, it was covered
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我们的绒布上覆盖了
08:49
with hundreds of pounds of oyster mushrooms,
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数百磅的牡蛎蘑菇——
08:50
and the color changed to a light form.
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颜色变浅。
08:53
The enzymes remanufactured the hydrocarbons
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是酶重新将碳氢化合物
08:56
into carbohydrates -- fungal sugars.
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变为碳水化合物——真菌糖。
08:58
Some of these mushrooms are very happy mushrooms.
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有些蘑菇很幸福，
09:00
They're very large.
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很大。
09:02
They're showing how much nutrition that they could've obtained.
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它们显示了它们能够获得多少养料。
09:04
But something else happened, which was an epiphany in my life.
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但是也发生了某种事情，这是我一生中对事物真谛的顿悟。
09:08
They sporulated, the spores attract insects,
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它们形成孢子，孢子吸引昆虫，
09:10
the insects laid eggs, eggs became larvae.
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昆虫产卵，卵变成幼虫。
09:14
Birds then came, bringing in seeds,
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然后鸟飞来了，带来了种子，
09:16
and our pile became an oasis of life.
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我们的绒布变成了生命的绿洲。
09:18
Whereas the other three piles were dead, dark and stinky,
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而其它三堆绒布死了，变黑变臭了，
09:22
and the PAH's -- the aromatic hydrocarbons --
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PAH——芳香族碳氢化合物——
09:25
went from 10,000 parts per million to less than 200 in eight weeks.
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在8周的时间里从每百万10,000份减少至每百万200份。
09:29
The last image we don't have.
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最后我们没有想到——
09:32
The entire pile was a green berm of life.
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整个绒布是生命的绿色护堤。
09:34
These are gateway species,
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这些是入关物种，
09:36
vanguard species that open the door for other biological communities.
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为其它生物群体打开大门的先锋物种。
09:41
So I invented burlap sacks, bunker spawn --
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所以我发明了用粗麻布——沙坑产卵——
09:45
and putting the mycelium -- using storm blown debris,
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放入菌丝——用风暴吹来的碎片，
09:48
you can take these burlap sacks and put them downstream
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你把这些粗麻布放到农场的下游，
09:51
from a farm that's producing E. coli, or other wastes,
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那里产生大肠杆菌，或其它的废物，
09:54
or a factory with chemical toxins,
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或放到有化学毒性的工厂，
09:56
and it leads to habitat restoration.
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它导致生态修复。
09:58
So, we set up a site in Mason County, Washington,
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我们在华盛顿梅森县设了一个点，
10:01
and we've seen a dramatic decrease in the amount of coliforms.
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我们看到大肠菌数量明显减少。
10:04
And I'll show you a graph here.
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我在这给你们看一张图表。
10:07
This is a logarithmic scale, 10 to the eighth power.
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这是一个对数标度，10的8次方。
10:09
There's more than a 100 million colonies per gram,
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每克有1亿以上的菌落，
10:12
and 10 to the third power is around 1,000.
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10的3次方是1000。
10:15
In 48 hours to 72 hours, these three mushroom species
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在48-72小时内，这3个蘑菇物种
10:19
reduced the amount of coliform bacteria 10,000 times.
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使大肠杆菌的数量减少了10000倍。
10:23
Think of the implications.
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想一想它的影响。
10:25
This is a space-conservative method that uses storm debris --
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这是一个空间保守的方法，用风暴垃圾——
10:29
and we can guarantee that we will have storms every year.
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我们可以保证每年都有风暴。
10:31
So, this one mushroom, in particular, has drawn our interest over time.
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随着时间的推移，这个蘑菇引起我们的特别兴趣。
10:36
This is my wife Dusty,
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这是我妻子Dusty
10:38
with a mushroom called Fomitopsis officinalis -- Agarikon.
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和一个叫做拟层孔菌属天门冬属的蘑菇——Agaricon。
10:40
It's a mushroom exclusive to the old-growth forest
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它不是古老森林中的蘑菇，
10:43
that Dioscorides first described in 65 A.D.
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第奥斯科理德在公元65世纪首次描述
10:45
as a treatment against consumption.
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它用于治疗肺结核。
10:47
This mushroom grows in Washington State, Oregon,
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这种蘑菇生长于华盛顿州、俄勒冈、
10:50
northern California, British Columbia, now thought to be extinct in Europe.
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加州北部、英国哥伦比亚，现在认为欧洲已经灭绝了。
10:53
May not seem that large --
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可能看起来没那么大，
10:55
let's get closer.
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让我们走近一些。
10:57
This is extremely rare fungus.
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这是非常罕见的真菌。
10:59
Our team -- and we have a team of experts that go out --
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我们的团队——我们有一个专家组
11:02
we went out 20 times in the old-growth forest last year.
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去年去了古老森林20次。
11:05
We found one sample to be able to get into culture.
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我们发现一例可以进行培养。
11:08
Preserving the genome of these fungi in the old-growth forest
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我认为保留古老森林里真菌的基因组
11:12
I think is absolutely critical for human health.
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对于人类的健康非常重要。
11:15
I've been involved with the U.S. Defense Department BioShield program.
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我参与了美国国防部的生物防护工程。
11:19
We submitted over 300 samples of mushrooms that were boiled in hot water,
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我们呈递了300多种蘑菇样本，我们在热水中把它们煮了，
11:22
and mycelium harvesting these extracellular metabolites.
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菌丝收获了细胞外代谢物。
11:25
And a few years ago,
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几年前
11:28
we received these results.
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我们得到了这些结果。
11:31
We have three different strains of Agarikon mushrooms
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我们有3种不同的Agaricon蘑菇株，
11:36
that were highly active against poxviruses.
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它们抗疹病毒活性非常活跃。
11:38
Dr. Earl Kern, who's a smallpox expert
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Earl Kern博士是
11:41
of the U.S. Defense Department, states that any compounds
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美国国防部的天花专家，他说
11:43
that have a selectivity index of two or more are active.
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任何选择性指数在2或2以上的化合物都是活跃的，
11:46
10 or greater are considered to be very active.
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10以上是非常活跃。
11:48
Our mushroom strains were in the highly active range.
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我们的蘑菇系属于非常活跃。
11:52
There's a vetted press release that you can read --
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你们可以读一读一篇经过审核的新闻发布稿——
11:55
it's vetted by DOD --
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经美国国防部审核的，
11:57
if you Google "Stamets" and "smallpox."
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你可以搜索谷歌的“羊肚菌栽培”和“天花”，
11:59
Or you can go to NPR.org and listen to a live interview.
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或者你可以上NPR.org听现场访谈。
12:02
So, encouraged by this, naturally we went to flu viruses.
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受到这点的鼓励，我们转向流感病毒。
12:07
And so, for the first time, I am showing this.
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这是我第一次展示。
12:10
We have three different strains of Agarikon mushrooms
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我们有3个不同的Agaricon蘑菇株
12:13
highly active against flu viruses.
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抗流感病毒活性非常高。
12:15
Here's the selectivity index numbers --
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这是选择性指数数量——
12:17
against pox, you saw 10s and 20s -- now against flu viruses,
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你看到10-20——抗流感病毒，
12:20
compared to the ribavirin controls,
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与三唑核苷对照相比，
12:22
we have an extraordinarily high activity.
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我们的有极高的活性。
12:25
And we're using a natural extract
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我们使用天然提取物，
12:27
within the same dosage window as a pure pharmaceutical.
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其剂量与纯药物剂量相同。
12:29
We tried it against flu A viruses -- H1N1, H3N2 --
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我们试图让它抗流感病毒A——H1N1，H3N2——
12:33
as well as flu B viruses.
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以及流感病毒B。
12:35
So then we tried a blend,
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然后我们试着混合，
12:37
and in a blend combination we tried it against H5N1,
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在混合液中，我们想让它抗H5N1,
12:41
and we got greater than 1,000 selectivity index.
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我们得到了1000以上的选择性指数。
12:45
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
12:46
I then think that we can make the argument
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然后我想我们可以展开讨论
12:51
that we should save the old-growth forest
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我们是否应将拯救古老森林
12:53
as a matter of national defense.
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作为国家国防事务。
12:57
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
13:00
I became interested in entomopathogenic fungi --
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我变得对昆虫病原真菌有兴趣——
13:04
fungi that kill insects.
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真菌杀死昆虫。
13:06
Our house was being destroyed by carpenter ants.
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我们的房屋被木蚁毁了。
13:08
So, I went to the EPA homepage, and they were recommending studies
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我上EPA主页，他们推荐他们的研究成果，
13:11
with metarhizium species of a group of fungi
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一组杀死木蚁和白蚁的
13:14
that kill carpenter ants, as well as termites.
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真菌绿僵菌属。
13:17
I did something that nobody else had done.
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我做了别人没做过的事。
13:19
I actually chased the mycelium, when it stopped producing spores.
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实际上在菌丝停止产生孢子时，我寻找菌丝。
13:22
These are spores -- this is in their spores.
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这些是孢子——这是在孢子里。
13:24
I was able to morph the culture
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我可以把菌丝培养为
13:26
into a non-sporulating form.
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非孢子形式。
13:28
And so the industry has spent over 100 million dollars
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这家农药企业在诱饵上投入1亿美元，
13:31
specifically on bait stations to prevent termites from eating your house.
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防止白蚁吞噬房子。
13:35
But the insects aren't stupid,
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但昆虫并不傻，
13:37
and they would avoid the spores when they came close,
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它们可以在接近孢子的时候避开它，
13:39
and so I morphed the cultures into a non-sporulating form.
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所以我把菌丝培养为非孢子形式。
13:42
And I got my daughter's Barbie doll dish,
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我用我女儿的芭比娃娃盘，
13:44
I put it right where a bunch of carpenter ants
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我把它放在白蚁群
13:46
were making debris fields, every day,
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每天出没的地方。
13:48
in my house, and the ants were attracted to the mycelium,
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蚂蚁被菌丝吸引，
13:52
because there's no spores.
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因为那没有孢子。
13:54
They gave it to the queen.
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它们再把它带给蚁后，
13:55
One week later, I had no sawdust piles whatsoever.
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一周后我的房子再也没有出现过木屑。
13:58
And then -- a delicate dance between dinner and death --
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然后——晚餐和死亡之间微妙的舞蹈——
14:04
the mycelium is consumed by the ants,
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菌丝被蚂蚁消耗，
14:07
they become mummified, and, boing, a mushroom pops out of their head.
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变成木乃伊，发出声响，蘑菇从它们的头部突然冒出。
14:11
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
14:12
Now after sporulation, the spores repel.
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在孢子形成之后，孢子相斥。
14:16
So, the house is no longer suitable for invasion.
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所以房子就不再适合蚁群入侵了。
14:20
So, you have a near-permanent solution for reinvasion of termites.
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这样你有一个比较永久的办法对付白蚁的再次入侵。
14:24
And so my house came down, I received my first patent
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我的房子毁了，但我收到
14:27
against carpenter ants, termites and fire ants.
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对付木蚁、白蚁和火蚁的第一个专利。
14:29
Then we tried extracts, and lo and behold,
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随后我们想提炼，你瞧，
14:32
we can steer insects to different directions.
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我们可以控制昆虫向不同的方向。
14:34
This has huge implications.
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这有很大的作用。
14:36
I then received my second patent -- and this is a big one.
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然后我得到了我的第二个专利——这是个大专利，
14:38
It's been called an Alexander Graham Bell patent.
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叫做亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔专利——
14:40
It covers over 200,000 species.
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它涵盖20多万物种。
14:42
This is the most disruptive technology --
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杀虫剂制造业的主管告诉我，
14:44
I've been told by executives of the pesticide industry --
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这是他们见过的
14:47
that they have ever witnessed.
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最具破坏性的技术。
14:49
This could totally revamp the pesticide industries throughout the world.
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它可能完全改变全球的杀虫剂制造业。
14:52
You could fly 100 Ph.D. students under the umbrella of this concept,
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在这个概念伞下可以飞出100个博士生，
14:56
because my supposition is that entomopathogenic fungi,
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因为我推测是昆虫病原真菌
14:59
prior to sporulation, attract the very insects
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在芽孢形成前，吸引不同的昆虫，
15:01
that are otherwise repelled by those spores.
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否则它们会被那些孢子排斥。
15:04
And so I came up with a Life Box, because I needed a delivery system.
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所以我准备了一个生命盒，因为我需要一个供料系统。
15:08
The Life Box -- you're gonna be getting a DVD of the TED conference --
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生命盒——你会从TED得到一份DVD——
15:12
you add soil, you add water,
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你往里加土，加水，
15:14
you have mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi as well as spores,
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你除了有孢子还有菌根真菌和植物内生真菌，
15:19
like of the Agarikon mushroom.
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就像是Agaricon蘑菇。
15:21
The seeds then are mothered by this mycelium.
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种子由菌丝照料。
15:24
And then you put tree seeds in here,
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你把树种放在这里，
15:27
and then you end up growing -- potentially --
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然后你完成了——潜在的——
15:30
an old-growth forest from a cardboard box.
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古老森林在一个纸板盒内的生长。
15:32
I want to reinvent the delivery system,
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我想在全球重建这个供料系统
15:35
and the use of cardboard around the world,
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及使用纸板盒，
15:37
so they become ecological footprints.
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让它们变成生态足迹。
15:39
If there's a YouTube-like site that you could put up,
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如果能建个像YouTube的网站，
15:42
you could make it interactive, zip code specific --
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你就能使它互动，有特殊的区域码——
15:44
where people could join together,
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人们可以联合起来，
15:46
and through satellite imaging systems,
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通过卫星成像系统、
15:48
through Virtual Earth or Google Earth,
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通过虚拟地球或谷歌地球，
15:50
you could confirm carbon credits are being sequestered
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你可以确认碳排放信号
15:52
by the trees that are coming through Life Boxes.
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被生命盒里的树木隔离了。
15:55
You could take a cardboard box delivering shoes,
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你可以用装鞋的纸板盒，
15:58
you could add water -- I developed this for the refugee community --
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你可以加水——我为社区难民开发了这个 ——
16:02
corns, beans and squash and onions.
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玉米、大豆、南瓜和洋葱。
16:04
I took several containers -- my wife said, if I could do this, anybody could --
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我拿了几个盒子——我妻子说如果我能做，任何人都可以做——
16:08
and I ended up growing a seed garden.
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我完成了一个种子园。
16:10
Then you harvest the seeds --
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然后你收获籽粒——
16:12
and thank you, Eric Rasmussen, for your help on this --
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谢谢你，Eric Rasmussen,谢谢你的帮助——
16:16
and then you're harvesting the seed garden.
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然后你在这个种子园获得了丰收。
16:18
Then you can harvest the kernels, and then you just need a few kernels.
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你还可以收获籽粒，然后你仅需要几粒籽粒——
16:22
I add mycelium to it, and then I inoculate the corncobs.
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我给它加上菌丝，然后我给玉米接种。
16:26
Now, three corncobs, no other grain --
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3个玉米，没有其它的谷物——
16:29
lots of mushrooms begin to form.
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许多蘑菇开始形成。
16:31
Too many withdrawals from the carbon bank,
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碳供不应求，
16:34
and so this population will be shut down.
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这个特定产物就停止了。
16:36
But watch what happens here.
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但看看这里发生了什么，
16:40
The mushrooms then are harvested,
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收获了蘑菇，
16:42
but very importantly,
332
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但非常重要的是
16:46
the mycelium has converted the cellulose into fungal sugars.
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菌丝将纤维素转变成真菌糖。
16:49
And so I thought, how could we address the energy crisis in this country?
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所以我想，我们如何应对我们国家的能源危机？
16:56
And we came up with Econol.
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我们发现了Econol。
16:59
Generating ethanol from cellulose using mycelium as an intermediary --
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纤维素利用菌丝作为介质产生乙醇——
17:04
and you gain all the benefits that I've described to you already.
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你得到了我向你们描述过的所有好处。
17:07
But to go from cellulose to ethanol is ecologically unintelligent,
338
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但从纤维素到乙醇从生态学看是愚昧的，
17:12
and I think that we need to be econologically intelligent
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我认为我们需要生态智能
17:16
about the generation of fuels.
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产生燃料。
17:18
So, we build the carbon banks on the planet, renew the soils.
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所以我们在地球上建立了碳银行，更新土地
17:21
These are a species that we need to join with.
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有新的物种我们需要合作。
17:24
I think engaging mycelium can help save the world.
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我认为菌丝可有助于拯救世界。
17:29
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
17:31
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Stamets - MycologistPaul Stamets believes that mushrooms can save our lives, restore our ecosystems and transform other worlds.
Why you should listen
Entrepreneurial mycologist Paul Stamets seeks to rescue the study of mushrooms from forest gourmets and psychedelic warlords. The focus of Stamets' research is the Northwest's native fungal genome, mycelium, but along the way he has filed 22 patents for mushroom-related technologies, including pesticidal fungi that trick insects into eating them, and mushrooms that can break down the neurotoxins used in nerve gas.
There are cosmic implications as well. Stamets believes we could terraform other worlds in our galaxy by sowing a mix of fungal spores and other seeds to create an ecological footprint on a new planet.
Paul Stamets | Speaker | TED.com