TEDxUofT
Matt Russo: What does the universe sound like? A musical tour
马特·拉索: 什么是宇宙的声音？一段音乐之旅
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外太空真的像传说中那样，是一个寂静无声的地方吗？或许不是。马特·拉索，一位天体物理学家和音乐家，为我们带来了一段穿越宇宙的音乐之旅，揭示了在行星轨道背后隐藏的节奏与和谐。他说，宇宙中充满了音乐，我们只需要去聆听。
Matt Russo - Astrophysicist, musician
Matt Russo is an astrophysicist and musician who translates the rhythm and harmony of the cosmos into music and sound. Full bio
Matt Russo is an astrophysicist and musician who translates the rhythm and harmony of the cosmos into music and sound. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like you all
to close your eyes, please ...
to close your eyes, please ...
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请各位闭上眼镜，
00:17
and imagine yourself sitting
in the middle of a large, open field
in the middle of a large, open field
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并想象着，
你正坐在一片广阔的田野上，
你正坐在一片广阔的田野上，
身旁是下落的夕阳。
00:21
with the sun setting on your right.
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00:24
And as the sun sets,
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日落之后，
请想象今夜
你不仅能看到星光闪现，
你不仅能看到星光闪现，
00:25
imagine that tonight
you don't just see the stars appear,
you don't just see the stars appear,
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你还能听到它们闪现的声音。
00:28
but you're able to hear the stars appear
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最亮的星星
将成为了最响亮的音符，
将成为了最响亮的音符，
00:30
with the brightest stars
being the loudest notes
being the loudest notes
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而星星愈炽热、愈蓝
它的音调愈高。
它的音调愈高。
00:33
and the hotter, bluer stars
producing the higher-pitched notes.
producing the higher-pitched notes.
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00:37
(Music)
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（音乐）
00:59
And since each constellation
is made up of different types of stars,
is made up of different types of stars,
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由于不同星系的组成各不相同，
每个星系都有它们独特的旋律，
01:03
they'll each produce
their own unique melody,
their own unique melody,
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比如白羊座的旋律像公羊一样。
01:05
such as Aries, the ram.
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01:11
(Music)
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（音乐）
猎户座的旋律像猎人一般。
01:13
Or Orion, the hunter.
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01:15
(Music)
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（音乐）
01:19
Or even Taurus, the bull.
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而金牛座的旋律像公牛似的。
（音乐）
01:20
(Music)
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01:26
We live in a musical universe,
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我们生活在充满旋律的宇宙中，
借此，我们可以
通过新的角度来感受宇宙
通过新的角度来感受宇宙
01:28
and we can use that to experience
it from a new perspective,
it from a new perspective,
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并与更多的人分享这种角度。
01:32
and to share that perspective
with a wider range of people.
with a wider range of people.
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让我来告诉你们。
01:36
Let me show you what I mean.
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（音乐结束）
01:37
(Music ends)
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现在，当我告诉别人
我是一个天体物理学家时，
我是一个天体物理学家时，
01:38
Now, when I tell people
I'm an astrophysicist,
I'm an astrophysicist,
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他们通常会对我印象深刻。
01:41
they're usually pretty impressed.
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而当我说我还是一位音乐家时，
他们会说“我们知道。”
他们会说“我们知道。”
01:42
And then I say I'm also a musician --
they're like, "Yeah, we know."
they're like, "Yeah, we know."
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（笑声）
01:45
(Laughter)
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好像每个人都知道
01:46
So everyone seems to know
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音乐和天文学之间
有很密切的联系。
有很密切的联系。
01:48
that there's this deep connection
between music and astronomy.
between music and astronomy.
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这不是一个新的概念；
01:51
And it's actually a very old idea;
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最早提出这个概念的是
两千多年前的毕达哥拉斯。
两千多年前的毕达哥拉斯。
01:52
it goes back over 2,000 years
to Pythagoras.
to Pythagoras.
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01:55
You might remember Pythagoras
from such theorems
from such theorems
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你可能听过这个名字
比如毕达哥拉斯定理。
01:58
as the Pythagorean theorem --
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02:00
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
毕达哥拉斯认为：
02:01
And he said:
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02:03
"There is geometry
in the humming of the strings,
in the humming of the strings,
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几何存在于琴弦的震动中，
音乐存在于球面上的空间。
02:06
there is music in the spacing
of the spheres."
of the spheres."
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02:08
And so he literally thought
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他还认为，
天幕上行星的运动
02:10
that the motions of the planets
along the celestial sphere
along the celestial sphere
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创造了和谐的音乐。
02:12
created harmonious music.
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02:15
And if you asked him,
"Why don't we hear anything?"
"Why don't we hear anything?"
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如果你要问他
“为什么我们什么都听不到？”
“为什么我们什么都听不到？”
他会告诉你，
你之所以听不到
你之所以听不到
02:17
he'd say you can't hear it
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是因为你生来与它相伴，
02:18
because you don't know
what it's like to not hear it;
what it's like to not hear it;
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你不知道真正的寂静是怎样的。
02:21
you don't know what true silence is.
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就像你要等到了停电
02:23
It's like how you have to wait
for your power to go out
for your power to go out
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才会知道你的冰箱是多么的吵。
02:25
to hear how annoying
your refrigerator was.
your refrigerator was.
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也许你能接受这样的想法，
02:28
Maybe you buy that,
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但并不是所有人都可以，
比如亚里士多德。
比如亚里士多德。
02:29
but not everybody else was buying it,
including such names as Aristotle.
including such names as Aristotle.
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（笑声）
02:34
(Laughter)
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亚里士多德的原话是
02:37
Exact words.
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（笑声）
02:38
(Laughter)
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我来分析一下他的原话，
02:39
So I'll paraphrase his exact words.
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他说，这是一个不错的观点。
02:41
He said it's a nice idea,
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但是当浩瀚辽阔的天体
02:42
but if something as large and vast
as the heavens themselves
as the heavens themselves
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在运动和发出声音时，
02:45
were moving and making sounds,
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这些声音将不会是
听得到这么简单，
听得到这么简单，
02:47
it wouldn't just be audible,
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这些声音将会震碎地球。
02:48
it would be earth-shatteringly loud.
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02:51
We exist, therefore
there is no music of the spheres.
there is no music of the spheres.
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我们还活着
这说明天体之间不存在音乐。
这说明天体之间不存在音乐。
02:55
He also thought that the brain's
only purpose was to cool down the blood,
only purpose was to cool down the blood,
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他还认为
人脑的唯一作用就是理智和冷静，
人脑的唯一作用就是理智和冷静，
所以...
02:59
so there's that ...
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（笑声）
03:00
(Laughter)
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不过我想说
从某种角度上来说两者都是对的。
从某种角度上来说两者都是对的。
03:01
But I'd like to show you that in some way
they were actually both right.
they were actually both right.
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我们先来看一下
是什么造就了音乐。
是什么造就了音乐。
03:05
And we're going to start by understanding
what makes music musical.
what makes music musical.
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03:10
It may sound like a silly question,
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这个问题可能听起来挺傻的，
03:12
but have you ever wondered why it is
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但你可曾想过，
为什么某些音符一起演奏的时候
为什么某些音符一起演奏的时候
03:13
that certain notes, when played together,
sound relatively pleasing or consonant,
sound relatively pleasing or consonant,
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听起来异常和谐动人？
03:18
such as these two --
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比如这样——
（音乐）
03:19
(Music)
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03:22
while others are
a lot more tense or dissonant,
a lot more tense or dissonant,
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而另一些音符组合起来
就会不太和谐，
就会不太和谐，
03:24
such as these two.
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比如这样。
03:26
(Music)
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（音乐）
03:28
Right?
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对吧？
为什么呢？
这些音符为何存在呢？
这些音符为何存在呢？
03:29
Why is that? Why are there notes at all?
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为什么你能感受到这些曲调呢？
03:31
Why can you be in or out of tune?
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03:33
Well, the answer to that question
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其实，这个问题的答案
毕达哥拉斯已经告诉我们了。
03:35
was actually solved by Pythagoras himself.
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03:40
Take a look at the string on the far left.
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看看最左边的琴弦。
03:43
If you bow that string,
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如果你拨动它，
03:45
it will produce a note as it oscillates
very fast back and forth.
very fast back and forth.
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它会快速地来回震动
于是就产生了音符。
于是就产生了音符。
（音乐）
03:49
(Musical note)
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如果你把这根弦剪成两段
就会有两根琴弦，
就会有两根琴弦，
03:52
But now if you cut the string in half,
you'll get two strings,
you'll get two strings,
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各自以原来两倍的速度震动。
03:55
each oscillating twice as fast.
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这样就有了另一个音符。
03:57
And that will produce a related note.
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这个是三倍速，
04:00
Or three times as fast,
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04:03
or four times --
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这是四倍速的——
（音乐）
04:04
(Musical notes)
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04:11
And so the secret to musical harmony
really is simple ratios:
really is simple ratios:
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其实和谐音乐的秘籍
就是简单的配比：
就是简单的配比：
04:15
the simpler the ratio,
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两个音符震动频率的比率越简单，
它们一起演奏时也就越和谐。
04:17
the more pleasing or consonant
those two notes will sound together.
those two notes will sound together.
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如果比率约复杂，
听起来也就越不和谐。
听起来也就越不和谐。
04:20
And the more complex the ratio,
the more dissonant they will sound.
the more dissonant they will sound.
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正是这种紧张和放松，
04:23
And it's this interplay
between tension and release,
between tension and release,
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或者说和谐与不和谐之间的组合，
04:26
or consonance and dissonance,
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造就了音乐。
04:28
that makes what we call music.
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04:31
(Music)
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（音乐）
04:46
(Music ends)
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（音乐结束）
（掌声）
04:47
(Applause)
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谢谢。
04:48
Thank you.
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（掌声）
04:50
(Applause)
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不过还有更重要的东西。
04:53
But there's more.
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04:55
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:57
So the two features of music
we like to think of as pitch and rhythms,
we like to think of as pitch and rhythms,
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我们认为音乐有两个特征：
音调和节奏
音调和节奏
他们其实是
同一个东西的两种说法，
同一个东西的两种说法，
05:01
they're actually two versions
of the same thing,
of the same thing,
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你们看。
05:04
and I can show you.
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（慢节奏）
05:05
(Slow rhythm)
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这是一个节奏，对吧？
05:06
That's a rhythm right?
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05:09
Watch what happens when we speed it up.
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看看加速后会发生什么。
（节奏逐渐加快）
05:11
(Rhythm gets gradually faster)
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（高音调）
05:14
(High pitch)
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（低一点的音调）
05:18
(Lowering pitch)
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（慢节奏）
05:21
(Slow Rhythm)
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05:25
So once a rhythm starts happening
more than about 20 times per second,
more than about 20 times per second,
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所以只要一个节奏的频率
达到了每秒二十次的时候
达到了每秒二十次的时候
你的大脑就分辨不出来了。
05:28
your brain flips.
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05:29
It stops hearing it as a rhythm
and starts hearing it as a pitch.
and starts hearing it as a pitch.
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你不再认为这是一个节奏
它变成了音调。
它变成了音调。
05:34
So what does this have to do
with astronomy?
with astronomy?
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那这和天文学有什么关系呢？
我们在发现TRAPPIST-1行星系时
了解到两者的联系。
了解到两者的联系。
05:36
Well, that's when we get
to the TRAPPIST-1 system.
to the TRAPPIST-1 system.
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05:40
This is an exoplanetary system
discovered last February of 2017,
discovered last February of 2017,
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TRAPPIST-1行星系是一个
在2017年2月被发现的系外行星系。
在2017年2月被发现的系外行星系。
这让每个人都十分激动，
05:46
and it got everyone excited
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因为这个星系是由
七颗地球一般大小的行星，
七颗地球一般大小的行星，
05:47
because it is seven Earth-sized planets
all orbiting a very near red dwarf star.
all orbiting a very near red dwarf star.
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以及一颗红矮星组成的。
我们猜测
其中的三颗行星的温度适宜
其中的三颗行星的温度适宜
05:52
And we think that three of the planets
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05:54
have the right temperature
for liquid water.
for liquid water.
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能让液态水存在。
并且未来几年，
05:56
It's also so close
that in the next few years,
that in the next few years,
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我们就可以检测它们大气的成分
05:58
we should be able to detect
elements in their atmospheres
elements in their atmospheres
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是否包括氧气和甲烷，
这些生命存在的必要条件。
这些生命存在的必要条件。
06:01
such as oxygen and methane --
potential signs of life.
potential signs of life.
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06:05
But one thing about
the TRAPPIST system is that it is tiny.
the TRAPPIST system is that it is tiny.
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但是TRAPPIST-1行星系很小。
这个是我们在太阳系中的
06:09
So here we have the orbits
of the inner rocky planets
of the inner rocky planets
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类地行星的轨道，
06:12
in our solar system:
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水星，金星，地球，还有火星。
06:13
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars,
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但TRAPPIST-1星系里
七颗地球大小的行星的轨道
七颗地球大小的行星的轨道
06:14
and all seven Earth-sized
planets of TRAPPIST-1
planets of TRAPPIST-1
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06:17
are tucked well inside
the orbit of Mercury.
the orbit of Mercury.
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能全部塞进水星的轨道里。
06:21
I have to expand this by 25 times
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我要把这张图放大二十五倍
06:23
for you to see the orbits
of the TRAPPIST-1 planets.
of the TRAPPIST-1 planets.
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你们才能看到TRAPPIST-1的行星。
06:28
It's actually much more similar in size
to our planet Jupiter and its moons,
to our planet Jupiter and its moons,
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这比我们的木星及其卫星小多了，
虽然它的轨道上
有七颗地球大小的行星。
有七颗地球大小的行星。
06:32
even though it's seven
Earth-size planets orbiting a star.
Earth-size planets orbiting a star.
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另一个令人振奋的原因是
06:36
Another reason this got everyone excited
was artist renderings like this.
was artist renderings like this.
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一些画家描绘出这样的画面。
06:42
You got some liquid water,
some ice, maybe some land,
some ice, maybe some land,
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你能在这些行星上
看到液态水，冰山，还有陆地
看到液态水，冰山，还有陆地
你可以在夕阳的余晖中潜水。
06:45
maybe you can go for a dive
in this amazing orange sunset.
in this amazing orange sunset.
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06:49
It got everyone excited,
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这让所有人都很激动，
但几个月之后，
有些人发表了论文表示
有些人发表了论文表示
06:51
and then a few months later,
some other papers came out
some other papers came out
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实际上的情况应该是这样——
06:54
that said, actually,
it probably looks more like this.
it probably looks more like this.
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06:58
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:02
So there were signs
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有迹象表明
那里的某些地面上只有熔岩，
07:04
that some of the surfaces
might actually be molten lava
might actually be molten lava
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07:08
and that there were very damaging
X-rays coming from the central star --
X-rays coming from the central star --
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它们还遭受着来自恒星的
破坏性极强的X射线
破坏性极强的X射线
这些X射线会涂炭生灵
甚至摧毁大气层。
甚至摧毁大气层。
07:11
X-rays that will sterilize the surface
of life and even strip off atmospheres.
of life and even strip off atmospheres.
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07:16
Luckily, just a few months ago in 2018,
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不过幸运的是
2018年的上半年，
2018年的上半年，
又有人发表了一些论文
07:19
some new papers came out
with more refined measurements,
with more refined measurements,
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通过更精细的衡量，
07:23
and they found actually
it does look something like that.
it does look something like that.
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他们发现那里
实际的情况应该是这样的。
实际的情况应该是这样的。
（笑声）
07:26
(Laughter)
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我们知道有几颗行星
有大量的水、
有大量的水、
07:28
So we now know that several of them
have huge supplies of water --
have huge supplies of water --
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有环绕的海洋、
07:32
global oceans --
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而其中几个行星
还有稠密的大气层，
还有稠密的大气层，
07:33
and several of them
have thick atmospheres,
have thick atmospheres,
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我们极有可能在这里
找到生命的踪迹
找到生命的踪迹
07:36
so it's the right place to look
for potential life.
for potential life.
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07:40
But there's something even more
exciting about this system,
exciting about this system,
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但关于这个星系
还有更激动人心的事情
还有更激动人心的事情
特别是于我而言。
07:42
especially for me.
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07:44
And that's that TRAPPIST-1
is a resonant chain.
is a resonant chain.
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TRAPPIST-1星系
实际上是一个共振链。
实际上是一个共振链。
也就是说，对于每两颗外行星
07:48
And so that means for every two orbits
of the outer planet,
of the outer planet,
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07:51
the next one in orbits three times,
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下一颗行星运行的速度
是这一颗的三倍，
是这一颗的三倍，
再下一颗是这颗的四倍，
07:54
and the next one in four,
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然后是6倍，9倍，15倍以及24倍。
07:56
and then six, nine, 15 and 24.
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所以这些行星的轨道之间
就有许多简单的比率。
就有许多简单的比率。
08:01
So you see a lot of very simple ratios
among the orbits of these planets.
among the orbits of these planets.
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08:06
Clearly, if you speed up their motion,
you can get rhythms, right?
you can get rhythms, right?
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显然，如果它们的运动加速
就会出现节奏，对吧？
就会出现节奏，对吧？
一个鼓点意味着
一颗行星从旁边经过。
一颗行星从旁边经过。
08:10
One beat, say, for every time
a planet goes around.
a planet goes around.
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我们知道
如果这种运动加速，
如果这种运动加速，
08:12
But now we know if you speed
that motion up even more,
that motion up even more,
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你会听到高音，
08:15
you'll actually produce musical pitches,
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在这种情况下，
08:17
and in this case alone,
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08:20
those pitches will work together,
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这些高音融合在一起
会和谐共鸣，
会和谐共鸣，
08:21
making harmonious,
even human-like harmony.
even human-like harmony.
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像人演奏得一样和谐。
08:25
So let's hear TRAPPIST-1.
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让我们一起听一下
TRAPPIST-1的声音吧。
TRAPPIST-1的声音吧。
08:28
The first thing you'll hear will be
a note for every orbit of each planet,
a note for every orbit of each planet,
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你首先听到的是
每个行星轨道对应的音符
每个行星轨道对应的音符
请记住，
08:32
and just keep in mind,
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08:34
this music is coming
from the system itself.
from the system itself.
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音乐是从星系里传来的。
而不是我创造的。
08:36
I'm not creating the pitches or rhythms,
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我只是把它们
转换到了人类听力范围内。
转换到了人类听力范围内。
08:38
I'm just bringing them
into the human hearing range.
into the human hearing range.
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等到七颗行星都出现时，
08:41
And after all seven planets have entered,
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你将会看到——
08:43
you're going to see --
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08:44
well, you're going to hear a drum
for every time two planets align.
for every time two planets align.
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每当两颗行星交汇时
你会听到鼓点。
你会听到鼓点。
这时候它们的距离很近，
08:48
That's when they kind of
get close to each other
get close to each other
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它们之间的引力作用也更大。
08:50
and give each other a gravitational tug.
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08:57
(Tone)
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（一个音符）
09:05
(Two tones)
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（两个音符）
09:14
(Three tones)
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（三个音符）
09:22
(Four tones)
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（四个音符）
09:29
(Five tones)
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（五个音符）
09:37
(Six tones)
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（六个音符）
09:45
(Seven tones)
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（七个音符）
09:53
(Drum beats)
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（鼓点）
10:31
(Music ends)
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（音乐结束）
以上就是这些行星的声音
10:32
And that's the sound of the star itself --
its light converted into sound.
its light converted into sound.
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它们的星光转换成了声音。
也许你会好奇
这些是如何产生的。
这些是如何产生的。
10:37
So you may wonder
how this is even possible.
how this is even possible.
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10:40
And it's good to think
of the analogy of an orchestra.
of the analogy of an orchestra.
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你可以通过
类比管弦乐队来找到答案。
类比管弦乐队来找到答案。
10:44
When everyone gets together
to start playing in an orchestra,
to start playing in an orchestra,
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当所有人聚在一起演奏时，
他们肯定不能只顾着自己，对吧？
10:47
they can't just dive into it, right?
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他们要相互配合，
10:49
They have to all get in tune;
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他们要确保他们的乐器
10:50
they have to make sure
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和周围人的乐器相互协调，
10:51
their instruments resonate
with their neighbors' instruments,
with their neighbors' instruments,
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而在TRAPPIST-1刚形成的时候
情况也差不多。
情况也差不多。
10:54
and something very similar happened
to TRAPPIST-1 early in its existence.
to TRAPPIST-1 early in its existence.
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在这些行星诞生之初，
10:58
When the planets were first forming,
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它们在气体轨道中运行，
11:00
they were orbiting within a disc of gas,
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其中，
11:03
and while inside that disc,
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它们是可以移动的，
11:05
they can actually slide around
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11:07
and adjust their orbits to their neighbors
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它们可以根据相邻的行星
调整轨道位置
调整轨道位置
直到它们的相对位置趋于完美。
11:09
until they're perfectly in tune.
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这是件好事
因为这个星系有点拥挤——
因为这个星系有点拥挤——
11:11
And it's a good thing they did
because this system is so compact --
because this system is so compact --
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巨大的行星
被挤在一个狭窄的空间中
被挤在一个狭窄的空间中
11:15
a lot of mass in a tight space --
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如果这些行星轨道
没有处于一个恰当的位置
没有处于一个恰当的位置
11:17
if every aspect of their orbits
wasn't very finely tuned,
wasn't very finely tuned,
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它们很快便会
摧毁其它行星的轨道
摧毁其它行星的轨道
11:20
they would very quickly
disrupt each other's orbits,
disrupt each other's orbits,
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最终导致整个星系的灭亡。
11:22
destroying the whole system.
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11:24
So it's really music
that is keeping this system alive --
that is keeping this system alive --
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所以正是音律的和谐
使得这个星系得以生存
使得这个星系得以生存
11:28
and any of its potential inhabitants.
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并让它成为了可栖居的地方。
11:32
But what does our solar system sound like?
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那太阳系的音律是怎样的呢？
11:36
I hate to be the one to show you this,
but it's not pretty.
but it's not pretty.
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我不太想给你们展示
因为这个音律并不那么动听。
11:39
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
一方面，
11:41
So for one thing,
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太阳系的规模
远超TRAPPIST-1星系。
远超TRAPPIST-1星系。
11:43
our solar system
is on a much, much larger scale,
is on a much, much larger scale,
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为了能听到
所有八颗行星的音律，
所有八颗行星的音律，
11:46
and so to hear all eight planets,
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我们要从海王星，低音开始，
11:47
we have to start with Neptune
near the bottom of our hearing range,
near the bottom of our hearing range,
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然后一直到水星，
11:51
and then Mercury's going
to be all the way up
to be all the way up
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这几乎涵盖了我们的听力范围。
11:53
near the very top of our hearing range.
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不过，由于太阳系浩瀚无边，
11:55
But also, since our planets
are not very compact --
are not very compact --
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11:57
they're very spread out --
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行星们各自分散开了
它们不必相互调整轨道，
12:00
they didn't have to adjust
their orbits to each other,
their orbits to each other,
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所以它们就像随机弹奏音符一般，
12:02
so they're kind of just all playing
their own random note at random times.
their own random note at random times.
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12:06
So, I'm sorry, but here it is.
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像这样：
12:09
(Tone)
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（音符）
这是海王星。
12:11
That's Neptune.
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（两个音符）
12:12
(Two tones)
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天王星。
12:13
Uranus.
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12:15
(Three tones)
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（三个音符）
土星。
12:17
Saturn.
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（四个音符）
12:18
(Four tones)
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木星。
12:20
Jupiter.
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然后是火星。
12:21
And then tucked in, that's Mars.
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（五个音符）
12:23
(Five tones)
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地球。
12:24
(Six tones)
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（六个音符）
12:26
Earth.
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12:27
(Seven tones)
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金星。
12:28
Venus.
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（七个音符）
12:30
(Eight tones)
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（八个音符）
这是水星，
12:31
And that's Mercury --
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好吧，我会停下来的。
12:33
OK, OK, I'll stop.
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（笑声）
12:34
(Laughter)
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12:36
So this was actually Kepler's dream.
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这实际上是开普勒的梦想。
约翰内斯·开普勒
12:39
Johannes Kepler is the person
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他发现了行星的运动规律。
12:41
that figured out
the laws of planetary motion.
the laws of planetary motion.
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他深陷于这样一个想法：
12:43
He was completely fascinated by this idea
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12:45
that there's a connection
between music, astronomy and geometry.
between music, astronomy and geometry.
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音乐、天文学和几何学之间相互关联
12:49
And so he actually spent an entire book
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所以他用了整整一本书
来探索太阳系行星之间的音律和谐。
12:51
just searching for any kind of musical
harmony amongst the solar system's planets
harmony amongst the solar system's planets
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这是一项很艰难的工作。
12:56
and it was really, really hard.
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12:59
It would have been much easier
had he lived on TRAPPIST-1,
had he lived on TRAPPIST-1,
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除非他住在TRAPPIST-1星系，
13:02
or for that matter ...
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或者是
K2-138星系。
13:04
K2-138.
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13:07
This is a new system
discovered in January of 2018
discovered in January of 2018
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该星系于2018年1月被发现，
由五颗行星构成，
13:10
with five planets,
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和TRAPPIST星系一样，
13:12
and just like TRAPPIST,
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在它们存在之初，
它们之间就拥有和谐的音律了。
它们之间就拥有和谐的音律了。
13:13
early on in their existence,
they were all finely tuned.
they were all finely tuned.
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它们的音调变成了
13:16
They were actually tuned
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13:17
into a tuning structure
proposed by Pythagoras himself,
proposed by Pythagoras himself,
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在两千多年前
毕达哥拉斯提出的一种音律结构，
13:20
over 2,000 years before.
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13:23
But the system's actually
named after Kepler,
named after Kepler,
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但这个星系实际上
是用开普勒的名字命名的，
是用开普勒的名字命名的，
因为它们是通过
开普勒天文望远镜被发现的。
开普勒天文望远镜被发现的。
13:26
discovered by the Kepler space telescope.
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不过，在过去的几十亿年里
13:28
And so, in the last few billion years,
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它们的音调实际上已经消失了，
13:30
they've actually lost their tuning,
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只比TRAPPIST的音调
存在的时间稍长一些，
存在的时间稍长一些，
13:32
quite a bit more than TRAPPIST has,
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我们要做的是追溯过去，
13:34
and so what we're going to do
is go back in time
is go back in time
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并且想象它们的音调，
13:37
and imagine what
they would've sounded like
they would've sounded like
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想象它们初始时是怎样的。
13:39
just as they were forming.
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14:02
(Music)
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（音乐）
15:20
(Music ends)
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（音乐结束）
15:22
(Applause)
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（掌声）
15:30
Thank you.
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谢谢。
15:32
Now, you may be wondering:
How far does this go?
How far does this go?
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现在，你可能在想
这个项目的进展如何
这个项目的进展如何
宇宙中到底有多少音乐？
15:34
How much music actually is out there?
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15:37
And that's what I was wondering last fall
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这也是我在思考的。
上个秋天
我在多伦多大学天文馆工作的时候，
15:39
when I was working
at U of T's planetarium,
at U of T's planetarium,
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画家罗宾·伦尼和她的女儿艾琳
联系了我。
联系了我。
15:41
and I was contacted by an artist
named Robyn Rennie and her daughter Erin.
named Robyn Rennie and her daughter Erin.
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罗宾热爱夜空，
15:46
Robyn loves the night sky,
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但是她有十三年
不能好好地欣赏夜空了
不能好好地欣赏夜空了
15:48
but she hasn't been able
to fully see it for 13 years
to fully see it for 13 years
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因为她的视力受损，
15:51
because of vision loss.
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15:53
And so they wondered
if there was anything I could do.
if there was anything I could do.
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所以她们想向我寻求帮助。
所以我就收集了我能想到的
关于宇宙的所有声音
关于宇宙的所有声音
15:55
So I collected all the sounds
I could think of from the universe
I could think of from the universe
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并且把它们打包成专辑--
“我们的音乐宇宙”。
“我们的音乐宇宙”。
15:59
and packaged them into
what became "Our Musical Universe."
what became "Our Musical Universe."
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这是一场基于声音的天文演出，
16:04
This is a sound-based planetarium show
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探索了宇宙的节奏与和谐。
16:06
exploring the rhythm
and harmony of the cosmos.
and harmony of the cosmos.
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罗宾被这场演出深深打动，
16:10
And Robyn was so moved
by this presentation
by this presentation
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她回到家后，
16:12
that when she went home,
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创作了这幅生动的画
来表达了她的观后感。
来表达了她的观后感。
16:13
she painted this gorgeous
representation of her experience.
representation of her experience.
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16:18
And then I defaced it
by putting Jupiter on it for the poster.
by putting Jupiter on it for the poster.
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不过我把木星加到这个海报上之后
它变丑了。
它变丑了。
（笑声）
16:21
(Laughter)
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16:23
So ...
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所以..
16:27
in this show, I take people
of all vision levels
of all vision levels
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在这场演出中
我邀请了拥有不同视力水平的人，
我邀请了拥有不同视力水平的人，
为他们带来了一段宇宙音乐之旅，
16:30
and bring them on an audio tour
of the universe,
of the universe,
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从夜空一直延伸到可观测的宇宙边缘。
16:33
from the night sky all the way out
to the edge of the observable universe.
to the edge of the observable universe.
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16:38
But even this is just the start
of a musical odyssey
of a musical odyssey
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但这只是这段旅程的开始。
如果你想要从新的角度来体验宇宙，
16:40
to experience the universe
with new eyes and with new ears,
with new eyes and with new ears,
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我希望你能加入我。
16:44
and I hope you'll join me.
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谢谢。
16:46
Thank you.
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（掌声）
16:47
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Matt Russo - Astrophysicist, musicianMatt Russo is an astrophysicist and musician who translates the rhythm and harmony of the cosmos into music and sound.
Why you should listen
Matt Russo co-founded the art-science project SYSTEM Sounds and works to make astronomy more accessible to the visually impaired. His work has been featured in the New York Times, and he will lead an orchestra in an upcoming BBC documentary on the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system. He is currently a professor at Seneca College in Toronto, Canada, where he teaches a course on the deep connections between music and astronomy.
Matt Russo | Speaker | TED.com