TED Salon Brightline Initiative
Bhu Srinivasan: Capitalism isn't an ideology -- it's an operating system
布·許尼凡森: 資本主義不是意識形態，而是作業系統
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布·許尼凡森研究資本主義和科技進步間的交集。他建議，不要視資本主義為堅固不變的意識形態，而是需要升級的作業系統，以期趕得上創新的腳步，例如那些即將崛起的無人機遞送服務。請聽這場簡潔且前瞻的演說，進一步了解自由市場的過去、未來，以及美國版資本主義即將面臨的認同危機。
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
資本主義是什麼？
00:12
So, what is capitalism?
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00:14
Capitalism, fundamentally,
is a series of marketplaces.
is a series of marketplaces.
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基本上，資本主義是一系列的市場。
00:17
You can have a marketplace for lemonade,
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你可能有檸檬水的市場、
00:19
a marketplace for lemons,
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檸檬的市場、
00:20
a marketplace for trucks
that transport lemons,
that transport lemons,
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運送檸檬之卡車的市場、
00:22
a marketplace that fuels those trucks,
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供應那些卡車燃料的市場、
00:25
marketplaces that sell wood
to build lemonade stands.
to build lemonade stands.
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販售木頭來建造檸檬水攤子的市場。
00:28
However, capitalism of course, as we know,
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然而，當然，如我們所知，
資本主義這個詞若不是被讚揚，
00:31
is this either celebrated term
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00:33
or condemned term.
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就是被譴責。
00:35
It's either revered or it's reviled.
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它若不是被尊敬，就是被謾罵。
00:37
And I'm here to argue
that this is because capitalism,
that this is because capitalism,
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我在這裡爭辯說，這是因為
在現代迭代中的資本主義，
在很大程度上被誤解了。
在很大程度上被誤解了。
00:41
in the modern iteration,
is largely misunderstood.
is largely misunderstood.
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00:44
In my view,
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依我所見，
00:46
capitalism should not
be thought of as an ideology,
be thought of as an ideology,
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資本主義不該被視為一種意識形態，
00:48
but instead should be thought of
as an operating system.
as an operating system.
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而應該被視為是一種作業系統。
00:52
Think of your iPhone.
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想想你的 iPhone。
00:54
Your iPhone merges hardware with software.
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你的 iPhone 結合硬體和軟體，
00:58
Apps and hardware.
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結合應用程式和硬體。
01:00
Now think about all the hardware
as the physical reality all around you,
as the physical reality all around you,
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現在，把所有硬體都想成
你周邊的實體現實環境，
你周邊的實體現實環境，
01:03
and think of the apps
as entrepreneurial activity,
as entrepreneurial activity,
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把應用程式想成企業家的活動、
01:06
creative energy.
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創意能量。
01:08
And in-between,
you have an operating system.
you have an operating system.
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在兩者之間有個作業系統。
01:11
As you have advances in hardware,
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當你的硬體進步時，
01:13
you have advances in software.
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你的軟體也會進步。
01:15
And the operating system needs to keep up.
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而作業系統得要跟上。
01:17
It needs to be patched,
it needs to be updated,
it needs to be updated,
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它需要補丁、需要更新，
01:20
new releases have to happen.
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一定要推出新版本。
01:22
And all of these things
have to happen symbiotically.
have to happen symbiotically.
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所有這些都是共生的。
01:25
The operating system needs
to keep getting more and more advanced
to keep getting more and more advanced
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作業系統需要不斷進步，
01:28
to keep up with innovation.
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才能跟得上創新。
01:31
And this is why, fundamentally,
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這就是為什麼，基本上，
01:34
when you think about it
as an operating system,
as an operating system,
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當你把它視為一種作業系統，
01:36
it devolves the language of ideology
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它就會轉移意識形態的表達方式，
01:38
away from what traditional
defenders of capitalism think.
defenders of capitalism think.
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遠離資本主義的傳統辯護者的想法。
01:42
But even if you go to the constitution,
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但，就算你去查憲法，
01:44
you'll notice, before the founders
even got to the First Amendment --
even got to the First Amendment --
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你會發現，在開國元老
著手憲法第一修正案之前──
著手憲法第一修正案之前──
01:47
with free speech,
free religion, free press,
free religion, free press,
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保護言論自由、宗教自由、
媒體自由的修正案──
媒體自由的修正案──
01:50
they thought about patents and copyright.
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他們已想到專利和版權了。
01:53
They talked about the government's role
in promoting arts and sciences.
in promoting arts and sciences.
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他們談到政府在推動
藝術和科學時所扮演的角色。
藝術和科學時所扮演的角色。
01:57
It's the reason why I could not start
a search engine tomorrow called Goggle.
a search engine tomorrow called Goggle.
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這就是為什麼我不能在明天
起造一個名叫 Goggle 的搜尋引擎。
起造一個名叫 Goggle 的搜尋引擎。
02:02
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
02:03
Google doesn't own Gs,
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Google 並不擁有「G」，
02:05
but I couldn't do it
because there could be some confusion.
because there could be some confusion.
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但我不能這麼做，因為會造成混淆。
所以甚至連財產權
都預留著模糊空間。
都預留著模糊空間。
02:07
So even property rights
have ambiguity built into them.
have ambiguity built into them.
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02:11
And on and on.
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諸如此類。
02:12
And by 1900, you have other types
of property that come into being.
of property that come into being.
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到 1900 年，
其他類型的資產出現了。
其他類型的資產出現了。
02:16
For instance, imagine that in 1900,
you owned 100 acres of land
you owned 100 acres of land
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比如，想像你在 1900 年
擁有 100 英畝的土地，
擁有 100 英畝的土地，
02:20
someplace in the Midwest.
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位在中西部的某處。
02:22
It's very easy to see
where your fence ends,
where your fence ends,
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很容易看見你的籬笆止於哪裡、
02:24
your neighbor's property begins.
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鄰居的產權從哪裡開始。
02:26
Now let me ask you,
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讓我請教各位，
02:27
where in the sky does your property end?
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你的產權界線到天空的哪裡？
02:30
Does it end at 1,000 feet,
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到 1000 英呎高為止嗎？
02:31
5,000 feet, 10,000 feet?
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5000 英呎？10000 英呎？
02:34
It makes no difference,
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沒有差別，
02:35
because other than the novelty
of a few hot-air balloons,
of a few hot-air balloons,
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因為除了少數的熱氣球
新奇經驗之外，
新奇經驗之外，
02:38
man couldn't fly.
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人是不能飛的。
02:40
But within three years, he could.
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但在三年之內，人能飛了。
02:41
Now all of a sudden,
it was very much relevant
it was very much relevant
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突然間，你的土地資產
02:44
whether your land ends
at 1,000 feet in the sky,
at 1,000 feet in the sky,
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是止於 1000 、5000
或 10000 英呎的高空，
或 10000 英呎的高空，
02:47
5,000 feet, 10,000 feet.
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就變得很重要了。
02:49
And you have to have
someone arbitrate that.
someone arbitrate that.
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你需要有人仲裁。
02:53
And indeed, that's exactly what happened.
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的確，事情的進展正是這樣。
02:55
And five or ten years from now,
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再過五或十年後，
02:56
when Amazon wants to deliver a package
over your house to your neighbor
over your house to your neighbor
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當亞馬遜想要越過你家上空，
把 USP 貨車上的包裹
遞送給你鄰居時，
遞送給你鄰居時，
03:00
from that UPS truck,
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03:01
we're going to have to decide:
Does you property end at five feet,
Does you property end at five feet,
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我們就得要判定：你的產權止於
5、10、50 還是 100 英呎高呢？
03:05
10 feet, 50 feet, 100 feet?
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03:07
Where does it end?
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到多高呢？
03:09
And there is no ideology
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沒有任何意識形態
03:10
that will tell you
where your property ends.
where your property ends.
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能告訴你你的產權界線。
03:14
It's an operating system.
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作業系統能。
03:16
And similarly,
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我們用汽車來看類似的情況。
03:17
we're going to see this with automobiles.
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03:19
A few years after the Wright brothers
figured out flight,
figured out flight,
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萊特兄弟想出如何飛行之後幾年，
03:22
human beings started using
more and more cars.
more and more cars.
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人類使用汽車更頻繁了。
03:24
And all of a sudden,
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突然間，
03:25
the regulatory system --
the operating system --
the operating system --
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監管制度──即作業系統──
03:27
had to be patched to all of a sudden
address the safety of consumers.
address the safety of consumers.
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突然需要被修補，
以處理消費者的安全問題。
以處理消費者的安全問題。
03:32
That the consumers of vehicles
were presenting danger to horses,
were presenting danger to horses,
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使用汽車的人會危害到馬、
03:35
other pedestrians, trolleys,
what have you.
what have you.
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其他行人、電車等等。
03:38
And all of a sudden,
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突然間，
03:40
the drivers of these automobiles
had to have driver's licenses, eye exams,
had to have driver's licenses, eye exams,
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汽車駕駛就需要考駕照、
通過視力檢驗，
通過視力檢驗，
03:43
registered motor vehicles, speed limits,
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車輛需要登記，路上設有速限，
03:46
rules of the road,
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要遵守交通規則，
03:47
so that horses, pedestrians,
could coexist with cars.
could coexist with cars.
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這麼一來，馬和行人
才能和汽車共存。
才能和汽車共存。
03:52
It had to be backwards compatible.
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它得要和過去的事物相容，
03:55
So a new invention had to basically fit
advances from the past.
advances from the past.
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新發明必須基本上符合過去的發展。
04:00
Similarly, five or ten years from now,
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同樣地，五到十年後，
04:02
we're going to see the same thing
with self-driving cars --
with self-driving cars --
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自駕車也會面臨同樣的狀況──
要和人類駕駛的汽車共存。
04:05
coexisting with human-driven cars.
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04:07
The reason why this is important,
is in 10 years,
is in 10 years,
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這之所以很重要是因為，十年內，
04:09
another thing is going to happen
beyond drones and self-driving cars,
beyond drones and self-driving cars,
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還會有別的東西出現，
超越無人機和自駕車，
超越無人機和自駕車，
04:12
but you're going to see
the most valuable economy in the world --
the most valuable economy in the world --
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但你將會見到世上
市值最高的經濟體──
市值最高的經濟體──
04:16
the largest economy in the world --
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世上最大的經濟體──
04:17
is going to be a country
run by communists.
run by communists.
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會是共產統治的國家。
04:20
The Chinese seem to be
very good at capitalism.
very good at capitalism.
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中國人似乎對資本主義很在行。
04:24
And this is going to have
fundamental problems
fundamental problems
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這將會有很根本的問題，
04:27
and present an identity crisis
for the United States.
for the United States.
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會讓美國產生認同危機。
04:31
Because for a long time,
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因為，長期以來，
自由市場與言論自由、新聞自由，
04:33
free markets coincided with liberties
such as free speech, free press,
such as free speech, free press,
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宗教自由等自由，正好相吻合。
04:39
free religion.
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04:40
And all of a sudden,
this equation is going to be decoupled.
this equation is going to be decoupled.
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突然間，這等式將會被解離。
04:44
And when it gets decoupled,
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當它解離時，
04:46
we might find that democracy,
the multitude of voices,
the multitude of voices,
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我們可能會發現，
民主，大眾的聲音，
民主，大眾的聲音，
04:49
actually impedes capitalism
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其實會妨礙資本主義。
04:52
because a state that does not have
any pretense of limited government
any pretense of limited government
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因為一個連「假裝限制政府權利」
都免了的國家，
都免了的國家，
04:56
can very quickly mandate
a regulatory framework for drones,
a regulatory framework for drones,
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能很快地制定監管的架構，
來監管無人機、電動車、自駕車，
04:59
for electric cars, for self-driving cars,
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05:02
for any new innovation
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和任何他們認為
05:04
where they feel that they can leapfrog
Western societies.
Western societies.
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能快速超越西方社會的創新。
05:08
And this is a very unique thing
in the American experience.
in the American experience.
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這在美國經驗中是非常獨特的。
05:13
And this is why it's very important
to think of American capitalism
to think of American capitalism
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這就是為什麼
視美國資本主義為作業系統，
視美國資本主義為作業系統，
05:17
as an operating system
and not as an ideology.
and not as an ideology.
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而非意識形態，極為重要。
05:20
Because when you think about it
as an ideology,
as an ideology,
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因為如果你把它視為意識形態，
05:22
you can have good politics
make for very, very bad policy.
make for very, very bad policy.
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好的政治也可能會導致
非常非常不好的政策。
非常非常不好的政策。
05:28
That market outcomes and democratic voices
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市場表現和民主聲音，
05:31
and battles for votes
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以及選票之爭，
05:33
can end up stifling progress.
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最後可能會扼殺了進步。
05:37
So over the next few years,
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所以，在接下來幾年，
05:39
as this political cycle plays out,
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隨著這政治循環的發展，
05:41
you're going to see American democracy
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你們將會看到美國民主
05:45
rise to meet the challenges
that capitalism poses and modernity poses.
that capitalism poses and modernity poses.
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面對資本主義和現代性
所帶來的挑戰。
所帶來的挑戰。
05:50
And I ask policymakers to think about --
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我要求決策者考慮
05:55
decoupling ideology from economics,
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將意識形態與經濟學脫鉤，
05:59
and think about how good policy
can ultimately become good politics.
can ultimately become good politics.
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並考慮好的政策
如何最終成為好政治。
如何最終成為好政治。
06:03
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:05
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Bhu Srinivasan - WriterBhu Srinivasan writes about economics, history and statecraft.
Why you should listen
Bhu Srinivasan's first book, AMERICANA: A 400-Year History of American Capitalism, explores the intersections of democracy and capitalism. The Economist selected it as one of its Best Books of 2017. A venture-backed entrepreneur from his early 20s, Srinivasan has built media properties in publishing, gaming, financial content, and technology ranging from video games to municipal bonds. He is currently working on adapting his book to television, identifying the next big things, and outlining his next book.
Bhu Srinivasan | Speaker | TED.com