TED2005
William McDonough: Cradle to cradle design
William McDonough 談「從搖籃到搖籃」理念
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致力於環保的建築師兼設計師 William McDonough 問，如果設計師心繫所有子孫、所有物種、直到永遠，我們的建築及產品會是什麼樣子？
William McDonough - Architect
Architect William McDonough believes green design can prevent environmental disaster and drive economic growth. He champions “cradle to cradle” design, which considers a product's full life cycle -- from creation with sustainable materials to a recycled afterlife. Full bio
Architect William McDonough believes green design can prevent environmental disaster and drive economic growth. He champions “cradle to cradle” design, which considers a product's full life cycle -- from creation with sustainable materials to a recycled afterlife. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
In 1962, with Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring,"
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1962 年，根據瑞秋•卡森寫的書「寂靜的春天」，
00:30
I think for people like me in the world of the making of things,
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對像我這樣創作物件領域的人而言，
00:35
the canary in the mine wasn't singing.
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礦坑中的黃絲雀不唱歌了。
00:39
And so the question that we might not have birds
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因此，「可能沒有鳥」這個問題，
00:42
became kind of fundamental to those of us wandering around
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對四處找尋似已消失的北美野雲雀的我們
00:45
looking for the meadowlarks that seemed to have all disappeared.
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變得至為根本。
00:48
And the question was, were the birds singing?
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問題本來應該是：鳥在唱歌嗎？
00:51
Now, I'm not a scientist, that'll be really clear.
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我不是科學家，這一點是很明白的。
00:55
But, you know, we've just come from this discussion of what a bird might be.
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但是，我們剛剛才討論過「鳥」可能是什麼。
00:59
What is a bird?
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什麼是「鳥」？
01:00
Well, in my world, this is a rubber duck.
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在我的世界，這是個塑膠鴨。
01:04
It comes in California with a warning --
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它來自加州，附有警告：
01:06
"This product contains chemicals known by the State of California
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「此產品含有加州政府認定會
01:09
to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm."
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造成癌症、畸胎、或其他生育傷害的化學物質。」
01:16
This is a bird.
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這是一隻鳥。
01:19
What kind of culture would produce a product of this kind
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怎樣的文化會製造這種產品，
01:22
and then label it and sell it to children?
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標示後，又賣給兒童？
01:27
I think we have a design problem.
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我想我們有設計的問題。
01:30
Someone heard the six hours of talk that I gave
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有人聽了我在全國公共電台講六小時的
01:35
called "The Monticello Dialogues" on NPR, and sent me this as a thank you note --
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「蒙提切羅對話」後，寄給我這個感謝詞：
01:41
"We realize that design is a signal of intention,
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「我們體認到設計是意圖的信號，
01:43
but it also has to occur within a world,
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而它也必須發生在世界裡，
01:46
and we have to understand that world in order to
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我們必須明白那個世界，
01:50
imbue our designs with inherent intelligence,
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以便使固有的智慧注入我們的設計，
01:53
and so as we look back at the basic state of affairs
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因此當我們回顧我們所設計
01:58
in which we design, we, in a way, need to go to the primordial condition
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事物的基本狀態，我們有必要回到原始條件
02:03
to understand the operating system and the frame conditions of a planet,
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去了解星球的運行系統及架構條件，
02:08
and I think the exciting part of that is the good news that's there,
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我認為有個令人振奮的部分，即那裡存有好的消息，
02:13
because the news is the news of abundance,
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因為該消息是充裕的消息，
02:16
and not the news of limits,
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而不是稀少的消息，
02:18
and I think as our culture tortures itself now
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而我認為既然我們的文化現在如此殘暴自虐，
02:23
with tyrannies and concerns over limits and fear,
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並對稀少及恐懼如此關切，
02:28
we can add this other dimension of abundance that is coherent,
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我們可加上這充裕的另一面向，它是穩固的、
02:33
driven by the sun, and start to imagine
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由太陽驅動的，然後開始想像
02:35
what that would be like to share."
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分享會是什麼樣子。」
02:42
That was a nice thing to get.
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收到這個感覺不錯。
02:44
That was one sentence.
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它只是一句話。
02:48
Henry James would be proud.
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亨利•詹姆斯將會感到驕傲。
02:50
This is -- I put it down at the bottom,
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我把它放在投影片底下，
02:52
but that was extemporaneous, obviously.
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但顯然，這是一時興起的。
02:55
The fundamental issue is that, for me,
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在我看來，根本的議題是，
02:58
design is the first signal of human intentions.
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設計是人類意圖的第一個信號。
03:00
So what are our intentions, and what would our intentions be --
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那麼，我們的意圖是什麼，我們的意圖會怎樣 —
03:04
if we wake up in the morning, we have designs on the world --
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如果我們早上醒來，我們設計著這個世界 —
03:07
well, what would our intention be as a species
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身為一個物種，我們的意圖是什麼？
03:09
now that we're the dominant species?
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既然我們是優勢物種。
03:11
And it's not just stewardship and dominion debate,
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而那不只是掌理和統領的辯論，
03:14
because really, dominion is implicit in stewardship --
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因為說真的，統領意味著掌理 —
03:20
because how could you dominate something you had killed?
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因為你如何統領你殺死的東西？
03:22
And stewardship's implicit in dominion,
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而掌理也意味著統領，
03:24
because you can't be steward of something if you can't dominate it.
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因為你無法掌理事情，如果你無法統領它。
03:26
So the question is, what is the first question for designers?
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因此，問題是：設計師的第一道問題是什麼？
03:32
Now, as guardians -- let's say the state, for example,
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現在身為守護者 — 例如國家，
03:35
which reserves the right to kill, the right to be duplicitous and so on --
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它擁有殺人、欺矇等權利 —
03:40
the question we're asking the guardian at this point is
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現在我們問守護者的問題是：
03:43
are we meant, how are we meant,
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我們是否有意、或我們打算如何
03:45
to secure local societies, create world peace
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去保障地區社會、締造世界和平
03:47
and save the environment?
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及拯救環境？
03:49
But I don't know that that's the common debate.
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但是我不知道這是個常見的爭論。
03:52
Commerce, on the other hand, is relatively quick,
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另一方面，商業相對而言是快速的、
03:56
essentially creative, highly effective and efficient,
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本質上有創意、效率高、
03:58
and fundamentally honest, because we can't exchange
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且基本上是誠實的，因為如果沒有互信
04:01
value for very long if we don't trust each other.
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我們很難保持企業的永續經營。
04:05
So we use the tools of commerce primarily for our work,
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因此，我們基本上使用商業工具來工作，
04:07
but the question we bring to it is,
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但我們問它的問題是：
04:09
how do we love all the children of all species for all time?
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我們要如何珍愛所有物種及其後代直到永遠？
04:13
And so we start our designs with that question.
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因此我們以這個問題開始設計。
04:16
Because what we realize today is that modern culture
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因為今天我們了解的是現代文化
04:18
appears to have adopted a strategy of tragedy.
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採用的策略會導致悲劇。
04:21
If we come here and say, "Well, I didn't intend
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如果我們到現在還說：「嗯，我没料到
04:23
to cause global warming on the way here,"
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會造成這樣的全球暖化」，
04:24
and we say, "That's not part of my plan,"
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並且說：「那不是我原本的計畫」，
04:26
then we realize it's part of our de facto plan.
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則我們知道，事實上這是我們所導致的後果。
04:29
Because it's the thing that's happening because we have no other plan.
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因為我們缺乏其他配套措施，才導致這些事的發生。
04:32
And I was at the White House for President Bush,
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布希總統請我到白宮
04:34
meeting with every federal department and agency,
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與聯邦各部門開會，
04:36
and I pointed out that they appear to have no plan.
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我指出他們好像沒有計畫。
04:40
If the end game is global warming, they're doing great.
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如果結局是要全球暖化，他們幹得很好。
04:42
If the end game is mercury toxification of our children
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如果結局是火力發電廠下風處兒童的汞中毒，
04:45
downwind of coal fire plants as they scuttled the Clean Air Act,
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因為他們扼殺了清淨空氣法案，
04:48
then I see that our education programs should be explicitly defined as,
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因而我認為我們的教育方案應該重新訂定為：
04:52
"Brain death for all children. No child left behind."
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「全部兒童腦死，一個不留」。
04:54
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
04:58
So, the question is, how many federal officials
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所以，問題是：有幾個聯邦官員
05:02
are ready to move to Ohio and Pennsylvania with their families?
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準備好帶著家人移居到俄亥俄州和賓州？
05:05
So if you don't have an endgame of something delightful,
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因此如果你沒有能讓人愉悅的目的，
05:09
then you're just moving chess pieces around,
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那麼你就如無頭蒼蠅四處亂竄，
05:11
if you don't know you're taking the king.
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因為你看不到目標。
05:12
So perhaps we could develop a strategy of change,
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因此也許我們可以想出一個策略來改變，
05:15
which requires humility. And in my business as an architect,
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那需要謙虛。在我從事的建築師行業中，
05:18
it's unfortunate the word "humility" and the word "architect"
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佷不幸地，「謙虛」和「建築師」這兩個詞，
05:22
have not appeared in the same paragraph since "The Fountainhead."
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從 "The Fountainhead" 一書後，就不曾在同段文字出現過。
05:25
So if anybody here has trouble with the concept of design humility,
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在場如果有人對這個「設計師的謙虛」概念有疑問，
05:30
reflect on this -- it took us 5,000 years
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聽聽這句話：我們花了 5000 年
05:33
to put wheels on our luggage.
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才為行李箱裝上輪子。
05:37
So, as Kevin Kelly pointed out, there is no endgame.
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因此，誠如 Kevin Kelly 所說，沒有結局。
05:42
There is an infinite game, and we're playing in that infinite game.
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是個無止境的賽局，我們身處在這個無止境的賽局中。
05:46
And so we call it "cradle to cradle,"
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因此稱它為「從搖籃到搖籃」，
05:48
and our goal is very simple.
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我們的目標非常單純。
05:49
This is what I presented to the White House.
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這是我對白宮的簡報。
05:51
Our goal is a delightfully diverse, safe, healthy and just world,
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我們的目標是一個快樂而多元的、安全的、健康的及正義的世界，
05:54
with clean air, clean water, soil and power --
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有著清淨的空氣、清淨的水、土壤和電力 —
05:57
economically, equitably, ecologically and elegantly enjoyed, period.
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經濟地、均衡地、環保地及優雅地享用。
06:01
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
06:04
What don't you like about this?
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這句話中你有不喜歡的地方嗎？
06:07
Which part of this don't you like?
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哪一部分你不喜歡？
06:09
So we realized we want full diversity,
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所以我們要充分多元，
06:11
even though it can be difficult to remember what De Gaulle said
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即使記不住戴高樂被問及
06:14
when asked what it was like to be President of France.
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「當法國總統的感覺如何」時說了什麼。
06:16
He said, "What do you think it's like trying to run a country with 400 kinds of cheese?"
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他說：「你認為經營有 400 種乳酪的國家感覺如何？」
06:20
But at the same time, we realize that our products are not safe and healthy.
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但同時，我們知道我們的產品並不安全及健康。
06:23
So we've designed products
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因此當我們設計出了產品，
06:25
and we analyzed chemicals down to the parts per million.
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我們分析其化學成份到 ppm 層次。
06:27
This is a baby blanket by Pendleton that will give your child nutrition
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這是 Pendleton 公司的嬰兒毯，它給你的小孩養分
06:30
instead of Alzheimer's later in life.
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而不是老年痴呆症。
06:32
We can ask ourselves, what is justice,
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我們可以自問，何謂正義、
06:34
and is justice blind, or is justice blindness?
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正義是否盲了、或正義就是盲目？
06:38
And at what point did that uniform turn from white to black?
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在哪一點她的制服由白變黑？
06:43
Water has been declared a human right by the United Nations.
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聯合國已經宣布了水資源同樣具有人權。
06:46
Air quality is an obvious thing to anyone who breathes.
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需要呼吸的人都能很明顯的察覺空氣品質狀況。
06:48
Is there anybody here who doesn't breathe?
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這裡有人不需要呼吸嗎？
06:51
Clean soil is a critical problem -- the nitrification, the dead zones
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乾淨的土壤是個關鍵問題 — 土壤硝化、
06:54
in the Gulf of Mexico.
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墨西哥灣的死亡區。
06:56
A fundamental issue that's not being addressed.
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全是未處理的基本議題。
06:58
We've seen the first form of solar energy
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我們已看到太陽能首先以風的形式
07:00
that's beat the hegemony of fossil fuels in the form of wind
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在在北美大平原區打敗了石化燃料的統治，
07:03
here in the Great Plains, and so that hegemony is leaving.
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因此石化業者逐漸退出市場。
07:06
And if we remember Sheikh Yamani when he formed OPEC,
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如果我們記得當亞瑪尼親王在成立石油輸出國組織時，
07:09
they asked him, "When will we see the end of the age of oil?"
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有人問他：｢石油時代何時會結束？｣
07:12
I don't know if you remember his answer, but it was,
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不知你是否記得他的回答，他說：
07:15
"The Stone Age didn't end because we ran out of stones."
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｢石器時代不是因為我們用完石頭才結束的。｣
07:19
We see that companies acting ethically in this world
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我們看到世界上行為合於倫理的公司
07:23
are outperforming those that don't.
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表現勝過那些不合倫理的。
07:24
We see the flows of materials in a rather terrifying prospect.
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我們看到材料流的前景可慮。
07:29
This is a hospital monitor from Los Angeles, sent to China.
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這是醫院的顯示器，從洛杉磯運到中國去。
07:32
This woman will expose herself to toxic phosphorous,
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這個婦人將接觸有毒的磷，
07:35
release four pounds of toxic lead into her childrens' environment,
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放出四磅有毒的鉛到她子孫的環境中，
07:38
which is from copper.
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那是從銅來的。
07:40
On the other hand, we see great signs of hope.
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另方面，我們看到希望的大好跡象。
07:42
Here's Dr. Venkataswamy in India, who's figured out
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這是印度的 Venkataswamy 醫師，
07:45
how to do mass-produced health.
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他想出了大量保健的方法。
07:47
He has given eyesight to two million people for free.
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他免費替 200 萬人矯正視力。
07:51
We see in our material flows that car steels don't become car steel again
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從材料流我們發現，汽車鋼材不能再當汽車鋼材用，
07:54
because of the contaminants of the coatings --
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因為它的塗裝含有：
07:56
bismuth, antimony, copper and so on.
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鉍、銻、銅、等等污染物。
07:58
They become building steel.
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所以它們變成了建材。
07:59
On the other hand, we're working with Berkshire Hathaway,
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另一方面，我們和 Berkshire Hathaway,
08:01
Warren Buffett and Shaw Carpet,
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Warren Buffett and Shaw Carpet 公司合作，
08:04
the largest carpet company in the world.
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它是世界最大的地毯公司。
08:05
We've developed a carpet that is continuously recyclable,
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我們已開發了一種可持續循環利用的地毯，
08:08
down to the parts per million.
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達到 ppm 的層次。
08:11
The upper is Nylon 6 that can go back to caprolactam,
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上層是尼龍6，那可回收為己內醯胺，
08:14
the bottom, a polyolephine -- infinitely recyclable thermoplastic.
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底層是聚烯烴 — 一種可無限次回收的熱塑性塑料。
08:17
Now if I was a bird, the building on my left is a liability.
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如果我是鳥，左邊的建築對我是危險的。
08:21
The building on my right, which is our corporate campus for The Gap
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右邊的建築是我們為 The Gap 公司建的企業園區，
08:24
with an ancient meadow, is an asset -- its nesting grounds.
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屋頂上有原始的草原，是一項資產 — 築巢的好地方。
08:29
Here's where I come from. I grew up in Hong Kong,
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這是我的故鄉。我在香港長大：
08:31
with six million people in 40 square miles.
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600 萬人住在 40 平方英哩土地上。
08:33
During the dry season, we had four hours of water every fourth day.
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旱季裡，每四天只供水四小時。
08:37
And the relationship to landscape was that of farmers who have been
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與土地的關係是這樣的：
08:40
farming the same piece of ground for 40 centuries.
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農民在同一塊地耕種了 4000 年。
08:44
You can't farm the same piece of ground for 40 centuries
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你不可能耕種同一塊土地 4000 年
08:46
without understanding nutrient flow.
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而不知它的養分流向。
08:49
My childhood summers were in the Puget Sound of Washington,
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我的童年夏日在華盛頓普捷灣度過，
08:52
among the first growth and big growth.
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徜徉在初生及茁壯的樹林裡。
08:54
My grandfather had been a lumberjack in the Olympics,
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我祖父曾是奧林匹克伐木工，
08:56
so I have a lot of tree karma I am working off.
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因此我背負許多樹木業障，正在設法消除。
09:01
I went to Yale for graduate school,
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我在耶魯大學讀研究所，
09:03
studied in a building of this style by Le Corbusier,
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在這一棟柯比意風格的大樓裡讀書，
09:05
affectionately known in our business as Brutalism.
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我們這行在情意上稱之為「粗野主義」。
09:09
If we look at the world of architecture,
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如果我們看看建築的世界，
09:12
we see with Mies' 1928 tower for Berlin,
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我們看到密斯 1928 年的柏林高塔，
09:15
the question might be, "Well, where's the sun?"
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問題可能是：｢太陽在哪裡？｣
09:17
And this might have worked in Berlin, but we built it in Houston,
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這也許對柏林可行，但我們把它蓋在休士頓，
09:20
and the windows are all closed. And with most products
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窗子全關著。並由於大部分產品
09:23
appearing not to have been designed for indoor use,
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顯然不是設計供室內使用，
09:25
this is actually a vertical gas chamber.
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這實質上是一個垂直的毒氣室。
09:28
When I went to Yale, we had the first energy crisis,
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我在耶魯時，正逢第一次能源危機，
09:31
and I was designing the first solar-heated house in Ireland
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我設計了愛爾蘭的第一個太陽能暖氣房子，
09:33
as a student, which I then built --
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當時我是學生，建了那房子 —
09:35
which would give you a sense of my ambition.
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這讓你感受到我的雄心。
09:37
And Richard Meier, who was one of my teachers,
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Richard Meiers 是我的老師之一 ，
09:39
kept coming over to my desk to give me criticism,
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常來我桌前批評我，
09:41
and he would say, "Bill, you've got to understand- --
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他會說：｢比爾，你要明白 —
09:43
solar energy has nothing to do with architecture."
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太陽能和建築沒什麼關係。｣
09:51
I guess he didn't read Vitruvius.
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我猜他沒有讀過維特魯威。
09:53
In 1984, we did the first so-called "green office" in America
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1984 年，我們設計了美國第一棟所謂的「綠色辦公室」，
09:57
for Environmental Defense.
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為環保局設計的。
09:58
We started asking manufacturers what were in their materials.
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我們開始問生產商他們材料的成分。
10:01
They said, "They're proprietary, they're legal, go away."
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他們說：「它們都是適宜的，它們都合法，滾開吧。」
10:03
The only indoor quality work done in this country at that time
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當時全國唯一的室內品質研究
10:05
was sponsored by R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company,
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是由 R.J. Reynolds 菸草公司所贊助，
10:08
and it was to prove there was no danger
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研究目的是要證明
10:09
from secondhand smoke in the workplace.
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工作區的二手菸是無害的。
10:12
So, all of a sudden, here I am, graduating from high school in 1969,
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因此，突然間，1969 年我從高中畢業，
10:16
and this happens, and we realize that "away" went away.
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事情發生了，我們知道「丟棄」離我們而去了。
10:19
Remember we used to throw things away, and we'd point to away?
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記得我們習慣拋棄物品、我們有理由抛棄？
10:23
And yet, NOAA has now shown us, for example --
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而美國海洋及大氣管理局的資料顯示，像這個 —
10:25
you see that little blue thing above Hawaii?
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看到夏威夷上方的那塊藍色嗎？
10:27
That's the Pacific Gyre.
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那是太平洋環流。
10:28
It was recently dragged for plankton by scientists,
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科學家近來抽取那邊的浮游生物，
10:30
and they found six times as much plastic as plankton.
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他們發現六倍於浮游生物的塑膠。
10:34
When asked, they said, "It's kind of like a giant toilet that doesn't flush."
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當被問到此事，他們說：「就像個阻塞的巨型馬桶。」
10:39
Perhaps that's away.
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也許這就是抛棄。
10:40
So we're looking for the design rules of this --
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因此我們在找尋設計規則 —
10:42
this is the highest biodiversity of trees in the world, Irian Jaya,
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這是世界上最具多樣性的樹林，伊利安查亞，
10:44
259 species of tree, and we described this
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259 個樹種，在「從搖籃到搖籃」
10:48
in the book, "Cradle to Cradle."
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書中有提到。
10:49
The book itself is a polymer. It is not a tree.
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那本書用的紙是聚合物。它不使用樹木。
10:53
That's the name of the first chapter -- "This Book is Not a Tree."
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書的第一章就叫做「這本書不是一棵樹」。
10:56
Because in poetics, as Margaret Atwood pointed out,
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在詩裡，瑪格麗特•愛特伍德寫著：
10:59
"we write our history on the skin of fish
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「我們把歷史寫在魚皮上
11:01
with the blood of bears."
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用熊的血寫。」
11:04
And with so much polymer, what we really need
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用了那麼多聚合物，我們真正需要的是技術養分，
11:05
is technical nutrition, and to use something
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並使用像樹一樣優雅的東西 —
11:08
as elegant as a tree -- imagine this design assignment:
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想想這樣的一個設計習題：
11:11
Design something that makes oxygen, sequesters carbon,
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設計一樣東西會造氧、固碳、
11:13
fixes nitrogen, distills water, accrues solar energy as fuel,
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固氮、濾水、儲存太陽能為燃料、
11:17
makes complex sugars and food, creates microclimates,
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製造複合醣和食物、建立微型氣候、
11:21
changes colors with the seasons and self-replicates.
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隨季節變色並能自我複製。
11:27
Well, why don't we knock that down and write on it?
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那麼，讓我們砍了它並用它來書寫吧？
11:29
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:35
So, we're looking at the same criteria
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因此，我們看的基準和大部分人
11:37
as most people -- you know, can I afford it?
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是一樣的 — 如：我付擔得起嗎？
11:39
Does it work? Do I like it?
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它有效嗎？我喜歡它嗎？
11:41
We're adding the Jeffersonian agenda, and I come from Charlottesville,
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我們更加上傑弗遜風格的列表，因為我來自夏洛特斯維爾，
11:43
where I've had the privilege of living in a house designed by Thomas Jefferson.
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在那裡我有幸住在湯瑪斯•傑弗遜設計所的房子裡。
11:47
We're adding life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
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我們加上生命、自由和追求幸福。
11:53
Now if we look at the word "competition,"
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如果我們來看競爭這個字，
11:54
I'm sure most of you've used it.
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我相信你們都用過它。
11:56
You know, most people don't realize it comes from
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你知道嗎，大部分人不知道它來自
11:57
the Latin competere, which means strive together.
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拉丁文 competare，意思是一起奮鬥。
12:00
It means the way Olympic athletes train with each other.
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就是奧林匹克運動員彼此訓練的方式。
12:03
They get fit together, and then they compete.
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他們一起鍛練體能，然後競爭。
12:06
The Williams sisters compete -- one wins Wimbledon.
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威廉斯姐妹競爭 — 一人贏得溫布頓網球賽。
12:08
So we've been looking at the idea of competition
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因此我們一直在檢視競爭的概念，
12:11
as a way of cooperating in order to get fit together.
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一種一起向前邁進的合作概念。
12:15
And the Chinese government has now --
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而目前中國政府 —
12:16
I work with the Chinese government now --
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我替中國政府工作 —
12:18
has taken this up.
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已採取了這個方式。
12:20
We're also looking at survival of the fittest,
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我們也檢視「適者生存」，
12:22
not in just competition terms in our modern context
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不是用在我們現代的競爭方式
12:24
of destroy the other or beat them to the ground,
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去把對方毀掉或打倒，
12:27
but really to fit together and build niches
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而是一起適應、建立利基
12:29
and have growth that is good.
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並一起成長，那樣很好。
12:31
Now most environmentalists don't say growth is good,
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現在大部分環保人士不說成長是好的，
12:33
because, in our lexicon, asphalt is two words: assigning blame.
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因為在我們的字典裡，瀝青是受責難的字眼。
12:38
But if we look at asphalt as our growth,
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但如果我們視瀝青為我們的成長，
12:41
then we realize that all we're doing is destroying
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則我們體認到我們所做的是在破壞
12:43
the planetary's fundamental underlying operating system.
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地球的基本運作系統。
12:47
So when we see E equals mc squared come along, from a poet's perspective,
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因此，當我們以詩人的觀點看待 E 等於 MC 平方，
12:52
we see energy as physics, chemistry as mass,
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我們看能量是物理、化學是質量，
12:54
and all of a sudden, you get this biology.
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突然間，你得到生物學。
12:56
And we have plenty of energy, so we'll solve that problem,
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我們有的是能量，所以我們會解決問題，
12:59
but the biology problem's tricky, because as we put through
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但生物學的問題是微妙的，因為當我們處置了
13:02
all these toxic materials that we disgorge,
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排出的有毒材料，
13:05
we will never be able to recover that.
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我們將永遠無法恢復它。
13:07
And as Francis Crick pointed out, nine years
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誠如法蘭西斯•克里克所指出，
13:09
after discovering DNA with Mr. Watson,
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在和華生發現 DNA 後九年，
13:12
that life itself has to have growth as a precondition --
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生命要能成長的前提是 —
13:16
it has to have free energy, sunlight
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它要有免費能源、陽光
13:18
and it needs to be an open system of chemicals.
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且它應是一個化學物質的開放系統。
13:21
So we're asking for human artifice to become a living thing,
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因此，我們要把人造物品變成生命體，
13:24
and we want growth, we want free energy from sunlight
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我們要成長，我們要來自太陽的免費能源
13:26
and we want an open metabolism for chemicals.
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我們要化學物質的開放式代謝系統。
13:29
Then, the question becomes not growth or no growth,
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接著，「長或不長」就已經不是問題了，
13:31
but what do you want to grow?
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而是：你要長成什麼？
13:34
So instead of just growing destruction,
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因此，反之於破壞成長，
13:36
we want to grow the things that we might enjoy,
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我們要使我們可享受的事物成長，
13:38
and someday the FDA will allow us to make French cheese.
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有一天食品藥物局將允許我們做法式乳酪。
13:41
So therefore, we have these two metabolisms,
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因此，我們有兩個代謝系統，
13:45
and I worked with a German chemist, Michael Braungart,
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我與一位德國化學家 Michael Braungart 合作，
13:47
and we've identified the two fundamental metabolisms.
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我們找到兩個基本的代謝系統。
13:49
The biological one I'm sure you understand,
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生物的代謝系統，我確定你明白，
13:51
but also the technical one, where we take materials
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還有一個是技術代謝系統，
13:53
and put them into closed cycles.
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我們把材料放在封閉循環中。
13:55
We call them biological nutrition and technical nutrition.
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我們稱它們為生物養分及技術養分。
13:58
Technical nutrition will be in an order of magnitude of biological nutrition.
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技術養分將是生物養分的十倍量。
14:02
Biological nutrition can supply about 500 million humans,
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生物養分可以供養五億人，
14:05
which means that if we all wore Birkenstocks and cotton,
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亦即如果我們都穿勃肯鞋和棉織品，
14:07
the world would run out of cork and dry up.
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世界會因為軟木耗盡而枯竭。
14:10
So we need materials in closed cycles,
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因此我們需要將材料放入封閉循環系統，
14:12
but we need to analyze them down to the parts per million
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但我們要以 ppm 層級來分析這些材料有否
14:14
for cancer, birth defects, mutagenic effects,
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癌症、生育缺陷、突變、
14:17
disruption of our immune systems, biodegradation, persistence,
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免疫系統破換、生物可分解性、耐用性、
14:20
heavy metal content, knowledge of how we're making them
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重金屬含量、還有我們如何製造它們
14:23
and their production and so on.
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和生產它們的知識等等。
14:25
Our first product was a textile where we analyzed 8,000 chemicals
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我們的首件產品是紡織品，我們分析了紡織產業的
14:29
in the textile industry.
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9800 種化學物質。
14:30
Using those intellectual filters, we eliminated [7,962.]
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使用那些智慧型的濾器，我們刪除了 9762 種。
14:35
We were left with 38 chemicals.
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最後留下 38 種化學物。
14:37
We have since databased the 4000 most commonly used chemicals
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我們建檔了人類生產過程中最常用的 4000 種化學物，
14:40
in human manufacturing, and we're releasing this database into the public in six weeks.
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將在六星期內將資料庫公開。
14:45
So designers all over the world can analyze their products
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全世界的設計師將能分析他們的產品
14:47
down to the parts per million for human and ecological health.
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到 ppm 層級，以照顧人類及生態健康。
14:52
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
14:57
We've developed a protocol so that companies can send
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我們已經開發了一套作業準則，讓公司可以寄送
15:00
these same messages all the way through their supply chains,
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這些訊息遍及它的供應鍊，
15:03
because when we asked most companies we work with -- about a trillion dollars
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因為當我們問及多數合作的公司 — 總營業額約一兆美元
15:06
-- and say, "Where does your stuff come from?" They say, "Suppliers."
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— 說：「你們的材料來自何處？」，他們說：「供應商」。
15:08
"And where does it go?"
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「它往何處去？」
15:10
"Customers."
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「顧客」。
15:11
So we need some help there.
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因此我們需要一些幫助。
15:12
So the biological nutrients, the first fabrics --
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因此，生物養分，第一次織物 —
15:14
the water coming out was clean enough to drink.
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出來的水清淨得可以飲用。
15:16
Technical nutrients -- this is for Shaw Carpet, infinitely reusable carpet.
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技術養分 — Shaw Carpet 公司可無限再用的地毯。
15:20
Here's nylon going back to caprolactam back to carpet.
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這是尼龍還原為己內醯胺後再製成地毯。
15:23
Biotechnical nutrients -- the Model U for Ford Motor,
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生物技術養分 — 福特的 U 型車，
15:26
a cradle to cradle car -- concept car.
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從搖籃到搖籃的汽車 — 概念車。
15:28
Shoes for Nike, where the uppers are polyesters, infinitely recyclable,
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Nike 鞋子的上層是聚酯，可無限次回收，
15:32
the bottoms are biodegradable soles.
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底層是可生物分解的鞋底。
15:35
Wear your old shoes in, your new shoes out.
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穿你的舊鞋來，換新鞋回去。
15:37
There is no finish line.
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沒有終點線。
15:39
The idea here of the car is that some of the materials
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此處有關汽車的點子是有些材料
15:41
go back to the industry forever, some of the materials go back to soil --
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永遠回到產業去，有些材料回到土壤裡 －
15:44
it's all solar-powered.
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全是應用太陽能。
15:46
Here's a building at Oberlin College we designed
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這是我們為奧伯林學院設計的大樓，
15:48
that makes more energy than it needs to operate and purifies its own water.
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它產生的能源超過大樓運作及淨化用水的需求。
15:52
Here's a building for The Gap, where the ancient grasses
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這是為 The Gap 設計的大樓，屋頂上有
15:54
of San Bruno, California, are on the roof.
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加州 San Bruno 的原始草皮。
15:58
And this is our project for Ford Motor Company.
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這是我們為福特汽車公司做的專案，
16:00
It's the revitalization of the River Rouge in Dearborn.
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這是狄爾伯恩胭脂河的再生計畫。
16:02
This is obviously a color photograph.
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這顯然是張彩色照片。
16:06
These are our tools. These are how we sold it to Ford.
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這些都是我們的工具。這就是我們賣給福特的方式。
16:10
We saved Ford 35 million dollars doing it this way, day one,
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我們這樣做幫福特省下了 3,500 萬美元，
16:13
which is the equivalent of the Ford Taurus
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相當於福特 Taurus
16:15
at a four percent margin of an order for 900 million dollars worth of cars.
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在百分之四利潤下，值 9 億美元的汽車訂單。
16:19
Here it is. It's the world's largest green roof, 10 and a half acres.
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就是這個。它是世界最大的綠色屋頂，10.5 英畝。
16:22
This is the roof, saving money,
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這是個能省錢的屋頂，
16:25
and this is the first species to arrive here. These are killdeer.
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這些雙胸斑沙鳥是首批在此定居的物種。
16:29
They showed up in five days.
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五天內它們就出現了。
16:32
And we now have 350-pound auto workers
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而現在我們有 350 磅汽車工人
16:34
learning bird songs on the Internet.
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在網路上學鳥叫。
16:38
We're developing now protocols for cities --
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我們正在開發適用於城市的作業準則 —
16:40
that's the home of technical nutrients.
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城市是技術養分之家。
16:42
The country -- the home of biological. And putting them together.
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鄉村 － 生物養分之家。並將它們整合起來。
16:45
And so I will finish by showing you a new city
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最後我將展示我們正在為中國政府
16:47
we're designing for the Chinese government.
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設計的一個新城市。
16:49
We're doing 12 cities for China right now,
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我們現在正在為中國
16:52
based on cradle to cradle as templates.
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以「從搖籃到搖籃」模式規劃 12 個城市。
16:54
Our assignment is to develop protocols for the housing
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我們的工作是開發作業準則，
16:57
for 400 million people in 12 years.
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供應 12 年內 4 億人口的居住。
16:59
We did a mass energy balance -- if they use brick,
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我們做了大量能源平衡 — 如果他們用磚，
17:01
they will lose all their soil and burn all their coal.
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他們將失去全部泥土並燒光所有的煤。
17:04
They'll have cities with no energy and no food.
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他們的城市將沒有能源也沒有食物。
17:06
We signed a Memorandum of Understanding --
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我們簽訂了合作意向書 －
17:08
here's Madam Deng Nan, Deng Xiaoping's daughter --
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這是鄧楠女士，鄧小平的女兒 －
17:10
for China to adopt cradle to cradle.
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讓中國採用「從搖籃到搖籃」。
17:12
Because if they toxify themselves, being the lowest-cost producer,
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因為如果他們毒害自己，作為最低成本的製造者，
17:16
send it to the lowest-cost distribution -- Wal-Mart --
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將它送到最低成本的配銷系統 － Wal-Mart －
17:18
and then we send them all our money, what we'll discover is that
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然後我們將錢都付給他們，我們發現的將必然是，
17:21
we have what, effectively, when I was a student,
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我還是學生時代時
17:24
was called mutually assured destruction.
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所稱的｢同歸於盡｣。
17:27
Now we do it by molecule. These are our cities.
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現在我們用分子來設計。這些是我們將規劃的城市。
17:30
We're building a new city next to this city; look at that landscape.
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我們要在這個城市旁建造一個新城市；看看景觀。
17:33
This is the site.
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這是基地。
17:35
We don't normally do green fields, but this one is about to be built,
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我們通常不在綠地上建設，但這一個即將動土，
17:39
so they brought us in to intercede.
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因此他們和我們協商。
17:41
This is their plan.
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這是他們的計畫。
17:43
It's a rubber stamp grid that they laid right on that landscape.
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那好像是在地景上蓋個橡皮格子章。
17:46
And they brought us in and said, "What would you do?"
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然後他們詢問我們的意見說：「你們會怎麼做？」
17:49
This is what they would end up with, which is another color photograph.
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這是他們可能得到的結果，這也是彩色照片。
17:53
So this is the existing site, so this is what it looks like now,
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這是現有的基地，這是它現在的樣子，
17:56
and here's our proposal.
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而這是我們的提案。
17:58
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
18:02
So the way we approached this
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因此我們進行的方式是
18:04
is we studied the hydrology very carefully.
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非常小心地研究了水文學。
18:06
We studied the biota, the ancient biota,
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我們研究了生物相，古代生物相，
18:08
the current farming and the protocols.
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現代農耕及作業方式。
18:10
We studied the winds and the sun to make sure everybody in the city
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我們研究了風及日照，確保城裡每人都有
18:12
will have fresh air, fresh water and direct sunlight
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新鮮空氣、乾淨的水，以及每間公寓
18:18
in every single apartment at some point during the day.
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在白天某個時刻都會有直接日照。
18:21
We then take the parks and lay them out as ecological infrastructure.
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接著我們安排公園，把它們當生態基礎建設。
18:25
We lay out the building areas.
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我們安排建設區。
18:28
We start to integrate commercial and mixed use
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我們開始整合商業區及混合使用區，
18:29
so the people all have centers and places to be.
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所以人們都有中心和廣場好去。
18:32
The transportation is all very simple,
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運輸很單純，
18:34
everybody's within a five-minute walk of mobility.
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每人距運輸系統都在步行五分鐘內。
18:37
We have a 24-hour street, so that there's always a place that's alive.
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我們有 24 小時街道，所以總是有活動的地方。
18:42
The waste systems all connect.
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下水道系統全連結起來。
18:44
If you flush a toilet, your feces will go to the sewage treatment plants,
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如果你沖馬桶，糞便將進入廢水處理廠，
18:49
which are sold as assets, not liabilities.
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處理後當資產賣，而不是有害物。
18:51
Because who wants the fertilizer factory that makes natural gas?
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因為誰要製造天然瓦斯的肥料廠？
18:55
The waters are all taken in to construct the wetlands for habitat restorations.
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水全部取來建構濕地作為棲地重建。
19:00
And then it makes natural gas, which then goes back into the city
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然後它產生天然瓦斯，再回到城裡
19:04
to power the fuel for the cooking for the city.
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作為炊煮用燃料。
19:08
So this is -- these are fertilizer gas plants.
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而這些是肥料瓦斯廠。
19:10
And then the compost is all taken back
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然後混合肥全被取回
19:13
to the roofs of the city, where we've got farming,
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到城市的屋頂，那裡可以耕作，
19:15
because what we've done is lifted up the city,
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因為我們抬高了城市及
19:19
the landscape, into the air to -- to restore the native landscape
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地景到空中 — 並把原有地景
19:26
on the roofs of the buildings.
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重建在屋頂上。
19:28
The solar power of all the factory centers
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所有工廠中心和所有工業區
19:31
and all the industrial zones with their light roofs powers the city.
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屋頂的太陽能板可供應全城電力所需。
19:34
And this is the concept for the top of the city.
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這就是城市頂面的概念。
19:36
We've lifted the earth up onto the roofs.
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我們把土地抬高到屋頂上。
19:40
The farmers have little bridges to get from one roof to the next.
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農民們有小橋能在屋頂間來回穿梭。
19:44
We inhabit the city with work/live space on all the ground floors.
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我們把工作/生活空間全放在地面層。
19:48
And so this is the existing city, and this is the new city.
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這是現有城市，而這是新城市。
19:53
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
William McDonough - ArchitectArchitect William McDonough believes green design can prevent environmental disaster and drive economic growth. He champions “cradle to cradle” design, which considers a product's full life cycle -- from creation with sustainable materials to a recycled afterlife.
Why you should listen
Architect William McDonough practices green architecture on a massive scale. In a 20-year project, he is redesigning Ford's city-sized River Rouge truck plant and turning it into the Rust Belt's eco-poster child, with the world's largest "living roof" for reclaiming storm runoff. He has created buildings that produce more energy and clean water than they use. He is building the future of design on the site of the future of exploration: the NASA Sustainability Base. Oh, and he's designing seven entirely new and entirely green cities in China.
Bottom-line economic benefits are another specialty of McDonough's practice. A tireless proponent of the idea that absolute sustainability and economic success can go hand-in-hand, he's designed buildings for the Gap, Nike, Frito-Lay and Ford that have lowered corporate utility bills by capturing daylight for lighting, using natural ventilation instead of AC, and heating with solar or geothermal energy. They're also simply nicer places to work, surrounded by natural landscaping that gives back to the biosphere, showcasing their innovative culture.
In 2002, McDonough co-wrote Cradle to Cradle, which proposes that designers think as much about what happens at the end of a product's life cycle as they do about its beginning. (The book itself is printed on recyclable plastic.) From this, he is developing the Cradle to Cradle community, where like-minded designers and businesspeople can grow the idea. In 2012, McDonough began collaborating with Stanford University Libraries on a “living archive” of his work and communications. He has been awarded three times by the US government, and in 2014, McDonough was appointed as Chair of the Meta-Council on the Circular Economy by the World Economic Forum.
William McDonough | Speaker | TED.com