TEDxMidAtlantic
Colin Powell: Kids need structure
克林·鮑威爾: 小孩子需要結構
Filmed:
Readability: 2.7
1,636,965 views
你可以怎樣幫助小孩子得到一個好的開始呢？在這次演講中，前美國國務卿克林·鮑威爾，用真誠分享個人閱歷，並請求父母、朋友和親戚，早在兒童上小學前，就透過社區以及一份強烈的責任感，為兒童提供支援。 (攝於 TEDxMidAtlantic。)
Colin Powell - Former U.S. Secretary of State
General Colin Powell was the first African-American to serve as U.S. Secretary of State. Full bio
General Colin Powell was the first African-American to serve as U.S. Secretary of State. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
What I want to do this afternoon
0
788
1627
今個下午，我想做些
00:18
is something a little different than what's scheduled.
1
2415
2865
與日程表中編排的有點兒不一樣的事。
00:21
Foreign policy, you can figure that out
2
5280
1946
要知道外交政策的話，你大抵看看，
00:23
by watching, I don't know, Rachel Maddow or somebody,
3
7226
3034
我不知道，雷切爾·瑪多 (Rachel Maddow) 或某誰，
00:26
but — (Laughter) —
4
10260
1834
就可以了，不過 — (眾笑) —
00:27
I want to talk about young people and structure,
5
12094
3562
我想談談年青人和結構，
00:31
young people and structure.
6
15656
1967
年青人及結構。
00:33
This was last Wednesday afternoon
7
17623
2248
上星期三的下午，
00:35
at a school in Brooklyn, New York,
8
19871
2504
我在紐約市布魯克林區的一所學校，
00:38
at Cristo Rey High School, run by the Jesuits.
9
22375
2934
是由耶穌會營辦的 Cristo Rey 高中。
00:41
And I was talking to this group of students, and take a look at them.
10
25309
3837
我與這一班學生對話，並觀察他們。
00:45
They were around me in three directions.
11
29146
2467
他們從三個方向面對着我。
00:47
You'll noticed that almost all of them are minority.
12
31613
2796
你會注意到他們幾乎所有人都是少數族裔。
00:50
You'll notice that the building is rather austere.
13
34409
1845
你會注意到建築物頗為簡樸。
00:52
It's an old New York school building, nothing fancy.
14
36254
4131
那是個老舊的紐約市校舍建築，絕無花巧。
00:56
They still have old blackboards and whatnot.
15
40385
2531
那裏仍有老舊的黑板，諸如此類。
00:58
And there are about 300 kids in this school,
16
42916
2591
而這所學校，有約 300 名小孩子就讀，
01:01
and the school's been going now for four years,
17
45507
2652
開辦迄今已有四年了，
01:04
and they're about to graduate their first class.
18
48159
2954
而首屆學生亦即將畢業。
01:07
Twenty-two people are graduating,
19
51113
2071
有二十二人將會畢業，
01:09
and all 22 are going to college.
20
53184
2243
而當中全部人都會升讀大學。
01:11
They all come from homes where there is, for the most part,
21
55427
2740
二十二位來自的家庭，大部份
01:14
just one person in the home,
22
58167
2523
家中只有一位親人，
01:16
usually the mother or the grandmother, and that's it,
23
60690
2906
通常是母親或祖母，就沒別人了，
01:19
and they come here for their education
24
63596
2487
而他們來這裏，是為了接受教育，
01:21
and for their structure.
25
66083
1413
以及他們的結構。
01:23
Now I had this picture taken, and it was put up
26
67496
2808
拍了這幅照片之後，在上星期就放上了
01:26
on my Facebook page last week,
27
70304
2493
我的 Facebook 頁面，
01:28
and somebody wrote in,
28
72797
1634
有人寫道：
01:30
"Huh, why does he have him standing at attention like that?"
29
74431
4986
「唔，為何包先生讓孩子這樣的向他立正？」
01:35
And then they said, "But he looks good." (Laughter)
30
79417
4371
他們接着寫道：「但孩子看起來挺不錯的。」 (眾笑)
01:39
He does look good, because kids need structure,
31
83788
2710
他的確頗好看，因為小孩子需要結構，
01:42
and the trick I play in all of my school appearances
32
86498
3506
而每次我到訪學校，必定會耍個把戲，
01:45
is that when I get through with my little homily to the kids,
33
90004
2899
就是當我與小孩子說完道理後，
01:48
I then invite them to ask questions,
34
92903
2184
我就會邀請他們發問，
01:50
and when they raise their hands, I say, "Come up,"
35
95087
1865
而當他們舉起手時，我就說：「上來」，
01:52
and I make them come up and stand in front of me.
36
96952
2339
並讓他們排好隊在我面前站立。
01:55
I make them stand at attention like a soldier.
37
99291
2114
我讓他們像士兵一樣立正。
01:57
Put your arms straight down at your side,
38
101405
1782
雙手垂放在側，
01:59
look up, open your eyes, stare straight ahead,
39
103187
3452
抬起頭，睜大眼睛，直視前方，
02:02
and speak out your question loudly so everybody can hear.
40
106639
3435
大聲說出你的問題，讓每個人都能聽到。
02:05
No slouching, no pants hanging down, none of that stuff.
41
110074
3257
不要曲起背，不要把褲子穿成大褲襠，不要碎唸。
02:09
(Laughter)
42
113331
1371
(眾笑)
02:10
And this young man, his name is -- his last name Cruz --
43
114702
3265
而這位年青人，名字是 -- 他姓 Cruz -- 他很喜歡這樣。
02:13
he loved it. That's all over his Facebook page and it's gone viral.
44
117967
3837
並在 Facebook 上說個不停，就像病毒般流傳。
02:17
(Laughter)
45
121804
2187
(眾笑)
02:19
So people think I'm being unkind to this kid.
46
123991
2743
所以，人們以為我對這小子苛刻。
02:22
No, we're having a little fun.
47
126734
1644
不，其實我們在享受一點兒樂趣。
02:24
And the thing about it, I've done this for years,
48
128378
2414
而我想提一提，我這樣做已有多年了，
02:26
the younger they are, the more fun it is.
49
130792
3160
小孩子年紀愈小，就愈有趣。
02:29
When I get six- and seven-year-olds in a group,
50
133952
2940
當我有一班六、七歲的小孩子時，
02:32
I have to figure out how to keep them quiet.
51
136892
1879
我要想辦法讓他們安靜下來。
02:34
You know that they'll always start yakking.
52
138771
2003
你知道他們經常吵個不停。
02:36
And so I play a little game with them
53
140774
1605
因此我與他們先玩個小遊戲
02:38
before I make them stand at attention.
54
142379
1572
才讓他們立正。
02:39
I say, "Now listen. In the army,
55
143951
2273
我說：「聽着。在軍隊裏，
02:42
when we want you to pay attention,
56
146224
2328
當我們想引起你注意時，
02:44
we have a command. It's called 'at ease.'
57
148552
3185
我們有個命令。就是叫「稍息」。
02:47
It means everybody be quiet and pay attention. Listen up.
58
151737
3574
意思是每個人都安靜並留心。聽好。
02:51
Do you understand?"
59
155311
1138
明白嗎？」
02:52
"Uh-huh, uh-huh, uh-huh.""Let's practice. Everybody start chatting."
60
156449
4865
「唔，唔，唔。」「練習一下吧。大家開始聊天。」
02:57
And I let them go for about 10 seconds, then I go, "At ease!"
61
161314
3297
之後我讓他們吵約十秒鐘，然後我說：「稍息！」
03:00
"Huh!" (Laughter)
62
164611
3505
「唔！」(眾笑)
03:04
"Yes, General. Yes, General."
63
168116
2522
「是，將軍。是，將軍。」
03:06
Try it with your kids. See if it works. (Laughter)
64
170638
2403
不妨跟你的孩子試試。看看是否湊效。 (眾笑)
03:08
I don't think so.
65
173041
3053
我想未必。
03:11
But anyway, it's a game I play, and it comes obviously
66
176094
3014
無論如何，這是個我玩的遊戲，而且很明顯
03:15
from my military experience.
67
179108
1722
是來自我的軍事經驗。
03:16
Because for the majority of my adult life,
68
180830
3429
因為我成人的生命裏，大部分時間
03:20
I worked with young kids, teenagers with guns, I call them.
69
184259
4060
我都與年青小伙子一起工作，我叫他們「持槍少年」。
03:24
And we would bring them into the army,
70
188319
2445
而我們將他們帶進軍隊裏，
03:26
and the first thing we would do is to put them
71
190764
2449
我們第一件會做的事，就是將他們
03:29
in an environment of structure, put them in ranks,
72
193213
4087
放進有結構的環境裏，將他們放進軍階中，
03:33
make them all wear the same clothes,
73
197300
1423
讓他們全都穿相同的衣服，
03:34
cut all their hair off so they look alike,
74
198723
2494
剃光頭髮，讓他們看來都很相似，
03:37
make sure that they are standing in ranks.
75
201217
2204
確保他們是按軍階站立。
03:39
We teach them how to go right face, left face,
76
203421
1780
我們教導他們怎樣將頭往右、往左步操，
03:41
so they can obey instructions and know
77
205201
1917
好讓他們懂得服從指示，
03:43
the consequences of not obeying instructions.
78
207118
2928
並學懂不服從指示的後果。
03:45
It gives them structure.
79
210046
1465
這給予他們結構。
03:47
And then we introduce them to somebody who they come to hate immediately, the drill sergeant.
80
211511
4180
之後我們向他們介紹一個他們立即就會討厭的人，教官。
03:51
And they hate him.
81
215691
1874
而他們討厭他。
03:53
And the drill sergeant starts screaming at them,
82
217565
2348
教官開始向他們大聲呼喊，
03:55
and telling them to do all kinds of awful things.
83
219913
3849
並指令他們做各種難為的事情。
03:59
But then the most amazing thing happens over time.
84
223762
3004
但最奇妙的事情，隨着時間慢慢發生。
04:02
Once that structure is developed,
85
226766
3026
當那種結構發展出來時，
04:05
once they understand the reason for something,
86
229792
3218
當他們明白事情背後的理由，
04:08
once they understand, "Mama ain't here, son.
87
233010
4006
當他們明白：「媽媽不在這裏，小子。
04:12
I'm your worst nightmare. I'm your daddy and your mommy.
88
237016
3820
我是你最壞的惡夢。我是你的爸爸和媽媽。
04:16
And that's just the way it is. You got that, son?
89
240836
2612
而這就是這裏的方式。收到嗎，小子？
04:19
Yeah, and then when I ask you a question, there are only three possible answers:
90
243448
2838
沒錯，然後當我問你一條問題時，只有三種可能答案：
04:22
yes, sir; no, sir; and no excuse, sir.
91
246286
2396
『是，長官』；『不是，長官』；和『沒有理由，長官』。
04:24
Don't start telling me why you didn't do something.
92
248682
2163
不要開始告訴我，為何你沒做到。儘管說
04:26
It's yes, sir; no, sir; no excuse, sir."
93
250845
2652
『是，長官』；『不是，長官』；『沒有理由，長官』。」
04:29
"You didn't shave.""But sir —"
94
253497
1123
「你沒有刮鬍子。」「但是長官 —」
04:30
"No, don't tell me how often you scraped your face this morning.
95
254620
3255
「不，不要告訴我今早你怎樣不斷刮傷臉皮。
04:33
I'm telling you you didn't shave."
96
257875
1740
我在告訴你，你沒有刮鬍子。」
04:35
"No excuse, sir.""Attaboy, you're learning fast."
97
259615
3206
「沒有理由，長官。」「不錯，真是快上手。」
04:38
But you'd be amazed at what you can do with them
98
262821
2388
但你會驚訝，當你將他們放進那種結構中時，
04:41
once you put them in that structure.
99
265209
2454
你能讓他們做到的事情。
04:43
In 18 weeks, they have a skill. They are mature.
100
267663
4858
在十八週內，他們學到技巧。變得成熟。
04:48
And you know what, they come to admire the drill sergeant
101
272521
3117
而你知道嗎？他們開始欽羡教官，
04:51
and they never forget the drill sergeant.
102
275638
1898
然後他們永遠難忘教官。
04:53
They come to respect him.
103
277536
2635
他們開始敬佩他。
04:56
And so we need more of this kind of structure and respect
104
280171
3915
所以我們需要將多些這類型的結構和敬佩
04:59
in the lives of our children.
105
284086
2031
放進我們兒女的生命中。
05:02
I spend a lot of time with youth groups,
106
286117
1973
我有不少時間，常常與青年人一起，
05:03
and I say to people, "When does the education process begin?"
107
288090
3291
而我對人們說：「教育的過程從何時開始？」
05:07
We're always talking about, "Let's fix the schools.
108
291381
1679
我們常常在說：「讓我們來改善學校。
05:08
Let's do more for our teachers. Let's put more computers in our schools.
109
293060
3747
為教師提供更多配套。在學校安裝更多電腦。
05:12
Let's get it all online."
110
296807
2941
讓所有事物都步上軌道。」
05:15
That isn't the whole answer. It's part of the answer.
111
299748
3306
那不是答案的全部。僅只包含一小部分。
05:18
But the real answer begins with bringing a child to the school
112
303054
3262
但真正的答案，是從帶小孩上學開始，
05:22
with structure in that child's heart and soul to begin with.
113
306316
4608
從那小孩心靈中的結構開始。
05:26
When does the learning process begin? Does it begin in first grade?
114
310924
2869
學習的過程從何時開始？是從一年級開始嗎？
05:29
No, no, it begins the first time
115
313793
2183
不，不，它的開始
05:31
a child in a mother's arms
116
315976
2681
是小孩第一次在母親臂中
05:34
looks up at the mother
117
318657
2764
仰視母親時，
05:37
and says, "Oh, this must be my mother.
118
321421
3364
心想：「噢，這一定是我的母親。
05:40
She's the one who feeds me.
119
324785
2373
她是哺養我的人。
05:43
Oh yeah, when I don't feel so good down there,
120
327158
2206
沒錯，當我覺得有點兒不舒服的時候，
05:45
she takes care of me.
121
329364
2514
她會照料我。
05:47
It's her language I will learn."
122
331878
3023
我會學她的語言。」
05:50
And at that moment they shut out all the other languages
123
334901
2749
而那個時候，他們就會將所有其他
05:53
that they could be learning at that age,
124
337650
2356
那個年紀時可以學習的語言都拒諸門外，
05:55
but by three months, that's her.
125
340006
2949
而首三個月，她就是一切。
05:58
And if the person doing it, whether it's the mother
126
342955
2320
如果那個人，不管是母親
06:01
or grandmother, whoever's doing it,
127
345275
1993
還是祖母，不管是誰做這件事，
06:03
that is when the education process begins.
128
347268
2214
那就是教育過程的開始。
06:05
That's when language begins.
129
349482
1728
那是語言的開始。
06:07
That's when love begins. That's when structure begins.
130
351210
2249
那是愛的開始。那是結構的開始。
06:09
That's when you start to imprint on the child
131
353459
2488
那是你開始在小孩中烙印
06:11
that "you are special,
132
355947
2218
「你是特別的，
06:14
you are different from every other child in the world.
133
358165
3189
你與世界上任何其他一位小孩都不同。
06:17
And we're going to read to you."
134
361354
2084
而我們將會向你朗讀。」
06:19
A child who has not been read to
135
363438
2071
得不到朗讀的小孩，
06:21
is in danger when that child gets to school.
136
365509
2144
當小孩上學時可能會有風險。
06:23
A child who doesn't know his or her colors
137
367653
2060
一個小孩，不知道自己的膚色，
06:25
or doesn't know how to tell time, doesn't know how to tie shoes,
138
369713
3014
或者不知道如何報時間，不知道怎樣綁鞋帶，
06:28
doesn't know how to do those things,
139
372727
1399
不知道怎樣做那些事情，
06:30
and doesn't know how to do something that
140
374126
2670
也不知道如何去做那件
06:32
goes by a word that was drilled into me as a kid: mind.
141
376796
2876
自小就紮根我的腦海中的字眼：注意。
06:35
Mind your manners! Mind your adults! Mind what you're saying!
142
379672
3888
注意你的言行舉止！當心身邊的大人！小心你所說的話！
06:39
This is the way children are raised properly.
143
383560
3523
這是正確養育兒童的方式。
06:42
And I watched my own young grandchildren now come along
144
387083
2795
我現在看着自己年幼的孫兒，
06:45
and they're, much to the distress of my children,
145
389878
4093
他們真令我的兒女頭疼，
06:49
they are acting just like we did. You know? You imprint them.
146
393971
4676
他們就像我們當年一樣。你知道嗎？你要去烙印他們。
06:54
And that's what you have to do to prepare children for education and for school.
147
398647
5225
而那就是你要做的事，去準備兒童接受教育和上學。
06:59
And I'm working at all the energy I have
148
403872
2259
現在我正盡全力
07:02
to sort of communicate this message that
149
406131
2330
希望將這個訊息宣揚：
07:04
we need preschool, we need Head Start,
150
408461
3879
我們需要學前教育，我們需要「啟蒙計劃」，
07:08
we need prenatal care.
151
412340
2520
我們需要產前檢查。
07:10
The education process begins even before the child is born,
152
414860
4215
教育的過程，早在小孩誕生之前已經開始，
07:14
and if you don't do that, you're going to have difficulty.
153
419075
2708
若你不這樣做的話，就可能會面對困難。
07:17
And we are having difficulties in so many of our communities
154
421783
2414
而我們在很多社區中都面對困難，
07:20
and so many of our schools where kids are coming
155
424197
3045
很多學校接收一年級新生，
07:23
to first grade and their eyes are blazing,
156
427242
2311
那些學童雙眼發亮，
07:25
they've got their little knapsack on and they're ready to go,
157
429553
3611
他們收拾好小背包準備上學，
07:29
and then they realize they're not like the other first graders
158
433164
3401
然後他們發覺自己不像其他一年級生，
07:32
who know books, have been read to, can do their alphabet.
159
436565
4464
其他人懂書，有人朗讀給他們聽，懂得英文字母。
07:36
And by the third grade, the kids who didn't have
160
441029
2694
而到了三年級，那些一開始
07:39
that structure and minding in the beginning
161
443723
4146
缺乏那種結構和思維的小孩子，
07:43
start to realize they're behind, and what do they do?
162
447869
1910
開始發覺他們落後了，然後他們怎樣做？
07:45
They act it out. They act it out, and they're on their way
163
449779
3321
他們行為出位。他們表現出來，然後他們就要
07:49
to jail or they're on their way to being dropouts.
164
453100
3086
邁向一條鋃鐺入獄或是中途綴學的道路。
07:52
It's predictable.
165
456186
1864
預料得到。
07:53
If you're not at the right reading level at third grade,
166
458050
2966
若你到了三年級，閱讀能力不達標，
07:56
you are a candidate for jail at age 18,
167
461016
4077
你就是十八歲時入獄的候選了，
08:00
and we have the highest incarceration rate
168
465093
2237
而我們有最高的監禁率，
08:03
because we're not getting our kids the proper start in life.
169
467330
2928
因為我們沒有讓我們的小孩子在生命中得到妥當的起步。
08:06
The last chapter in my book is called
170
470258
2216
我的著作中最後一章，名為
08:08
"The Gift of a Good Start."
171
472474
2911
「一份好的開始的禮物」。
08:11
The gift of a good start. Every child ought to have a good start in life.
172
475385
3692
一份好的開始的禮物。每個小孩生命中都應該有個好開始。
08:14
I was privileged to have that kind of good start.
173
479077
2703
我有幸能夠有這種好的開始。
08:17
I was not a great student.
174
481780
1891
昔日的我不是個傑出的學生。
08:19
I was a public school kid in New York City,
175
483671
2668
我是紐約市一個讀公立學校的學生，
08:22
and I didn't do well at all.
176
486339
2640
而我各方面的表現都不好。
08:24
I have my entire New York City Board of Education transcript
177
488979
3812
我從紐約市教育局拿到一副
08:28
from kindergarten through college.
178
492791
2443
從幼稚園到大學的完整成績單。
08:31
I wanted it when I was writing my first book.
179
495234
2270
我想索取的原因是，當時我在寫我第一本書。
08:33
I wanted to see if my memory was correct,
180
497504
2039
我想看看我的記憶是否正確，
08:35
and, my God, it was. (Laughter)
181
499543
3275
結果是，老天，果然沒錯。 (眾笑)
08:38
Straight C everywhere.
182
502818
2788
各科一律都是 C。
08:41
And I finally bounced through high school,
183
505606
2441
而我終於在高中時期翻身，
08:43
got into the City College of New York
184
508047
2079
以平均分 78.3 進了紐約市立學院，
08:46
with a 78.3 average, which I shouldn't have been allowed in with,
185
510126
3640
以這種分數我是無法被錄取的，
08:49
and then I started out in engineering,
186
513766
2739
之後我專攻工程學，
08:52
and that only lasted six months. (Laughter)
187
516505
2558
而這只維持了六個月。 (眾笑)
08:54
And then I went into geology, "rocks for jocks." This is easy.
188
519063
4013
之後我轉攻地理學，「基礎地理學」。很簡單。
08:58
And then I found ROTC.
189
523076
2002
之後我發現了預備軍官訓練團 (ROTC)。
09:00
I found something that I did well and something that I loved doing,
190
525078
3934
我發現了一樣我做得好，同時喜歡做的事情，
09:04
and I found a group of youngsters like me who felt the same way.
191
529012
3894
我也發現了一群年青人，像我一樣有相同的感覺。
09:08
And so my whole life then was dedicated to ROTC and the military.
192
532906
3986
自此之後，我的人生就奉獻給預備軍官訓練團和軍方。
09:12
And I say to young kids everywhere, as you're growing up
193
536892
2668
而我到處都跟年輕小伙子說，隨着你長大，
09:15
and as this structure is being developed inside of you,
194
539560
2601
隨着這個結構在你身上發展時，
09:18
always be looking for that which you do well and that which you love doing,
195
542161
3036
永遠試着找尋你做得好的事，以及你熱愛做的事，
09:21
and when you find those two things together, man, you got it.
196
545197
3137
而當你能將兩者結合時，老兄，你找對了。
09:24
That's what's going on. And that's what I found.
197
548334
2364
這是一路發生的過程。而我就找到了那一樣事物。
09:26
Now the authorities at CCNY were getting tired of me being there.
198
550698
2654
此時，紐約市立學院當局開始厭倦我在那兒讀書了。
09:29
I'd been there four and a half going on five years,
199
553352
1801
我在那兒讀了四年半，將近五年，
09:31
and my grades were not doing particularly well,
200
555153
4410
而我的成績等級不太理想，
09:35
and I was in occasional difficulties with the administration.
201
559563
3142
我中間與校方也有些過不去。
09:38
And so they said, "But he does so well in ROTC.
202
562705
2914
之後他們說：「但他在預備軍官訓練團做得很好。
09:41
Look, he gets straight A's in that but not in anything else."
203
565619
3350
看，他在那兒全部奪 A，但其他就完全沒有了。」
09:44
And so they said, "Look, let's take his ROTC grades
204
568969
4356
之後他們說：「看，不如取他在預備軍官訓練團的成績，
09:49
and roll them into his overall GPA and see what happens."
205
573325
3446
一併計進整體成積均點 (Overall GPA)，看看如何。」
09:52
And they did, and it brought me up to 2.0. (Laughter)
206
576771
6716
他們照做，結果讓我攀升到 2.0。 (眾笑)
09:59
Yep. (Laughter) (Applause)
207
583487
3734
對。(眾笑) (掌聲)
10:03
They said, "It's good enough for government work.
208
587221
3049
他們說：「這個成績足以打政府工。
10:06
Give him to the army. We'll never see him again. We'll never see him again."
209
590270
3498
將他送給軍隊吧。我們不會再見到他了。我們不會再見到他了。」
10:09
So they shipped me off to the army,
210
593768
1852
就此他們將我送到軍隊裏，
10:11
and lo and behold, many years later,
211
595620
3668
時移世易，眾多年後，
10:15
I'm considered one of the greatest sons the City College of New York has ever had. (Laughter)
212
599288
4306
我獲認為紐約市立學院歷屆最傑出的舊生之一。(眾笑)
10:19
So, I tell young people everywhere,
213
603594
3202
所以，我四處都對年青人說，
10:22
it ain't where you start in life, it's what you do with life
214
606796
4191
不是你在生命中的起點，而是你用生命做甚麼，
10:26
that determines where you end up in life,
215
610987
3611
決定你人生的目的地，
10:30
and you are blessed to be living in a country that,
216
614598
2685
而你生活在這個國家，實在是個祝福，
10:33
no matter where you start, you have opportunities
217
617283
3186
無論你在哪裏起步，你都會有機會，
10:36
so long as you believe in yourself,
218
620469
2704
只要你相信自己，
10:39
you believe in the society and the country,
219
623173
2991
相信社會和國家，
10:42
and you believe that you can self-improve
220
626164
3419
相信你可以自我提升
10:45
and educate yourself as you go along.
221
629583
2411
並沿途可以教育你自己。
10:47
And that's the key to success.
222
631994
2233
而那就是成功的關鍵。
10:50
But it begins with the gift of a good start.
223
634227
3350
但一切源於這一份好開始的禮物。
10:53
If we don't give that gift to each and every one of our kids,
224
637577
2473
若我們不給予我們每一個小孩子那份禮物，
10:55
if we don't invest at the earliest age,
225
640050
3678
若我們不在最早階段作出投資，
10:59
we're going to be running into difficulties.
226
643728
2742
我們將會走進困境中。
11:02
It's why we have a dropout rate of roughly 25 percent overall
227
646470
4266
這是為何我們整體的綴學率接近百分之 25，
11:06
and almost 50 percent of our minority population
228
650736
2722
而我們的少數族群人口將近一半
11:09
living in low-income areas,
229
653458
3474
都活在低收入地區，
11:12
because they're not getting the gift of a good start.
230
656932
2781
因為他們得不到一個好的開始作為禮物。
11:15
My gift of a good start was not only being in a nice family,
231
659713
3978
我得到一個好的開始作為禮物，不單是生在不錯的家庭，
11:19
a good family, but having a family that said to me,
232
663691
3555
一個好的家庭，而且亦是有家人會對我說：
11:23
"Now listen, we came to this country in banana boats
233
667246
3947
「聽好了，早在 1920 和 1924 年，
11:27
in 1920 and 1924.
234
671193
3362
我們乘坐香蕉船來到這個國家。
11:30
We worked like dogs down in the garment industry every single day.
235
674555
4175
我們每一日都在製衣廠下做牛做馬。
11:34
We're not doing it so that you can stick something up your nose
236
678730
3526
我們這麼辛苦，不是為了讓你吸毒追龍，
11:38
or get in trouble. And don't even think about dropping out."
237
682256
4380
或是惹是生非。更休想中途綴學。」
11:42
If I had ever gone home and told those immigrant people
238
686636
3051
若我試試回家，對着兩位第一代移民的父母說：
11:45
that, "You know, I'm tired of school and I'm dropping out,"
239
689687
2469
「你知道嗎，我厭倦上學，我要綴學了」，
11:48
they'd said, "We're dropping you out. We'll get another kid."
240
692156
2657
他們會說：「我們斷絕關係了。當沒生過你這個兒子。」
11:50
(Laughter)
241
694813
6358
(眾笑)
11:57
They had expectations for all of the cousins
242
701171
2526
他們對所有表堂兄弟，以至住在南布朗克斯
11:59
and the extended family of immigrants that lived in the South Bronx,
243
703697
3583
遠方親戚的移民子弟都抱有期望，
12:03
but they had more than just expectations for us.
244
707280
3159
而他們對我們，更是超乎期許之上。
12:06
They stuck into our hearts like a dagger
245
710439
3911
就像匕首一樣，他們將一份尊榮心
12:10
a sense of shame: "Don't you shame this family."
246
714350
4862
刺進我們的心坎裏：「不要將家族之名蒙愧」。
12:15
Sometimes I would get in trouble,
247
719212
1663
有時我會惹上麻煩，
12:16
and my parents were coming home,
248
720875
1843
我父母回家途中，
12:18
and I was in my room waiting for what's going to happen,
249
722718
3481
而我就在自己的房間中佇候發落，
12:22
and I would sit there saying to myself, "Okay, look,
250
726199
2211
我會獨自坐着，對自己說：「好的，看，
12:24
take the belt and hit me, but, God, don't give me that 'shame the family' bit again."
251
728410
4775
就讓皮鞭鞭打我吧，但，老天，不要再罵我甚麼『丟盡顏面』了。」
12:29
It devastated me when my mother did that to me.
252
733185
2757
我母親對我這樣說時，實在是很大的衝擊。
12:31
And I also had this extended network.
253
735942
2164
而我亦都有這一個延伸的網路。
12:34
Children need a network. Children need to be part of a tribe,
254
738106
2988
兒童需要一個網路。兒童需要成為
12:36
a family, a community.
255
741094
1881
部落、家庭、社區的一份子。
12:38
In my case it was aunts who lived in all of these tenement buildings.
256
742975
4224
在我的情況中，那就是住在所有那些唐樓中的阿姨。
12:43
I don't know how many of you are New Yorkers,
257
747199
1856
我不知道在座有多少位是紐約人，
12:44
but there were these tenement buildings,
258
749055
1921
但紐約市昔日有這些唐樓，
12:46
and these women were always hanging out one of the windows,
259
750976
3213
而這些女士經常就是探頭窗外，
12:50
leaning on a pillow.
260
754189
1622
倚着枕頭。
12:51
They never left. (Laughter)
261
755811
2759
她們永遠不會走開。(眾笑)
12:54
I, so help me God, I grew up walking those streets,
262
758570
3034
我，願主庇佑，我是逛過這些街道長大的，
12:57
and they were always there.
263
761604
1482
而她們永遠都在。
12:58
They never went to the bathroom. They never cooked. (Laughter)
264
763086
2874
她們永遠不會上洗手間。她們永遠不會煮食。(眾笑)
13:01
They never did anything.
265
765960
2546
她們永遠不幹任何事。
13:04
But what they did was keep us in play.
266
768506
2713
然而她們做的，卻是督促着我們。
13:07
They kept us in play.
267
771219
2286
她們不斷鞭韃我們。
13:09
And they didn't care
268
773505
2258
而她們不管
13:11
whether you became a doctor or a lawyer or a general,
269
775763
4747
他朝你會成為醫生、律師還是上將，
13:16
and they never expected any generals in the family,
270
780510
3093
而他們從來也沒有期望家門出名將，
13:19
as long as you got an education and then you got a job.
271
783603
3860
只要你接受教育，之後找到一份工作。
13:23
"Don't give us any of that self-actualization stuff.
272
787463
1991
「別跟我們談甚麼實踐理想。
13:25
You get a job and get out of the house.
273
789454
2815
你找份工作，就踏出家門。
13:28
We don't have time to waste for that.
274
792269
2478
我們沒有時間可以浪費在那。
13:30
And then you can support us. That's the role of you guys."
275
794747
3575
然後你就可以撐起這個家。這是你們男孩子的責任。」
13:34
And so, it's so essential that we kind of put this culture
276
798322
5522
所以，很重要的一點是，我們應該將這種文化
13:39
back into our families, all families.
277
803844
4282
放回我們的家庭，所有的家庭。
13:44
And it is so important that all of you here today
278
808126
3335
而這是如此重要，因為今日在座各位
13:47
who are successful people,
279
811461
2676
都是成功人士，
13:50
and I'm sure have wonderful families and children and grandchildren,
280
814137
4555
而我相信你們都有美好的家庭、兒孫滿堂，
13:54
it's not enough. You've got to reach out and back
281
818692
1738
這並不足夠。你需要再踏出一步，
13:56
and find kids like Mr. Cruz
282
820430
2651
探本溯源，找回像 Cruz 先生這樣的小孩子，
13:58
who can make it if you give them the structure,
283
823081
3370
若你給予他們結構，那些小孩子做得出來，
14:02
if you reach back and help, if you mentor,
284
826451
1987
若你回首並伸出援手，若你身體力行給予指導，
14:04
if you invest in boys and girls clubs,
285
828438
2374
若你投資在男女幼童軍，
14:06
if you work with your school system,
286
830812
1891
若你與你的學校系統攜手合作，
14:08
make sure it's the best school system,
287
832703
1274
確保它是最佳的學校系統，
14:09
and not just your kid's school, but the school uptown in Harlem,
288
833977
4823
不只是你孩子的學校，也是那所在哈林區住宅區的學校，
14:14
not just downtown Montessori on the West Side.
289
838800
2822
而不只是在西邊市中心的蒙台梭利學校。
14:17
All of us have to have a commitment to do that.
290
841622
4153
我們每一位都應該表現出承擔，貫徹實踐。
14:21
And we're not just investing in the kids.
291
845775
2650
而我們不只是投資在小孩子身上。
14:24
We're investing in our future.
292
848425
2053
我們也在投資我們的未來。
14:26
We're going to be a minority-majority country
293
850478
2821
再過一代人，我們將會變成一個
14:29
in one more generation.
294
853299
1993
少數族矞成為大多數的國家。
14:31
Those that we call minorities now are going to be the majority.
295
855292
3369
我們現在稱為少數族矞的人，將會變成大多數。
14:34
And we have to make sure that they are ready to be the majority.
296
858661
2580
而我們需要確保他們準備好成為大多數。
14:37
We have to make sure they're ready to be the leaders
297
861241
2231
我們需要確保他們準備好成為領袖，
14:39
of this great country of ours,
298
863472
2952
帶領這個屬於我們的偉大國家，
14:42
a country that is like no other,
299
866424
3476
一個與眾不同的國家，
14:45
a country that amazes me every single day,
300
869900
1685
一個每一天都讓我新奇的國家，
14:47
a country that's fractious. We're always arguing with each other.
301
871585
2620
一個易怒的國家。我們經常互相爭吵。
14:50
That's how the system's supposed to work.
302
874205
2972
這卻是制度應該運作的方式。
14:53
It's a country of such contrasts, but it's a nation of nations.
303
877177
3579
它是個有如此反差的國家，但它是國度中之國度。
14:56
We touch every nation. Every nation touches us.
304
880756
3996
我們觸及每個國度。每個國度也觸及我們。
15:00
We are a nation of immigrants.
305
884752
1685
我們是一個移民的國度。
15:02
That's why we need sound immigration policy.
306
886437
3144
所以我們需要完善的移民政策。
15:05
It's ridiculous not to have a sound immigration policy
307
889581
3235
如果我們沒有一套完善的移民政策，去歡迎那些
15:08
to welcome those who want to come here and be part of this great nation,
308
892816
3083
想來這裏並成為這個強大國度的一份子的人，實在荒謬，
15:11
or we can send back home with an education
309
895899
2153
又或者，我們可以將一套教育送返故鄉，
15:13
to help their people rise up out of poverty.
310
898052
3381
幫助他們的人民從貧困中站起來。
15:17
One of the great stories I love to tell is about my love
311
901433
3843
其中一個讓我津津樂道的得意故事，就是我喜愛
15:21
of going to my hometown of New York
312
905276
1397
回去我在紐約的故里走一趟，
15:22
and walking up Park Avenue on a beautiful day
313
906673
1794
並在風和日麗的一日，走上公園大道，
15:24
and admiring everything and seeing all the people go by
314
908467
2481
欣賞身邊一切，並看着身邊擦過
15:26
from all over the world.
315
910948
1454
來自世界各地的人。
15:28
But what I always have to do is stop at one of the corners
316
912402
3638
但我經常都要做的事，就是在其中一個轉角處停步，
15:31
and get a hot dog from the immigrant pushcart peddler.
317
916040
3386
並從那個移民的手推車檔口中買一個熱狗。
15:35
Gotta have a dirty water dog. (Laughter)
318
919426
3151
忍不住口要吃個熱狗。(眾笑)
15:38
And no matter where I am or what I'm doing,
319
922577
2980
而無論我身處何方或在做甚麼，
15:41
I've got to do that.
320
925557
1275
我都要這樣做。
15:42
I even did it when I was Secretary of State.
321
926832
2665
甚至在就任國務卿期間，我都這樣做。
15:45
I'd come out of my suite at the Waldorf Astoria
322
929497
2901
我會從華爾道夫酒店的酒店套房走出來
15:48
— (Laughter) —
323
932398
3080
— (眾笑) —
15:51
be walking up the street, and I would hit around 55th Street
324
935478
3311
在街中步行，然後在第 55 街交界轉角，
15:54
looking for the immigrant pushcart peddler.
325
938789
2311
找尋移民手推車檔口。
15:57
In those days, I had five bodyguards around me
326
941100
2199
那些年，我身邊有五個保鏢，
15:59
and three New York City police cars would roll alongside
327
943299
2894
加上三輛紐約市的警車會沿途護航，
16:02
to make sure nobody whacked me while I was going up Park Avenue. (Laughter)
328
946193
4820
確保當我走上公園大道時沒有人會重擊我。(眾笑)
16:06
And I would order the hot dog from the guy,
329
951013
1668
而我就會向那個小販買個熱狗，
16:08
and he'd start to fix it, and then he'd look around
330
952681
2446
他就會開始弄，然後他環顧四周，
16:11
at the bodyguards and the police cars --
331
955127
1677
見到那些保鏢和警車 --
16:12
"I've got a green card! I've got a green card!" (Laughter)
332
956804
2082
接着說：「我有綠卡的！我有綠卡的！」(眾笑)
16:14
"It's okay, it's okay."
333
958886
4336
「沒事的，沒事的。」
16:19
But now I'm alone. I'm alone.
334
963222
2448
但現在我獨自一個。我一個人。
16:21
I've got no bodyguards, I've got no police cars. I've got nothing.
335
965670
2791
我再沒有保鏢。我再沒有警車。我甚麼也沒有。
16:24
But I gotta have my hot dog.
336
968461
2662
但我都要吃我的熱狗。
16:27
I did it just last week. It was on a Tuesday evening
337
971123
3764
我上星期才買過。那是個星期二的黃昏，
16:30
down by Columbus Circle.
338
974887
2300
就在哥倫布圓環附近。
16:33
And the scene repeats itself so often.
339
977187
2855
這種場景重複了不計其數。
16:35
I'll go up and ask for my hot dog,
340
980042
3354
我上前買個熱狗，
16:39
and the guy will fix it, and as he's finishing,
341
983396
2362
那個小販就會弄，而當他差不多弄好時，
16:41
he'll say, "I know you. I see you on television.
342
985758
2702
他就會說：「我認得你。你上過電視。
16:44
You're, well, you're General Powell."
343
988460
1894
你是…欸…你是包威爾上將。」
16:46
"Yes, yes.""Oh ... "
344
990354
2690
「是，是。」「噢…」
16:48
I hand him the money.
345
993044
1151
我給他錢。
16:50
"No, General. You can't pay me. I've been paid.
346
994195
4925
「不，上將。你不能給我。我受過很多人情了。
16:55
America has paid me. I never forget where I came from.
347
999120
3763
美國已給了我許多。我永遠無法忘記我來自的地方。
16:58
But now I'm an American. Sir, thank you."
348
1002883
3190
但現在我是個美國人。長官，多謝你。」
17:01
I accept the generosity, continue up the street,
349
1006073
2268
我接受了那個盛意之請，繼續走在街頭，
17:04
and it washes over me, my God,
350
1008341
2229
腦海只浮現出一片景象，老天，
17:06
it's the same country that greeted my parents this way 90 years ago.
351
1010570
4018
這就是相同的國家，九十年前以這種方式迎接我父母。
17:10
So we are still that magnificent country,
352
1014588
2187
所以，我們仍然是那個雄偉的國家，
17:12
but we are fueled by young people coming up
353
1016775
2775
但我們得到來自世界各地不同鄉土的年青人
17:15
from every land in the world,
354
1019550
3004
來到這裏，推動我們，
17:18
and it is our obligation as contributing citizens
355
1022554
3527
而我們作為貢獻社會的公民，
17:21
to this wonderful country of ours
356
1026081
1786
為了我們這個美妙的國家，
17:23
to make sure that no child gets left behind.
357
1027867
3147
是我們的責任，去確保每一個小孩都不會被遺忘。
17:26
Thank you very much.
358
1031014
2078
多謝各位。
17:28
(Applause)
359
1033092
12107
(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Colin Powell - Former U.S. Secretary of StateGeneral Colin Powell was the first African-American to serve as U.S. Secretary of State.
Why you should listen
Four-star General Colin Powell was the first African-American U.S. Secretary of State, serving under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005. Prior to his service Powell was also the first African-American to serve as Chairman to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, an office he held from 1989 to 1993. But how did young Powell, a C student from the Bronx and a child of Jamaican immigrants, reach the highest military position in the Department of Defense?
While Powell was attending university at City College of New York, he found his calling in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC). He graduated to become an Army second lieutenant and later went on to serve two tours in the Vietnam War. In 1989 under President George H. W. Bush, Powell was made a full general, before being named 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Powell is the Founding Chairman of America's Promise Alliance, an organization which supports children through volunteer networks.
Colin Powell | Speaker | TED.com