TEDxWinnipeg
Jeff Hancock: The future of lying
Jeff Hancock: 三種數位的謊言
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Readability: 3.3
1,347,124 views
誰不曾在短訊上寫"我已經在路上了"但實際上沒有? 或在線上交友的資料上說點小謊? Jeff Hancock 不認為網路的匿名性會助長欺騙的行為。事實上，他認為因網路的可搜尋性及資訊存留還可能讓我們更加誠實。
Jeff Hancock - Psychologist
Jeff Hancock studies how we interact by email, text message and social media blips, seeking to understand how technology mediates communication. Full bio
Jeff Hancock studies how we interact by email, text message and social media blips, seeking to understand how technology mediates communication. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Let me tell you, it has been a fantastic month for deception.
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告訴你們 這個月真是絕妙的欺騙之月啊
00:19
And I'm not even talking about the American presidential race. (Laughter)
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美國總統大選甚至還不在我討論的範圍內 (笑)
00:24
We have a high-profile journalist caught for plagiarism,
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有位高知名度的新聞記者被指剽竊
00:28
a young superstar writer whose book involves
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一位年輕明星作家作品裡
00:31
so many made up quotes that they've pulled it from the shelves;
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有太多虛構的引言 以至於被下架
00:34
a New York Times exposé on fake book reviews.
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而紐約時報被揭發有偽造的書評
00:37
It's been fantastic.
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簡直太棒了!
00:38
Now, of course, not all deception hits the news.
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當然 並非所有的詐騙都會上新聞
00:42
Much of the deception is everyday. In fact, a lot of research
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有許多欺騙是日常性的 事實上 有許多研究
00:46
shows that we all lie once or twice a day, as Dave suggested.
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顯示 每天我們都會說謊一到兩次 就像大衛（Dave）說的
00:50
So it's about 6:30 now, suggests that most of us should have lied.
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現在約是六點半 照理來說我們之中大部份都已經說過謊了
00:53
Let's take a look at Winnipeg. How many of you,
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讓我們瞭解一下現場有多少人
00:55
in the last 24 hours -- think back -- have told a little fib,
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回想一下 在過去的二十四小時之內 說過小小的謊
00:58
or a big one? How many have told a little lie out there?
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或者是大謊? 現場有多少人扯過小小的謊?
01:01
All right, good. These are all the liars.
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很好 這些人都是騙子
01:03
Make sure you pay attention to them. (Laughter)
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其他人要小心他們 (笑)
01:07
No, that looked good, it was about two thirds of you.
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開玩笑的 剛剛有差不多三分之二的人承認自己說謊
01:09
The other third didn't lie, or perhaps forgot,
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剩下的三分之一 可能是忘了自己說過謊
01:12
or you're lying to me about your lying, which is very,
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或者是在這件事上你們騙我 這樣做是非常
01:14
very devious. (Laughter) This fits with a lot of the research,
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非常不誠實的做法 (笑) 但與很多研究相符合
01:18
which suggests that lying is very pervasive.
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研究顯示說謊是非常普遍的
01:22
It's this pervasiveness, combined with the centrality
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也就是這種普遍的性格 與以自我為中心結合
01:26
to what it means to be a human, the fact that we can
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造就了人性 也是為何我們可以
01:28
tell the truth or make something up,
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說出事實 或者編成謊言
01:30
that has fascinated people throughout history.
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而這種行為一直以來都使人著迷於研究
01:33
Here we have Diogenes with his lantern.
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這是錫諾普的第歐根尼 (古希臘哲學家) 與他的燈籠
01:36
Does anybody know what he was looking for?
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有人知道他在搜尋什麼嗎?
01:38
A single honest man, and he died without finding one
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一個誠實的人 但他走遍希臘 直到死前
01:42
back in Greece. And we have Confucius in the East
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都沒有找到一人 另外一位則是東方哲學家孔子
01:45
who was really concerned with sincerity,
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他當時相當重視真誠的行為
01:47
not only that you walked the walk or talked the talk,
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不單只是"言出必行"
01:50
but that you believed in what you were doing.
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而是人應該對自己所做的事情有信念
01:54
You believed in your principles.
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會相信自己的原則
01:56
Now my first professional encounter with deception
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我職業生涯第一次碰到欺騙
01:59
is a little bit later than these guys, a couple thousand years.
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稍微比這些人晚一點 大概幾千年後
02:02
I was a customs officer for Canada back in the mid-'90s.
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在90年代中期 我曾是加拿大的海關
02:06
Yeah. I was defending Canada's borders.
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沒錯 我當時正守衛著加拿大的邊境
02:09
You may think that's a weapon right there. In fact,
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你們應該會認為我手上拿著個武器 事實上
02:12
that's a stamp. I used a stamp to defend Canada's borders. (Laughter)
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我只有一個印章 我用印章來保衛加拿大的邊境 (笑)
02:17
Very Canadian of me. I learned a lot about deception
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非常加拿大人的行為 我學習到許多關於欺騙的事情
02:21
while doing my duty here in customs,
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當我在海關執勤時
02:24
one of which was that most of what I thought I knew about deception was wrong,
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我學到的一件事就是 我對欺騙大部份的認知都是錯的
02:27
and I'll tell you about some of that tonight.
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今晚我會跟大家分享
02:29
But even since just 1995, '96, the way we communicate
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從1995, 96年開始 我們溝通的方式
02:33
has been completely transformed. We email, we text,
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已經完全地轉變 我們收發電子郵件 傳短訊
02:36
we skype, we Facebook. It's insane.
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SKYPE 或者是FACEBOOK 真是瘋狂
02:39
Almost every aspect of human communication's been changed,
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幾乎所有人類溝通的各個層面都已經改變
02:42
and of course that's had an impact on deception.
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當然 這對欺騙也有很大的影響
02:44
Let me tell you a little bit about a couple of new deceptions
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我來跟你們說一些關於新詐欺的方式
02:47
we've been tracking and documenting.
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我們一直在追蹤並紀錄那些行為
02:49
They're called the Butler, the Sock Puppet
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他們被稱之為"總管" "傀儡"
02:54
and the Chinese Water Army.
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以及"中國水軍"
02:56
It sounds a little bit like a weird book,
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聽起來有點像是本詭異的書
02:58
but actually they're all new types of lies.
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但實際上他們都是新式的謊言
03:00
Let's start with the Butlers. Here's an example of one:
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我們先從"總管"開始 其中一個例子是
03:03
"On my way." Anybody ever written, "On my way?"
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"我在路上了" 有人曾經寫過"我在路上了"嗎?
03:06
Then you've also lied. (Laughter)
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你們也撒謊了 (笑)
03:10
We're never on our way. We're thinking about going on our way.
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我們才沒有“在路上” 只是說自己在路上
03:14
Here's another one: "Sorry I didn't respond to you earlier.
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還有另外一個例子 "抱歉 我無法早些回覆你
03:17
My battery was dead." Your battery wasn't dead.
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我電池沒電了" 實際上你的電池並非沒電
03:19
You weren't in a dead zone.
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也不是收訊不良
03:21
You just didn't want to respond to that person that time.
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你只是當時不想回覆那個人
03:22
Here's the last one: You're talking to somebody,
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最後一個例子是 你正在跟某人聊天
03:24
and you say, "Sorry, got work, gotta go."
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然後說 "抱歉 我得上班要先離開了"
03:27
But really, you're just bored. You want to talk to somebody else.
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但實際上 你只是覺得無趣 想跟其他人聊
03:31
Each of these is about a relationship,
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以上每個例子都和人際關係有關
03:33
and this is a 24/7 connected world. Once you get my cell phone number,
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這是個無時無刻都緊密牽連的世界
一旦你有了我的手機號碼
一旦你有了我的手機號碼
03:37
you can literally be in touch with me 24 hours a day.
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你的確可以在任何時候與我聯繫
03:40
And so these lies are being used by people
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這些則是一般人可能會說的小謊
03:43
to create a buffer, like the butler used to do,
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就像以往家中總管所做的
在我們與其他人之間
在我們與其他人之間
03:46
between us and the connections to everybody else.
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建立一點緩衝
03:49
But they're very special. They use ambiguity
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這些行為的特別之處在於他們利用科技
03:51
that comes from using technology. You don't know
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產生含糊的回答 因為你並不知道
03:53
where I am or what I'm doing or who I'm with.
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我在哪裡 我在做什麼 或者我跟誰在一起
03:56
And they're aimed at protecting the relationships.
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且只是單純地想要保護這段關係
03:58
These aren't just people being jerks. These are people
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而非故意惹人厭 人們這時候
04:01
that are saying, look, I don't want to talk to you now,
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是想表達 我現在不太想跟你說話
04:03
or I didn't want to talk to you then, but I still care about you.
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或者我當時並不想跟你說話 但我還是很在乎你
04:06
Our relationship is still important.
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我們的關係仍然重要
04:08
Now, the Sock Puppet, on the other hand,
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然而"傀儡"
04:09
is a totally different animal. The sock puppet isn't
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則完全不同 "傀儡"
04:12
about ambiguity, per se. It's about identity.
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就其本身而言 與模棱兩可毫不相關 而它是關於身份
04:15
Let me give you a very recent example,
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讓我給你一個最近的例子
04:17
as in, like, last week.
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大約是上星期發生的
04:18
Here's R.J. Ellory, best-seller author in Britain.
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埃洛里 (R.J. Ellory) 是英國暢銷犯罪小說作家
04:22
Here's one of his bestselling books.
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這是他其中一本暢銷書
04:24
Here's a reviewer online, on Amazon.
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在亞馬遜購物網站上有位評論者
04:27
My favorite, by Nicodemus Jones, is,
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Nicodemus Jones (人名) 寫了一段話 我很愛 他說
04:30
"Whatever else it might do, it will touch your soul."
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"無論這本書對你有什麼其他影響 它都會碰觸到你內心深處"
04:34
And of course, you might suspect
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當然 你會懷疑
04:35
that Nicodemus Jones is R.J. Ellory.
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Nicodemus Jones (人名) 就是埃洛里
04:38
He wrote very, very positive reviews about himself. Surprise, surprise.
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他給了自己的書給了很多非常正面的評價
而那一點也不意外
而那一點也不意外
04:42
Now this Sock Puppet stuff isn't actually that new.
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其實"傀儡"並非現在才有
04:46
Walt Whitman also did this back in the day,
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寫草葉集的惠特曼以前也做過類似的事
04:49
before there was Internet technology. Sock Puppet
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遠在網路科技之前
04:52
becomes interesting when we get to scale,
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"傀儡"有趣的是 規模一擴大
04:55
which is the domain of the Chinese Water Army.
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那就是"中國海軍"的領域了
04:57
Chinese Water Army refers to thousands of people
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"中國海軍"指的是成千上萬的群眾
04:59
in China that are paid small amounts of money
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在中國他們收取小額度的費用
05:03
to produce content. It could be reviews. It could be
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在留言提供消息 可能是在評論中 也可能是
05:06
propaganda. The government hires these people,
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宣傳裡 政府僱用這些人
05:08
companies hire them, all over the place.
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公司也僱用這些人 到處都有這種做法
05:11
In North America, we call this Astroturfing,
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在北美 我們稱之為 "Astroturfing" 偽草根運動
05:14
and Astroturfing is very common now. There's a lot of concerns about it.
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偽草根運動現在非常普遍 也有很多不同的手法
05:18
We see this especially with product reviews, book reviews,
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特別會在產品的評價 書的評論中
05:21
everything from hotels to whether that toaster is a good toaster or not.
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從飯店的討論到吐司的口感都有
05:26
Now, looking at these three reviews, or these three types of deception,
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現在 我們來看看這三種評論 或者稱為三種詐欺方式
05:30
you might think, wow, the Internet is really making us
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你可能會想說 網路真的讓我們變成
05:32
a deceptive species, especially when you think about
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一種欺騙的生物 特別是當你提到
05:36
the Astroturfing, where we can see deception brought up to scale.
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偽草根運動 我們可以觀察到規模很大的欺騙行為
05:40
But actually, what I've been finding is very different from that.
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但實際上我研究的結果卻發現並非如此
05:45
Now, let's put aside the online anonymous sex chatrooms,
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我們先不要討論線上匿名18禁聊天室
05:48
which I'm sure none of you have been in.
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我相信你們都未曾使用過
05:50
I can assure you there's deception there.
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我可以向你們保證裡面一定有不實的對答
05:52
And let's put aside the Nigerian prince who's emailed you
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也先不要考慮 你收到一封電郵說奈吉利亞的王子
05:55
about getting the 43 million out of the country. (Laughter)
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要將四千三百萬美金運出國家 (笑)
05:58
Let's forget about that guy, too.
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先不要把這些包括在內
06:00
Let's focus on the conversations between our friends
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我們先專注存在於朋友之間
06:03
and our family and our coworkers and our loved ones.
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家人 同事 和我們所愛的人中的對話
06:05
Those are the conversations that really matter.
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這些才是真正重要的對話
06:08
What does technology do to deception with those folks?
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而科技會怎麼影響我們欺騙這些人呢?
06:12
Here's a couple of studies. One of the studies we do
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現有有幾個研究 而我們其中一個研究報告
06:15
are called diary studies, in which we ask people to record
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稱之為"日記型調查" 我們要求受試者全程紀錄
06:18
all of their conversations and all of their lies for seven days,
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七天內所有對話 包括所有謊言
06:22
and what we can do then is calculate how many lies took place
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而我們所做的事就是計算 限於某個媒介
06:25
per conversation within a medium, and the finding
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他們的對話裡有多少謊話 且我們發現
06:28
that we get that surprises people the most is that email
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最令人意外的是 電郵
06:30
is the most honest of those three media.
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在三種媒介中可以說是人們表達最誠實的一種
06:34
And it really throws people for a loop because we think,
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而這結果真的令人震撼 因為我們以為
06:36
well, there's no nonverbal cues, so why don't you lie more?
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既然沒有非語言暗示 你為什麼不撒更多謊呢?
06:40
The phone, in contrast, the most lies.
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相反地 人們在電話中說更多謊
06:44
Again and again and again we see the phone is the device
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我們不斷地發現 電話是
06:46
that people lie on the most, and perhaps because of the Butler Lie ambiguities I was telling you about.
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人們最常使用來說謊的器材 或許是因為
剛才跟你們說到的"管家式謊言"裡的模棱兩可所造成的
剛才跟你們說到的"管家式謊言"裡的模棱兩可所造成的
06:51
This tends to be very different from what people expect.
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這與一般人們所想的非常不同
06:55
What about résumés? We did a study in which we had
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那麼履歷呢? 我們其中一個研究要求
06:58
people apply for a job, and they could apply for a job
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受試者申請工作 他們可以透過
07:01
either with a traditional paper résumé, or on LinkedIn,
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用傳統的紙本履歷 或者是Linkedln申請
07:04
which is a social networking site like Facebook,
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這個是像是臉書的社交網站
07:07
but for professionals -- involves the same information as a résumé.
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但是更專業 裡面的資訊就如同履歷一樣
07:10
And what we found, to many people's surprise,
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我們的發現 出乎意外
07:13
was that those LinkedIn résumés were more honest
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在Linkedln的履歷相較而言更貼近事實
07:16
on the things that mattered to employers, like your
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尤其是對於僱主比較看重的事情上 像是
07:18
responsibilities or your skills at your previous job.
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之前工作上的責任或者是能力
07:22
How about Facebook itself?
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那臉書呢?
07:24
You know, we always think that hey, there are these
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你知道的 通常我們會覺得 那些應該是
07:26
idealized versions, people are just showing the best things
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理想化的版本 大家都是把自己生活中最好的一面
07:28
that happened in their lives. I've thought that many times.
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展現出來 我自己也想過很多次
07:31
My friends, no way they can be that cool and have good of a life.
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我的朋友們怎麼可能這麼酷 還能保有美好的生活
07:34
Well, one study tested this by examining people's personalities.
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有研究藉由檢視人們的個性來了解臉書上資訊真實性
07:38
They had four good friends of a person judge their personality.
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他們找來某個人的四個好友來評斷
07:42
Then they had strangers, many strangers,
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另外也找來陌生人 很多不認識他的人
07:44
judge the person's personality just from Facebook,
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一起來透過臉書判斷那個人的個性
07:46
and what they found was those judgments of the personality
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而他們發現那些關於個性的評論
07:49
were pretty much identical, highly correlated,
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其實非常相似 相互有關聯的
07:51
meaning that Facebook profiles really do reflect our actual personality.
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這代表臉書的人物側寫
是真的可以反應我們真實的個性
是真的可以反應我們真實的個性
07:56
All right, well, what about online dating?
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那麼線上交友網站呢?
07:58
I mean, that's a pretty deceptive space.
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我的意思是 那應該會有很多不真實的資訊吧
08:00
I'm sure you all have "friends" that have used online dating. (Laughter)
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我相信你們都有 "朋友" 使用過線上交友 (笑)
08:03
And they would tell you about that guy that had no hair
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他們會跟你說 某個男人出現的時候沒有頭髮
08:05
when he came, or the woman that didn't look at all like her photo.
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或者是 那個女人跟照片裡一點也不一樣
08:08
Well, we were really interested in it, and so what we did
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所以對於此我們非常有興趣 所以我們
08:12
is we brought people, online daters, into the lab,
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邀請參加線上交友的人到實驗室
08:15
and then we measured them. We got their height
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然後我們開始測量他們 我們讓他們
08:16
up against the wall, we put them on a scale, got their weight --
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靠著牆測量身高 然後紀錄他們的體重--
08:20
ladies loved that -- and then we actually got their driver's license to get their age.
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那是女士們的最愛 -- 然後我們再從他們的駕照上得知年紀
08:24
And what we found was very, very interesting.
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我們的研究結果是非常有趣的
08:28
Here's an example of the men and the height.
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螢幕上面可以看到一個有關男性與身高的例子
08:32
Along the bottom is how tall they said they were in their profile.
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水平軸顯示的是他們在個人資料上說自己有多高
08:35
Along the y-axis, the vertical axis, is how tall they actually were.
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垂直軸則是他們實際的身高
08:39
That diagonal line is the truth line. If their dot's on it,
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斜線則是實際線 如果點落在線上
08:43
they were telling exactly the truth.
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代表這些人說的是實話
08:44
Now, as you see, most of the little dots are below the line.
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你可以看到 大部分的點都在線下
08:47
What it means is all the guys were lying about their height.
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代表這些男生在身高上面說謊
08:50
In fact, they lied about their height about nine tenths of an inch,
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事實上 差別約是在2.286公分
08:53
what we say in the lab as "strong rounding up." (Laughter)
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我們在實驗室中戲稱為"身高無條件進位法" (笑)
08:59
You get to 5'8" and one tenth, and boom! 5'9".
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原來身高是173公分的人 突然間長高到了175公分
09:04
But what's really important here is, look at all those dots.
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但重要的是 其實你們看這些點
09:06
They are clustering pretty close to the truth. What we found
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都是相當接近事實 我們發現
09:08
was 80 percent of our participants did indeed lie
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八成的受試者確實說了
09:11
on one of those dimensions, but they always lied by a little bit.
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關於某個體格的謊 但是差別都只是一點點
09:14
One of the reasons is pretty simple. If you go to a date,
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其中一個理由其實非常簡單 如果你去約會
09:17
a coffee date, and you're completely different than what you said,
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例如一個在咖啡廳的約會 然後你和你所形容的完全不同
09:21
game over. Right? So people lied frequently, but they lied
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那遊戲就結束了 對吧? 所以人們常常會說謊 但是只會
09:25
subtly, not too much. They were constrained.
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說一點點謊 不會太離譜 有受到克制
09:28
Well, what explains all these studies? What explains the fact
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這些研究解釋了些什麼？要如何解釋這個事實
09:31
that despite our intuitions, mine included,
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就是儘管我們的直覺不相信這件事 我也在內
09:36
a lot of online communication, technologically-mediated
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但許多的線上對話 以科技為媒介的
09:39
communication, is more honest than face to face?
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溝通 其實比面對面來的真實?
09:43
That really is strange. How do we explain this?
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這真的很奇怪 到底是什麼原因呢?
09:46
Well, to do that, one thing is we can look at the deception-detection literature.
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要了解這個問題 我們可以先從偵測謊言的文獻開始
09:49
It's a very old literature by now, it's coming up on 50 years.
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那是非常久之前的文獻 至少有50年的歷史
09:53
It's been reviewed many times. There's been thousands of trials,
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已經過許多次重新審視 還有上千次的實驗
09:56
hundreds of studies, and there's some really compelling findings.
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上百次的研究 其中有些非常令人信服的結論
10:00
The first is, we're really bad at detecting deception,
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首先 人類並不擅長偵測謊言
10:03
really bad. Fifty-four percent accuracy on average when you have to tell
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可以說是非常差 平均僅有54%的準確率判斷
10:07
if somebody that just said a statement is lying or not.
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這個人是所說的是真的還是假的
10:11
That's really bad. Why is it so bad?
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正確的比例是很低的 為什麼會如此難以判斷呢?
10:14
Well it has to do with Pinocchio's nose.
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這就與小木偶的鼻子有關了
10:16
If I were to ask you guys, what do you rely on
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如果我詢問你們 你們會以什麼作為判斷的標準
10:19
when you're looking at somebody and you want to find out
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當你直視著某人 想知道這個人
10:21
if they're lying? What cue do you pay attention to?
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是否在說謊? 你會注意什麼細節
10:24
Most of you would say that one of the cues you look at
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大部分的人可能會說 其中一個要特別注意的
10:26
is the eyes. The eyes are the window to the soul.
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就是眼睛 眼睛是靈魂之窗
10:29
And you're not alone. Around the world, almost every culture,
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不單單只是你 幾乎全世界 各種文化
10:32
one of the top cues is eyes. But the research
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都會說眼睛是最顯見的線索 但是近乎過去50年的研究
10:34
over the last 50 years says there's actually no reliable cue
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顯示實際上並沒有任何線索可尋
10:38
to deception, which blew me away, and it's one of
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來辨別真偽 這讓我超級震撼 而且這是其中一個
10:41
the hard lessons that I learned when I was customs officer.
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我在擔任海關時最困難的課程
10:44
The eyes do not tell us whether somebody's lying or not.
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眼神無法告訴我們這個人是在說謊或者不是
10:46
Some situations, yes -- high stakes, maybe their pupils dilate,
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在某些情況下 是的 在高風險的時候 也許瞳孔會放大
10:49
their pitch goes up, their body movements change a little bit,
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音調會升高 肢體動作會稍微改變
10:53
but not all the time, not for everybody, it's not reliable.
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但並非一定 也不是所有人都如此 那是不可靠的
10:57
Strange. The other thing is that just because you can't see me
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是不是很怪呢? 另一件是就算你沒看到我
11:01
doesn't mean I'm going to lie. It's common sense,
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也不代表我就會說謊 那可以說是常識
11:03
but one important finding is that we lie for a reason.
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但研究顯示撒謊是有原因的
11:06
We lie to protect ourselves or for our own gain
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我們會為了保護自己或者是自身利益而說謊
11:08
or for somebody else's gain.
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也可能為了其他人而說謊
11:11
So there are some pathological liars, but they make up
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當然有人是慣性的騙子 但他們僅是
11:13
a tiny portion of the population. We lie for a reason.
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少部分的人 大部分的人說謊是有原因的
11:17
Just because people can't see us doesn't mean
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不會因為沒有面對面 就代表
11:18
we're going to necessarily lie.
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我們一定會說謊
11:21
But I think there's actually something much more
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但我認為其實背後有更深
11:22
interesting and fundamental going on here. The next big
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更有趣的涵義在內 接下來 我認為有件特別的
11:25
thing for me, the next big idea, we can find by going
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事情 一個特別的概念 我們可以透過
11:29
way back in history to the origins of language.
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語言發展的歷史來了解
11:32
Most linguists agree that we started speaking somewhere
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大部分的語言學家同意 人類開始說話是在
11:36
between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. That's a long time ago.
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五萬到十萬年前 那是很久很久以前
11:39
A lot of humans have lived since then.
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人類是從那時候開始存在
11:42
We've been talking, I guess, about fires and caves
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我猜話題應該是與火 洞穴
11:44
and saber-toothed tigers. I don't know what they talked about,
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劍齒虎相關 其實我不知道他們當時說什麼
11:48
but they were doing a lot of talking, and like I said,
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但他們一定有很多談話 就像我先前所說
11:50
there's a lot of humans evolving speaking,
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語言是由很多人逐漸發展而成
11:53
about 100 billion people in fact.
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大概有一千億的人類吧
11:55
What's important though is that writing only emerged
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然而重點是寫作約在五千年前
11:58
about 5,000 years ago. So what that means is that
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才開始發展 意思就是
12:02
all the people before there was any writing,
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在那之前完全沒有任何紀錄
12:04
every word that they ever said, every utterance
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他們所說的任何一句話 所有言論
12:10
disappeared. No trace. Evanescent. Gone.
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都消失無蹤 毫無痕跡 人間蒸發
12:15
So we've been evolving to talk in a way in which
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所以人類是在毫無紀錄的情況下
12:19
there is no record. In fact, even the next big change
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逐步演化出語言 實際在書寫上另一個歷史上巨大的改變
12:25
to writing was only 500 years ago now,
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是僅僅五百年前
12:27
with the printing press, which is very recent in our past,
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也就是印刷業的出現 而那也已經算是很近代的事
12:29
and literacy rates remained incredibly low right up until World War II,
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在二次世界大戰之前 識字率還是相當的低
12:34
so even the people of the last two millennia,
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所以過去兩千年
12:37
most of the words they ever said -- poof! -- disappeared.
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大部分人們所說的話 全部消失了
12:42
Let's turn to now, the networked age.
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回到現在 網路世代
12:46
How many of you have recorded something today?
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今天現場有多少人紀錄了某件事?
12:50
Anybody do any writing today? Did anybody write a word?
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今天有誰寫下任何東西? 有人寫過一個字嗎?
12:54
It looks like almost every single person here recorded something.
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看起來幾乎每一個人都有記錄一些事
12:58
In this room, right now, we've probably recorded more
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現在 這個房間裡 我們所記錄的可能已經
13:01
than almost all of human pre-ancient history.
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超過整個人類史前時代所有的
13:05
That is crazy. We're entering this amazing period
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這是非常不可思議的 我們將進入一個時代
13:09
of flux in human evolution where we've evolved to speak
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一個變遷的時代 在人類演化史中 曾經歷過
13:13
in a way in which our words disappear, but we're in
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語言難以留下紀錄 而今
13:15
an environment where we're recording everything.
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我們則處在隨時隨地都在紀錄的環境
13:18
In fact, I think in the very near future, it's not just
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事實上 我認為在不久的將來 不只是
13:21
what we write that will be recorded, everything we do
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我們所寫下的會被紀錄 我們所作的任何事情
13:23
will be recorded.
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都會留下紀錄
13:25
What does that mean? What's the next big idea from that?
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這意謂著什麼呢? 代表著什麼新的概念呢?
13:30
Well, as a social scientist, this is the most amazing thing
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嗯 身為一個社會學家 這是世上最棒的事情
13:34
I have ever even dreamed of. Now, I can look at
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我從未夢想過的 現在 我可以找到
13:37
all those words that used to, for millennia, disappear.
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在千年以前是會消失的文字紀錄
13:41
I can look at lies that before were said and then gone.
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我也可以知道 那些以往是說過就不見的謊言
13:45
You remember those Astroturfing reviews that we were
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你們還記得那些偽草根的評論嗎? 我們剛剛曾經
13:49
talking about before? Well, when they write a fake review,
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討論過的那些? 當他們寫下一個假的評價
13:52
they have to post it somewhere, and it's left behind for us.
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他們必須在某個地方貼文 好讓我們能夠看見
13:55
So one thing that we did, and I'll give you an example of
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因此我們所做的事情是 舉個例來說
13:57
looking at the language, is we paid people
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看看螢幕上這些文字 是我們支付人們
14:00
to write some fake reviews. One of these reviews is fake.
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所寫的一些假的評論 其中一個評價不是真的
14:04
The person never was at the James Hotel.
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這個人從未到過詹姆士飯店
14:05
The other review is real. The person stayed there.
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另外一個評論則是真的 這個人曾經到過那裡
14:08
Now, your task now is to decide
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現在 你們的任務是判別
14:12
which review is fake?
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哪一個評價是假的?
14:16
I'll give you a moment to read through them.
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我會給你們一些時間讀這個文章
14:20
But I want everybody to raise their hand at some point.
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但是我要每一個人都要舉手發表
14:22
Remember, I study deception. I can tell if you don't raise your hand.
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請記住 我研究詐欺 對我來說判別你們有沒有舉手是很容易的
14:27
All right, how many of you believe that A is the fake?
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好的 有多少人認為A所說的是假的?
14:33
All right. Very good. About half.
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很好 大約有一半
14:35
And how many of you think that B is?
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那有多少人認為B所說的是假的呢?
14:39
All right. Slightly more for B.
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好的 B的較多一些
14:42
Excellent. Here's the answer.
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太棒了 公佈答案
14:44
B is a fake. Well done second group. You dominated the first group. (Laughter)
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B評論是假的 第二組人做的很好 你們擊敗了第一組人 (笑)
14:51
You're actually a little bit unusual. Every time we demonstrate this,
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實際上這是有一點反常的現象 我們每次做此示範時
14:54
it's usually about a 50-50 split, which fits
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通常是一半一半的比例 與
14:56
with the research, 54 percent. Maybe people here
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研究結果相近 即約百分之五十四的比例 大概
14:59
in Winnipeg are more suspicious and better at figuring it out.
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在現場(Winnipeg)的人比較多疑一些
也比較能知道何者為真
也比較能知道何者為真
15:03
Those cold, hard winters, I love it.
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大概是這個寒冷的冬天所致 太棒了
15:05
All right, so why do I care about this?
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很好 那為什麼要注意這個呢?
15:09
Well, what I can do now with my colleagues in computer science
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嗯 現在我可以和我同事利用電腦所做的是
15:12
is we can create computer algorithms that can analyze
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我們可以設計會分析的電腦演算法
15:15
the linguistic traces of deception.
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來判斷欺騙所留在文字上的痕跡
15:18
Let me highlight a couple of things here
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讓我來指出在假評論中的一些重點
15:20
in the fake review. The first is that liars tend to think
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第一個是 通常騙子較傾向於敘事型態
15:23
about narrative. They make up a story:
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也就是說他們會編故事
15:25
Who? And what happened? And that's what happened here.
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是誰? 發生什麼事情? 而這就是會發生的情況
15:28
Our fake reviewers talked about who they were with
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假的評論者會寫出他們跟誰在一起
15:30
and what they were doing. They also used the first person singular, I,
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他們做了什麼事情 也比較會用第一人稱單數的語態 "我"
15:35
way more than the people that actually stayed there.
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比起實際上待過那裡的人使用"我"超過很多
15:37
They were inserting themselves into the hotel review,
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他們會將自己強塞入飯店的評論中
15:42
kind of trying to convince you they were there.
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很想要說服你們 他們曾經待過那裡
15:44
In contrast, the people that wrote the reviews that were actually there,
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相反地 實際去過的人們在寫評論時
15:48
their bodies actually entered the physical space,
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他們身體是確實進入到那個物質的環境
15:50
they talked a lot more about spatial information.
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他們會偏向寫出更多關於空間的資訊
15:53
They said how big the bathroom was, or they said,
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他們會說浴室有多大 或者是
15:56
you know, here's how far shopping is from the hotel.
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你知道 距離飯店多遠才可以購物
16:00
Now, you guys did pretty well. Most people perform at chance at this task.
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現在 你們都相當厲害 大部分的人只能憑機率判斷
16:04
Our computer algorithm is very accurate, much more accurate
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我們的電腦演算法則是非常準確的 遠較人類準確
16:07
than humans can be, and it's not going to be accurate all the time.
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比人類厲害很多 而這也無法每次都準確
16:10
This isn't a deception-detection machine to tell
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這並不是偵測謊言的機器 來去判斷
16:12
if your girlfriend's lying to you on text messaging.
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你女朋友是否在短訊上欺騙你們
16:15
We believe that every lie now, every type of lie --
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我們相信每個謊言 每種形式的謊言
16:19
fake hotel reviews, fake shoe reviews,
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假的飯店評價 假的鞋子評論
16:22
your girlfriend cheating on you with text messaging --
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你女友在短訊上欺騙你
16:25
those are all different lies. They're going to have
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各式這類的謊言 都會有
16:27
different patterns of language. But because everything's
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語言上面不同的型態 但因為每件事情
16:30
recorded now, we can look at all of those kinds of lies.
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現在都有了紀錄 我們才可以仔細研究那些形式的謊言
16:34
Now, as I said, as a social scientist, this is wonderful.
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現在 就如同我所說的 身為一個社會科學家 那實在是太棒了
16:38
It's transformational. We're going to be able to learn
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那產生了巨大的改變 我們可以從中了解
16:40
so much more about human thought and expression,
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更多關於人類的想法和表達方式
16:44
about everything from love to attitudes,
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從愛到各種看法
16:49
because everything is being recorded now, but
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因為現在所有事情都紀錄了下來 但
16:51
what does it mean for the average citizen?
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對於一般人來說有什麼意義呢?
16:53
What does it mean for us in our lives?
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對我們生活有什麼樣的影響?
16:56
Well, let's forget deception for a bit. One of the big ideas,
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我們先忘掉欺騙 其中一個重要的概念
16:59
I believe, is that we're leaving these huge traces behind.
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我相信是 我們將會留下可尋的痕跡
17:03
My outbox for email is massive,
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我電郵的寄件箱有很多郵件
17:06
and I never look at it. I write all the time,
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但我從未看過它 我時常在寫字
17:10
but I never look at my record, at my trace.
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但我從未觀察我個人的紀錄 我的過去
17:13
And I think we're going to see a lot more of that,
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我想 在未來我們能夠了解更多
17:15
where we can reflect on who we are by looking at
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我們可以透過了解我們所寫的 所說的 和所做的
17:18
what we wrote, what we said, what we did.
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反思我們是誰
17:21
Now, if we bring it back to deception, there's a couple
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現在 再回頭看欺騙這個問題 有一些事情
17:24
of take-away things here.
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希望你們離開時能夠記住
17:26
First, lying online can be very dangerous, right?
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第一 在網路上欺騙是非常危險的 是吧?
17:30
Not only are you leaving a record for yourself on your machine,
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不但你會在你的電腦上留下自己的紀錄
17:33
but you're leaving a record on the person that you were lying to,
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你也會在你所欺騙的人那裡留下紀錄
17:37
and you're also leaving them around for me to analyze
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你也會將那些紀錄提供給我來分析
17:39
with some computer algorithms.
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用電腦演算法來加以辨別
17:40
So by all means, go ahead and do that, that's good.
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所以說 你們大可以繼續這樣做 對我來說是件好事
17:44
But when it comes to lying and what we want to do
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但是討論欺騙這個行為 和我們想如何影響
17:48
with our lives, I think we can go back to
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自己的生活時 我認為我們可以回到
17:50
Diogenes and Confucius. And they were less concerned
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第歐根尼和孔子 他們較不關心
17:54
about whether to lie or not to lie, and more concerned about
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欺騙或者不欺騙 而更在意
17:57
being true to the self, and I think this is really important.
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對自己應該保持真我 而我認為那才是真正重要的
18:00
Now, when you are about to say or do something,
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現在 當你們要去說或者做某件事情
18:04
we can think, do I want this to be part of my legacy,
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我們該思考一下 我想要這成為我所遺留來的一部分嗎?
18:09
part of my personal record?
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我個人紀錄裡的一部分?
18:12
Because in the digital age we live in now,
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因為在我們所生活的這個數位世代
18:14
in the networked age, we are all leaving a record.
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這個網路世代 我們都會留下痕跡
18:19
Thank you so much for your time,
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非常感謝你們的參與
18:20
and good luck with your record. (Applause)
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祝福你們會有美好的人生紀錄 (鼓掌)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jeff Hancock - PsychologistJeff Hancock studies how we interact by email, text message and social media blips, seeking to understand how technology mediates communication.
Why you should listen
Jeff Hancock is fascinated by the words we choose when sending text messages, composing emails and writing online profiles. An Associate Professor of Cognitive Science and Communications at Cornell University, his research has focused on how people use deception and irony when communicating through cell phones and online platforms. His idea: that while the impersonality of online interaction can encourage mild fibbing, the fact that it leaves a permanent record of verifiable facts actually keeps us on the straight and narrow.
Hancock has also studied how we form impressions of others online, how we manage others' impressions of ourselves, and how individual personalities interact with online groups.
Jeff Hancock | Speaker | TED.com