TEDGlobal 2005
Iqbal Quadir: How mobile phones can fight poverty
伊卡柏·卡迪尔(Iqbal Quadir): 手机是战胜贫穷的利器
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伊卡柏·卡迪尔(Iqbal Quadir)讲述了他童年在贫穷的孟加拉国以及之后在纽约作为银行家的经历。这些经历促使他筹建了一家手机运营商，连接孟加拉8000万农村人口，并成为自下而上发展的倡导者。
Iqbal Quadir - Founder, GrameenPhone
Iqbal Quadir is an advocate of business as a humanitarian tool. With GrameenPhone, he brought the first commercial telecom services to poor areas of Bangladesh. His latest project will help rural entrepreneurs build power plants. Full bio
Iqbal Quadir is an advocate of business as a humanitarian tool. With GrameenPhone, he brought the first commercial telecom services to poor areas of Bangladesh. His latest project will help rural entrepreneurs build power plants. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
I'll just take you to Bangladesh for a minute.
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先请大家观看一段有关孟加拉的视频。
01:07
Before I tell that story, we should ask ourselves the question:
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在我开始演讲之前，我想请大家先思考一个问题。
01:10
Why does poverty exist?
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贫穷为什么会存在？
01:12
I mean, there is plenty of knowledge and scientific breakthroughs.
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我是说，人类实现了许多知识和科技的突破。
01:17
We all live in the same planet,
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我们生活在同一星球，
01:20
but there's still a great deal of poverty in the world.
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但世界上仍存在许多贫穷的地方。
01:22
And I think -- so I want to throw a perspective that I have,
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我想先谈谈我的观点，
01:26
so that we can assess this project, or any other project, for that matter,
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然后看看我的项目或者其他项目，
01:33
to see whether it's contributing or --
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究竟是拉大
01:36
contributing to poverty or trying to alleviate it.
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还是缩小了贫富差距。
01:38
Rich countries have been sending aid to poor countries for the last 60 years.
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60年来，富国一直为穷国提供援助。
01:43
And by and large, this has failed.
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总体来说，这些努力并未收到成效。
01:46
And you can see this book,
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大家可以看看这本书，
01:48
written by someone who worked in the World Bank for 20 years,
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作者曾为世界银行工作了20年。
01:51
and he finds economic growth in this country to be elusive.
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他发现，这个国家难以实现经济增长。
01:56
By and large, it did not work.
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总的来说，这些援助对经济增长并不奏效。
01:59
So the question is, why is that?
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问题是，为什么？
02:03
In my mind, there is something to learn from the history of Europe.
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在我看来，我们可以从欧洲的历史得到启发。
02:08
I mean, even here, yesterday I was walking across the street,
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我是说，即使在这里，昨天我过马路的地方，
02:12
and they showed three bishops were executed 500 years ago,
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就是三位主教在500年前被处死的地方。
02:16
right across the street from here.
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就在街对面。
02:18
So my point is, there's a lot of struggle has gone in Europe,
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我想说的是，在欧洲，人们经历过许多斗争，
02:22
where citizens were empowered by technologies.
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他们由于技术的进步而变得更有力量。
02:25
And they demanded authorities from --
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他们要求至高的权威
02:28
to come down from their high horses.
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走下神坛。
02:31
And in the end, there's better bargaining
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最终，权威与公民之间的地位
02:34
between the authorities and citizens,
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发生了变化
02:37
and democracies, capitalism -- everything else flourished.
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民主、资本主义和一切其他的制度得到充分发展。
02:40
And so you can see, the real process of --
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所以大家可以看到这样一个过程，
02:43
and this is backed up by this 500-page book --
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这本长达500页的书也支持这一结论，
02:47
that the authorities came down and citizens got up.
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权威地位下降，而公民地位上升。
02:52
But if you look, if you have that perspective,
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但是，如果你持这样一个观点，
02:55
then you can see what happened in the last 60 years.
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可以看看过去60年来发生的事件。
02:58
Aid actually did the opposite.
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援助所起的作用恰恰相反。
03:01
It empowered authorities,
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它使权威的地位得到巩固和加强。
03:03
and, as a result, marginalized citizens.
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而公民却因此被边缘化。
03:06
The authorities did not have the reason to make economic growth happen
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权威并没有理由为征收更多税赋
03:09
so that they could tax people
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而推动经济发展，
03:12
and make more money for to run their business.
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并聚集财富发展自己的商业。
03:16
Because they were getting it from abroad.
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因为他们能从海外得到资金援助。
03:19
And in fact, if you see oil-rich countries,
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事实上， 在那些石油资源国中，
03:23
where citizens are not yet empowered, the same thing goes --
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这些国家的人民缺乏自主权，情况也是如此。
03:26
Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, all sorts of countries.
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诸如尼日利亚、沙特阿拉伯都在这些国家之列。
03:29
Because the aid and oil or mineral money acts the same way.
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因为援助、石油或矿产的作用相同。
03:34
It empowers authorities, without activating the citizens --
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它们强化权威，但并未激发公民的作用，
03:38
their hands, legs, brains, what have you.
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包括他们的手脚，头脑和拥有的资源。
03:42
And if you agree with that, then I think the best way to improve these countries
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如果你们同意这一观点，我认为改善这些国家状况的最好方法，
03:48
is to recognize that economic development is of the people,
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是认识到经济发展的本质是民有、
03:51
by the people, for the people.
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民治和民享。
03:54
And that is the real network effect.
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这才是真正的网络效应。
03:56
If citizens can network and make themselves more organized and productive,
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如果公民能通过形成网络而更有组织、更具生产力
04:00
so that their voices are heard,
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从而能表达民声，
04:02
so then things would improve.
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情况将会得以改善。
04:04
And to contrast that, you can see the most important institution in the world,
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与之形成对比的是，作为世界上最为重要的机构，
04:09
the World Bank, is an organization of the government,
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世界银行是政府组织，
04:13
by the government, for the governments.
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由政府运营、为政府谋利。
04:16
Just see the contrast.
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对比非常明显。
04:18
And that is the perspective I have, and then I can start my story.
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这就是我的出发点，接下来讲一讲我的故事。
04:23
Of course, how would you empower citizens?
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如何才能赋予公民更多的主动权？
04:26
There could be all sorts of technologies. And one is cell phones.
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我们可以利用各种各样的技术，手机就是其中之一。
04:28
Recently "The Economist" recognized this,
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最近，《经济学家》发表文章，认识到了这一点，
04:31
but I stumbled upon the idea 12 years ago,
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而我在12年前就偶然想到了这一点，
04:36
and that's what I've been working on.
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并且一直以来致力于此。
04:42
So 12 years ago, I was trying to be an investment banker in New York.
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12年前，我曾经试图成为纽约的一名投资银行家。
04:45
We had -- quite a few our colleagues were connected by a computer network.
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我和一些同事在计算机网络上相互连接。
04:53
And we got more productive because we didn't have to exchange floppy disks;
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由于不需要交换软盘，我们变得更有效率，
05:00
we could update each other more often.
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相互交流也更为频繁。
05:04
But one time it broke down.
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但有一次，网络崩溃了。
05:06
And it reminded me of a day in 1971.
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这使我想起1971年的一天。
05:10
There was a war going on in my country.
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那时，我的祖国正经历一场战争，
05:14
And my family moved out of an urban place, where we used to live,
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我们家从之前所住的城市
05:17
to a remote rural area where it was safer.
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搬到了更为安全的偏远郊区。
05:21
And one time my mother asked me to get some medicine for a younger sibling.
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记得有一次，我母亲让我去为家中一个更小的孩子买药。
05:24
And I walked 10 miles or so, all morning, to get there, to the medicine man.
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我花了一上午的时间，走了大约10英里，才来到了卖药人的家。
05:31
And he wasn't there, so I walked all afternoon back.
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可那里没人，于是我又花了一下午的时间走回家。
05:34
So I had another unproductive day.
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这是毫无作为的一天。
05:36
So while I was sitting in a tall building in New York,
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所以，当我坐在纽约一幢高楼里的时候，
05:39
I put those two experiences together side by side,
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我将这两次经历比较了一下，
05:42
and basically concluded that connectivity is productivity --
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基本得出一个结论，那就是，连线就是效率，
05:45
whether it's in a modern office or an underdeveloped village.
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无论是在现代化的办公室还是在落后的村庄。
05:50
So naturally, I -- the implication of that is
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所以，这很自然地意味着，
05:53
that the telephone is a weapon against poverty.
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电话是消除贫穷的武器。
05:58
And if that's the case, then the question is
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如果是这样，问题在于，
06:00
how many telephones did we have at that time?
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当时我们有多少电话？
06:04
And it turns out, that there was one telephone in Bangladesh
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结果发现，当时在孟加拉，
06:09
for every 500 people.
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每500人仅有1部电话。
06:11
And all those phones were in the few urban places.
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而且所有电话都集中在在少数几个城区。
06:15
The vast rural areas, where 100 million people lived,
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有1亿多人居住的广阔农村，
06:18
there were no telephones.
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根本没有电话。
06:21
So just imagine how many man-months or man-years are wasted,
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可以想像，有多少人像我浪费了那一天那样，
06:24
just like I wasted a day.
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浪费了几个月，甚至几年。
06:27
If you just multiply by 100 million people, let's say losing one day a month,
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如果每人每月浪费一天，乘以1亿人，
06:31
whatever, and you see a vast amount of resource wasted.
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可以看到大量的资源都被浪费了。
06:35
And after all, poor countries, like rich countries, one thing we've got equal,
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毕竟，穷国和富国至少在一项资源上是平等的
06:38
is their days are the same length: 24 hours.
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那就是一天24小时的时间。
06:41
So if you lose that precious resource,
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如果丧失了这一宝贵资源，
06:44
where you are somewhat equal to the richer countries,
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而原本与富国之间并无差距，
06:47
that's a huge waste.
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这将是巨大的浪费。
06:50
So I started looking for any evidence that --
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所以，我开始寻找证据，
06:54
does connectivity really increase productivity?
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检验连线是否能增加效率。
06:58
And I couldn't find much, really, but I found this graph produced by the ITU,
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然而，事实上我并没有找到许多证据，但发现了
07:02
which is the International Telecommunication Union, based in Geneva.
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总部设在日内瓦的国际电信联盟发布的这张图表。
07:08
They show an interesting thing.
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它说明了一个有趣的现象。
07:11
That you see, the horizontal axis is where you place your country.
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大家看，横轴代表国家。
07:15
So the United States or the UK would be here, outside.
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比如美国、英国在这里，图表以外。
07:18
And so the impact of one new telephone,
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竖轴表示每增加一部新电话的作用，
07:22
which is on the vertical axis, is very little.
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在这些国家非常小。
07:27
But if you come back to a poorer country, where the GNP per capita is,
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但如果大家看欠发达国家，
07:30
let's say, 500 dollars, or 300 dollars,
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假设人均国民生产总值仅500美元或300美元，
07:33
then the impact is huge: 6,000 dollars. Or 5,000 dollars.
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每增加一部新电话的作用非常明显：6000美元或5000美元。
07:40
The question was,
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问题是，
07:41
how much did it cost to install a new telephone in Bangladesh?
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在孟加拉安装一部新电话的成本是多少？
07:45
It turns out: 2,000 dollars.
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结果发现，需要2000美元。
07:49
So if you spend 2,000 dollars, and let's say the telephone lasts 10 years,
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所以，如果花2000美元安装一部电话，假设可以用10年，
07:52
and if 5,000 dollars every year -- so that's 50,000 dollars.
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每年增加5000美元的人均国民生产总值，10年就是50000美元。
07:55
So obviously this was a gadget to have.
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很明显，电话的作用不可忽视。
07:59
And of course, if the cost of installing a telephone is going down,
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当然，如果随着数字革命的发展，
08:04
because there's a digital revolution going on,
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安装一部电话的成本下降，
08:06
then it would be even more dramatic.
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其产生的作用将更大。
08:10
And I knew a little economics by then --
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当时，我对经济学也略知一二。
08:13
it says Adam Smith taught us that specialization leads to productivity.
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亚当•史密斯告诉我们，分工能提高生产力。
08:16
But how would you specialize?
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但是如何进行分工呢？
08:19
Let's say I'm a fisherman and a farmer.
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假如我是渔民和农场主，
08:23
And Chris is a fisherman farmer. Both are generalists.
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克里斯也是渔民和农场主。 我们都可以做很多生意。
08:29
So the point is that we could only -- the only way we could depend on each other,
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我们之间只有通过相互联系，
08:33
is if we can connect with each other.
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才能相互依靠。
08:36
And if we are neighbors, I could just walk over to his house.
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如果我们是邻居，我可以走到他家。
08:41
But then we are limiting our economic sphere to something very small area.
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但即便如此，我们只能将生意局限在非常小的区域。
08:45
But in order to expand that, you need a river,
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为了拓展生意，需要一条河，
08:48
or you need a highway, or you need telephone lines.
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一条高速公路，或者电话。
08:50
But in any event, it's connectivity that leads to dependability.
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无论如何，相互连接才能相互依靠，
08:55
And that leads to specialization.
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从而实现专业分工，
08:57
That leads to productivity.
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继而提高生产力。
08:59
So the question was, I started looking at this issue,
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所以，我开始反复思考这一问题
09:03
and going back and forth between Bangladesh and New York.
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并往返于孟加拉和纽约之间。
09:05
There were a lot of reasons people told me
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人们告诉我
09:09
why we don't have enough telephones.
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许多没有足够电话的原因。
09:12
And one of them is the lacking buying power.
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其中之一是缺乏购买力。
09:14
Poor people apparently don't have the power to buy.
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显然，穷人买不起电话 。
09:17
But the point is, if it's a production tool, why do we have to worry about that?
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关键是，如果电话能提高生产力，我们为什么要为此担心呢？
09:20
I mean, in America, people buy cars,
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我的意思是，在美国，人们购买汽车，
09:23
and they put very little money down.
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并不需要一次付清很多现款。
09:26
They get a car, and they go to work.
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他们买了汽车，开车上班，
09:29
The work pays them a salary;
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并用上班挣来的薪水
09:32
the salary allows them to pay for the car over time.
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分期支付汽车款。
09:35
The car pays for itself.
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以车养车。
09:36
So if the telephone is a production tool,
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所以，如果电话是生产工具，
09:39
then we don't quite have to worry about the purchasing power.
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我们不需要过于担心购买力。
09:42
And of course, even if that's true, then what about initial buying power?
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当然即便如此，最初的购买力从哪里来？
09:47
So then the question is, why can't we have some kind of shared access?
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那么，为什么不可以几人合用一部电话呢？
09:52
In the United States, we have -- everybody needs a banking service,
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在美国，每个人都需要银行服务，
09:56
but very few of us are trying to buy a bank.
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但很少有人想要买下一家银行。
09:59
So it's -- a bank tends to serve a whole community.
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所以，一家银行为许多客户服务。
10:03
So we could do that for telephones.
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对于电话，我们也可以采用相同的办法。
10:06
And also people told me that we have a lot of important primary needs to meet:
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此外，人们告诉我，他们有许多基本的需求需要满足，
10:11
food, clothing, shelter, whatever.
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吃、穿、住等等。
10:14
But again, it's very paternalistic.
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但是，这是一种非常家长主义的做法。
10:16
You should be raising income
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应该提高收入，
10:19
and let people decide what they want to do with their money.
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让人们自己决定如何支配他们的财富。
10:24
But the real problem is the lack of other infrastructures.
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真正的问题在于缺乏其他一些基础设施。
10:27
See, you need some kind of infrastructure to bring a new thing.
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促使人们接纳新事物需要一些基础设施。
10:32
For instance, the Internet was booming in the U.S.
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比如，互联网在美国发展得如火如荼，
10:35
because there were -- there were people who had computers.
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因为人们有电脑。
10:38
They had modems.
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他们有调制解调器。
10:40
They had telephone lines, so it's very easy to bring in a new idea, like the Internet.
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他们有电话线，所以很容易接纳新概念，比如互联网。
10:44
But that's what's lacking in a poor country.
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不发达国家缺少的正是这种基础设施。
10:47
So for example, we didn't have ways to have credit checks,
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比如，人们无法查询信用记录，
10:49
few banks to collect bills, etc.
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很少有银行提供代收费服务，诸如此类，不一而足。
10:54
But that's why I noticed Grameen Bank, which is a bank for poor people,
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但这也正是为什么我会注意到孟加拉乡村银行。这家银行为穷人服务，
10:57
and had 1,100 branches, 12,000 employees, 2.3 million borrowers.
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拥有大约1100家分行，12000名员工和230万贷款人。
11:04
And they had these branches.
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他们有这些分行。
11:06
I thought I could put cell towers and create a network.
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我想，可以通过基站将这些分行连接成一个网络。
11:11
And anyway, to cut the time short -- so I started --
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长话多说。之后，我开始
11:15
I first went to them and said,
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到银行与他们谈谈我的想法。
11:18
"You know, perhaps I could connect all your branches and make you more efficient."
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“你知道，也许我可以将你们所有的分行连接起来，使你们的工作更有效率。”
11:21
But you know, they have, after all, evolved in a country without telephones,
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但是，要知道，他们毕竟在一个没有电话的国家里，
11:25
so they are decentralized. I mean, of course there might be other good reasons,
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所以实行分散管理。我想，当然有其他原因，
11:30
but this was one of the reasons -- they had to be.
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但这一定是原因之一。
11:32
And so they were not that interested to connect all their branches,
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他们对于将所有分行连成网络的想法并不感兴趣，
11:36
and then to be -- and rock the boat.
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只想安于现状。
11:38
So I started focusing. What is it that they really do?
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所以，我进一步思考这个问题。他们真正的业务是什么？
11:42
So what happens is that somebody borrows money from the bank.
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通常，某人向银行贷款，
11:45
She typically buys a cow. The cow gives milk.
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买一头母牛，牛会产奶，
11:49
And she sells the milk to the villagers, and pays off the loan.
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于是，那人将牛奶卖给村民，还清贷款。
11:53
And this is a business for her, but it's milk for everybody else.
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对这人来说这是一门生意，但为所有其他人提供了牛奶。
11:58
And suddenly I realized that a cell phone could be a cow.
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于是，我忽然意识到，手机也可以起到一头母牛的作用。
12:00
Because some way she could borrow 200 dollars from the bank,
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因为那人可以向银行贷款200美元，
12:04
get a phone and have the phone for everybody.
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购买一部手机，然后将手机租给其他人使用。
12:07
And it's a business for her.
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对这人来说，这是一门生意。
12:10
So I wrote to the bank, and they thought for a while, and they said,
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于是，我写信给银行，他们想了想，说：
12:14
"It's a little crazy, but logical.
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“这主意有点疯狂，但不乏逻辑。
12:16
If you think it can be done, come and make it happen."
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如果你觉得可行，就过来实现它吧。”
12:20
So I quit my job; I went back to Bangladesh.
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于是，我辞去了工作，来到了孟加拉。
12:23
I created a company in America called Gonofone,
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我在美国成立了一家公司，名为Gonofone，
12:26
which in Bengali means "people's phone."
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在孟加拉语里意为“人民的手机”。
12:29
And angel investors in America put in money into that.
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这家公司得到了美国天使投资。
12:31
I flew around the world.
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之后我开始奔走于世界各地。
12:33
After about a million -- I mean, I got rejected from lots of places,
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大约100万英里的行程中，我被许多人拒绝过，
12:36
because I was not only trying to go to a poor country,
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由于我不仅是在贫穷国家做生意，
12:39
I was trying to go to the poor of the poor country.
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而且是做这些国家里穷人的生意。
12:41
After about a million miles, and a meaningful --
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大约100万英里的行程中，我虽然掉了不少头发，
12:45
a substantial loss of hair, I eventually put together a consortium, and --
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却很有意义，因为最终我成立了一个联盟来推广这项服务，
12:48
which involved the Norwegian telephone company,
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这其中包括提供专有技术的
12:52
which provided the know-how,
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挪威电信公司，
12:55
and the Grameen Bank provided the infrastructure to spread the service.
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以及提供基础设施的孟加拉乡村银行。
13:01
To make the story short, here is the coverage of the country.
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长话短说，这是整个国家的覆盖面，
13:05
You can see it's pretty much covered.
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可以看到覆盖率很高。
13:08
Even in Bangladesh, there are some empty places.
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即使在孟加拉，也有一些空无人烟的地方。
13:11
But we are also investing around another 300 million dollars this year
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但是，我们今年投资了大约3亿美元
13:15
to extend that coverage.
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来扩大覆盖面积。
13:20
Now, about that cow model I talked about.
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现在，再回到我刚才说到的母牛模式。
13:23
There are about 115,000 people who are retailing telephone services
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约有115,000人在其居住的社区
13:29
in their neighborhoods.
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提供公共电话服务。
13:31
And it's serving 52,000 villages, which represent about 80 million people.
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这些服务覆盖了52000个村庄，共8千万人。
13:37
And these phones are generating
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这些电话为公司产出了
13:41
about 100 million dollars for the company.
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1亿美元的经济效益。
13:44
And two dollars profit per entrepreneur per day, which is like 700 dollars per year.
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对于每个零售服务提供者，每天获得2美元的利润，每年大约700美元。
13:53
And of course, it's very beneficial in a lot of ways.
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当然，这一模式还有很多好处。
13:55
It increases income, improves welfare, etc.
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它能增加收入，提高福利等等。
13:58
And the result is, right now, this company is the largest telephone company,
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结果是，现在，这一公司已成为最大的电话公司，
14:02
with 3.5 million subscribers,
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拥有350万用户，
14:05
115,000 of these phones I talked about --
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115,000部电话产生的流量
14:07
that produces about a third of the traffic in the network.
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占到整个网络的三分之一。
14:12
And 2004, the net profit, after taxes --
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2004年，税后净利润为
14:16
very serious taxes -- was 120 million dollars.
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1亿2千万美元，尽管税收数字本身也十分可观。
14:20
And the company contributed about 190 million dollars to the government coffers.
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公司为政府财政收入贡献了大约1亿9千万美元。
14:26
And again, here are some of the lessons.
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这里是我们获得的一些经验。
14:28
"The government needs to provide economically viable services."
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“政府需要提供经济上可行的服务。”
14:30
Actually, this is an instance where private companies can provide that.
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事实上，私营公司可以做到这一点。
14:33
"Governments need to subsidize private companies."
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“政府需要资助私营公司”。
14:36
This is what some people think.
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有些人会这样想。
14:38
And actually, private companies help governments with taxes.
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而事实上，私营公司为政府提供税收收入。
14:41
"Poor people are recipients."
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“穷人总是接受者”。
14:43
Poor people are a resource.
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事实上，穷人是资源。
14:46
"Services cost too much for the poor."
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为穷人服务成本太高”。
14:48
Their involvement reduces the cost.
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事实上，他们可以降低成本。
14:52
"The poor are uneducated and cannot do much."
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“穷人教育程度低，无法成大事”。
14:55
They are very eager learners and very capable survivors.
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事实上，他们求知欲望强，生存本领高。
14:58
I've been very surprised.
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对此，我感到十分惊讶。
15:00
Most of them learn how to operate a telephone within a day.
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他们中的大多数人在一天内学会如何使用电话。
15:03
"Poor countries need aid."
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“穷国需要援助。”
15:06
Businesses -- this one company has raised the --
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事实上，如果数据的准确率只有5%，
15:09
if the ideal figures are even five percent true, this one company
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仅这一家公司为该国贡献的国民生产总值
15:14
is raising the GNP of the country much more than the aid the country receives.
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也已远远超过其所接受的援助。
15:19
And as I was trying to show you, as far as I'm concerned,
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就我而言，我想让大家知道，
15:22
aid does damages because it removes the government from its citizens.
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援助有害，因为它让政府远离其公民。
15:27
And this is a new project I have with Dean Kamen, the famous inventor in America.
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这是我与美国著名发明家迪恩•卡门（Dean Kamen）合作的新项目。
15:31
He has produced some power generators,
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他制造了一些发电机，
15:34
which we are now doing an experiment in Bangladesh,
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我们正在孟加拉的两个村庄对其进行一项试验，
15:38
in two villages where cow manure is producing biogas,
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利用牛粪产生的沼气
15:41
which is running these generators.
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为发电机提供动力。
15:45
And each of these generators is selling electricity to 20 houses each.
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每个发电机向20户人家输送电力。
15:48
It's just an experiment.
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这还只是一项试验。
15:52
We don't know how far it will go,
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我们不知道它能走多远，
15:53
but it's going on.
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但目前还在进行中。
15:55
Thank you.
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谢谢。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Iqbal Quadir - Founder, GrameenPhoneIqbal Quadir is an advocate of business as a humanitarian tool. With GrameenPhone, he brought the first commercial telecom services to poor areas of Bangladesh. His latest project will help rural entrepreneurs build power plants.
Why you should listen
As a kid in rural Bangladesh in 1971, Iqbal Quadir had to walk half a day to another village to find the doctor -- who was not there. Twenty years later he felt the same frustration while working at a New York bank, using diskettes to share information during a computer network breakdown. His epiphany: In both cases, "connectivity is productivity." Had he been able to call the doctor, it would have saved him hours of walking for nothing.
Partnering with microcredit pioneer GrameenBank, in 1997 Quadir established GrameenPhone, a wireless operator now offering phone services to 80 million rural Bangladeshi. It's become the model for a bottom-up, tech-empowered approach to development. "Phones have a triple impact," Quadir says. "They provide business opportunities; connect the village to the world; and generate over time a culture of entrepreneurship, which is crucial for any economic development."
Iqbal Quadir | Speaker | TED.com