TED2005
Kevin Kelly: How technology evolves
Kevin Kelly 談科技如何演化
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科技狂熱者 Kevin Kelly 問：「科技要的是什麼？」，並發現它趨向普遍及複雜，就像生命的演化一樣。
Kevin Kelly - Digital visionary
There may be no one better to contemplate the meaning of cultural change than Kevin Kelly, whose life story reads like a treatise on the value and impacts of technology. Full bio
There may be no one better to contemplate the meaning of cultural change than Kevin Kelly, whose life story reads like a treatise on the value and impacts of technology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
I don't know about you, but I haven't quite figured out
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我不知你怎麼想，但我想不出
00:29
exactly what technology means in my life.
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科技對我的生命真正的意義為何。
00:32
I've spent the past year thinking about what it really should be about.
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我花了過去一年在想，那到底該怎樣。
00:39
Should I be pro-technology? Should I embrace it full arms?
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我要親科技嗎？我要全心擁抱它嗎？
00:42
Should I be wary? Like you, I'm very tempted by the latest thing.
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我要擔心嗎？和你們一樣，我嚮往新事物。
00:47
But at the other hand, a couple of years ago
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但另方面，幾年前
00:49
I gave up all of my possessions,
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我放棄我所有的物品，
00:52
sold all my technology -- except for a bicycle --
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賣掉我的科技用品，只留一輛腳踏車，
00:54
and rode across 3,000 miles on the U.S. back roads under the power of my one body,
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騎了三千哩的美國小路，用自身的力量，
01:00
fuelled mostly by Twinkies and junk food.
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大部分只吃海棉蛋糕和垃圾食物。
01:03
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:04
And I've since then tried to keep technology
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自此，我試著和科技保持距離，
01:06
at arm's length in many ways, so it doesn't master my life.
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不受它支配我的生活。
01:10
At the same time, I run a website on cool tools,
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同時，我卻管理一個酷品網站，
01:14
where I issue a daily obsession of the latest things in technology.
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每天暢談最新的科技物品。
01:18
So I'm still perplexed about what the true meaning of technology is
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因此，我仍感到困惑，科技的真義是什麼 －
01:24
as it relates to humanity, as it relates to nature,
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它與人的關係，與自然的關係，
01:28
as it relates to the spiritual.
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與心靈的關係。
01:31
And I'm not even sure we know what technology is.
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我甚至不確定，我們真的認識科技嗎？
01:35
And one definition of technology is that which is first recorded.
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有一個最早對科技的定義。
01:41
This is the first example of the modern use of technology that I can find.
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這是我找到的「科技」一詞現代用法的首例。
01:46
It was the suggested syllabus for dealing with
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它出現在一個教學大綱中，是關於
01:50
the Applied Arts and Science at Cambridge University in 1829.
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「應用藝術與科學」，在劍橋大學，1829年。
01:56
Before that, obviously, technology didn't exist. But obviously it did.
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那之前，顯然「科技」一詞並不存在。但顯然科技是存在的。
02:01
I like one of the definitions that Alan Kay has for technology.
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我喜歡 Alan Kay 對科技的一個定義。
02:05
He says technology is anything that was invented after you were born.
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他說：科技是你出生後才發明的任何東西。
02:09
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:10
So it sums up a lot of what we're talking about.
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但它總結了許多我們討論的事。
02:14
Danny Hillis actually has an update on that --
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Danny Hillis 事實上有個更新版本 －
02:16
he says technology is anything that doesn't quite work yet.
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他說：科技是還不怎麼能用的任何東西。
02:20
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:21
Which also, I think, gets into a little bit of our current idea.
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我認為，這也和我們現在的想法有關。
02:26
But I was interested in another definition of technology.
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但我卻對科技的另一個定義感興趣。
02:29
Something, again, that went back to something more fundamental.
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它再次回到更基本的某些事物。
02:33
Something that was deeper. And as I struggled to understand that,
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更深奧的事。當我盡力去理解它時，
02:39
I came up with a way of framing the question
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我得到一個方法去看待問題
02:42
that seemed to work for me in my investigations.
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使它看來符合我的探索需求。
02:44
And I'm, this morning, going to talk about this for the first time.
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今天上午我就首次來談它。
02:47
So this is a very rough attempt to think out loud.
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因此這是一種出聲想的粗略嘗試。
02:52
The question that I came up with was this question:
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我得到的問題就是這個問題，
02:56
what does technology want? And by that, I don't mean,
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科技要的是什麼？這裡的意思不是指
02:59
does it want chocolate or vanilla? By what it wants, I mean,
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它要巧克力或香草。我指的是：
03:04
what are its inherent trends and biases?
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它的固有趨勢與偏向如何？
03:06
What are its tendencies over time? One way to think about this is
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長此以往，它的趨勢如何？這樣來思考它：
03:11
thinking about biological organisms, which we've heard a lot about.
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想想生物組織體，我們聽到很多了。
03:15
And the trick that Richard Dawkins does, which is to say,
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理查德·道金斯的技巧是：
03:18
to look at them as simply as genes, as vehicles for genes.
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將它們看成只是基因，是基因載體。
03:22
So he's saying, what do genes want? The selfish gene.
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因此他說，基因要什麼？自私的基因。
03:25
And I'm applying a similar trick to say,
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我用相似的技巧說：
03:28
what if we looked at the universe in our culture
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如果我們透過科技眼光
03:31
through the eyes of technology? What does technology want?
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觀看我們文化中的宇宙，科技要的是什麼？
03:36
Obviously, this in an incomplete question,
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顯然，這是個不完整的問題，
03:38
just as looking at an organism as only a gene
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就像把生物體看成只是基因
03:40
is an incomplete way of looking at it.
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也是不完整的看法。
03:42
But it's still very, very productive. So I'm attempting to say,
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但這仍然很有建設性。因此我試著說，
03:46
if we take technology's view of the world, what does it want?
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如果我們採取科技的世界觀，它要的是什麼？
03:50
And I think once we ask that question
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我認為，一旦我們問這個問題
03:53
we have to go back, actually, to life. Because obviously,
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我們必須實際上回到生命。因為很明顯，
03:58
if we keep extending the origins of technology far back,
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如果我們遠遠推回科技的起源，
04:01
I think we come back to life at some point.
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我認為在某一點我們回到生命。
04:03
So that's where I want to begin my little exploration, is in life.
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因此，我要開始我的小小探索，是在生命。
04:06
And like you heard from the previous speakers,
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就如你聽到前幾個演講者，
04:09
we don't really know what life there is on Earth right now.
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我們不真正知道地球上現有的生命。
04:12
We have really no idea.
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我們真的毫無概念。
04:14
Craig Venter's tremendous and brilliant attempt
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克萊格·凡特的雄大抱負
04:18
to DNA sequence things in the ocean is great.
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要為海洋生物 DNA 定序是偉大的。
04:21
Brian Farrell's work is all part of this agenda to try
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Brian Farrell 的工作是其中一部分，
04:24
and actually discover all the species on Earth.
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試著實際發現地球上所有的物種。
04:26
And one of the things that we should do is just make a grid of the globe
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我們該做的一件事就是為地球畫格子
04:29
and randomly go and inspect all the places that the grid intersects,
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並隨機檢視格子的交叉點，
04:34
just to see what's on life. And if we did that
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看看那裡有什麼生命。如果我們使用
04:36
with our little Martian probe, which we have not done on Earth,
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火星探測儀，將它用在地球上，
04:39
we would begin to see some incredible species.
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我們將會看到難以置信的物種。
04:43
This is not on another planet. These are things
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這不是在另個星球。這些都是
04:45
that are hidden away on our planet.
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躱在我們星球的東西。
04:47
This is an ant that stores its colleagues' honey in its abdomen.
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這是一隻螞蟻，它將同伴的蜜放在肚子裡。
04:52
Each one of these organisms that we've described -- that you've seen
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這些生物體的每一個 － 你從詹姆斯等人
04:55
from Jamie and others, these magnificent things --
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看過的，這些偉大事物 －
04:58
what they're doing, each one of them,
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它們每一個在做的
05:00
is they're hacking the rules of life.
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都是在｢修整｣生命規則。
05:03
I can't think of a single general principle of biology
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我想不出單一的生物學通則
05:08
that does not have an exception somewhere by some organism.
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到處對任何生物體都沒有例外的。
05:12
Every single thing that we can think of --
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我們想得到的任何一件事 －
05:14
and if you heard Olivia's talk about the sexual habits,
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如果你聽過 Oliver 談性習慣，
05:17
you'll realize that there isn't anything we can say that's true for all life,
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你將知道，沒有任何一件事適用所有生命。
05:20
because every single one of them is hacking something about it.
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因為每一個都在修整它的某部分。
05:24
This is a solar-powered sea slug. It's a nudibranch
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這是太陽能海蛞蝓。它屬裸鰓亞目
05:28
that has incorporated chloroplast inside it to drive its energy.
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它結合葉綠體在體內當它的能源。
05:34
This is another version of that. This is a sea dragon,
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這是另外一種。這是海龍。
05:37
and the one on the bottom, the blue one, is a juvenile that has not yet
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那隻在底部，藍色的，是幼蟲，
05:43
swallowed the acid, has not yet taken in
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尚未吞進酸，也尚未食用
05:45
the brown-green algae pond scum into its body to give it energy.
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棕綠色的海藻浮渣到體內提供能源。
05:52
These are hacks, and if we looked at the general shape
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這些都是修整，如果我們看修整生命取向
05:57
of the approaches to hacking life there are, current consensus,
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的一般形式，依目前的共識，
06:01
six kingdoms. Six different broad approaches: the plants,
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共有六個界。六個廣泛的取向：
06:05
the animals, the fungi, the protests -- the little things -- the bacteria
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植物、動物、真菌、原生生物、
06:08
and the Archaea bacteria. The Archaeas.
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細菌、古菌。
06:11
Those are the general approaches to life. That's one way to look at life on Earth today.
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這是生命的一般取向，是看今日地球生命的一種方式。
06:17
But a more interesting way,
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但另一個較有趣的方式，
06:19
the current way to take the long view,
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拉長來看現在的方式，
06:22
is to look at it in an evolutionary perspective.
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是以演化的觀點來看它。
06:25
And here we have a view of evolution where rather than having evolution
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這裡我們有個演化觀，它不是線性時間的演化，
06:31
go over the linear time, we have it coming out from the center.
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我們將它從中心往外擴延。
06:34
So in the center is the most primitive, and this is a genealogical chart
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在中心是最原始的，這是地球所有生命的系譜。
06:38
of all life on earth. This is all the same six kingdoms.
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所有相同的六個界都看得到。
06:42
You see 4,000 representative species, and you can see where we are.
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四千個代表性物種，你看到我們在何處。
06:46
But what I like about this is it shows that
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我喜歡這個，因為它顯示
06:47
every living organism on Earth today is equally evolved.
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地球上每種生物體都是同等演化的。
06:53
Those fungi and bacteria are as highly evolved as humans.
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那些真菌和細菌和人類都是高度演化的。
06:57
They've been around just as long and gone through
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它們同樣久存，
06:59
just the same kind of trial and error to get here.
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並經歷相同的試煉而到達這裡。
07:03
But we see that each one of these is actually hacking,
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但我們看到，這些每個都實際上在修整，
07:08
and has a different way of finding out how to do life.
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且各有不同方式去求取生存。
07:10
And if we take the long-term trends of life, if we begin to say,
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如果我們看生命的長期趨勢，如果我們開始說，
07:14
what does evolution want? There's several things that we see.
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演化要的是什麼？我們看到若干事。
07:17
One of the things about evolution is that nowhere on Earth
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演化的一件事就是，
07:23
have we ever been where we don't find life.
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地球上無處找不到生命。
07:27
We find life at the bottom of every long-term,
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我們發現生命在每個長期、
07:31
long-distance drilling core into the center of rock
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長距離鑽探地心岩石
07:34
that we bring up -- and there's bacteria in the pores of that rock.
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所取出的核心 － 岩石孔隙中就有細菌。
07:38
And wherever life is, it never retreats. It's ubiquitous and it wants to be more.
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生命所在之處，它從不撤退。它無所不在，不斷增多。
07:42
More and more of the inert matter of the globe
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地球上越來越多的無生命物質
07:45
is being touched and animated by life.
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受到生命的刺激及活化。
07:48
The second thing is is we see diversity. We also see specialization.
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另一件我們看到的是多樣性。我們也看到特殊化。
07:52
We see the movement from a general-purpose cell
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我們看到的是由一般目的的細胞
07:55
to the more specific and specialized.
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移動到更特定、特殊化的。
07:59
And we see a drift towards complexity that's very intuitive.
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我們看到移向複雜，直覺可察。
08:03
And actually, we have current data that does show
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實際上，我們現有數據顯示
08:05
that there is an actual drift towards complexity over time.
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實際上長期來是在移向複雜。
08:09
And the last thing, I bring back this nudibranch.
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最後我再提一下裸鰓亞目。
08:11
One of the things we see about life is that it moves
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我們看到生命的一件事，即它由內部
08:14
from the inner to increasing sociability. And by that it means
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移向漸增的社會性。也就是
08:18
that there is more and more of life whose entire environment is other life.
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有越來越多的生命，其整體環境是其他生命。
08:22
Like those chloroplast cells --
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就像那些葉綠體細胞 －
08:24
they're completely surrounded by other life.
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它們全被其他生命所包圍。
08:25
They never touch the inner matter. There is more and more co-evolution.
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它們從不觸及內部物質。有更多的共同演化。
08:31
And so the general, long-term trends of evolution
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因此，演化的一般長期趨勢
08:34
are roughly these five: ubiquity, diversity, specialization,
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大約有五個：普遍、多樣、特殊、
08:38
complexity and socialization. Now, I took that and said,
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複雜、及社群。我採取此一觀點，
08:43
OK, what are the long-term trends in technology?
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那麼，科技的長期趨勢如何？
08:48
And again, my question is, what does technology want?
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再次我問：科技要的是什麼？
08:52
And so, remarkably, I discovered
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因此，顯然，我發現了
08:55
that there's also a drift toward specialization.
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它也是移向特殊化。
08:58
That we see there's a general hammer,
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這裡我們看到普通的鎚子，
09:01
and hammers become more and more specific over time.
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鎚子隨著時間越來越特殊化。
09:04
There's obviously diversity. Huge numbers of things.
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顯然有多樣性。許許多多的物品。
09:09
This is all the contents of a Japanese home.
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這是日本家庭的所有東西。
09:11
I actually had my daughter -- gave her a tally counter,
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我要我女兒 － 送她一個計數器，
09:14
and I gave her an assignment last summer to go around
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去年夏天我要她四處看看
09:16
and count the number of species of technology in our household.
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算算我們家中有多少科技物種。
09:20
And it came up with 6,000 different species of products.
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結果有六千個產品種類。
09:23
I did some research and found out that the King of England, Henry VIII,
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我做過研究，發現英格蘭王享利八世
09:26
had only about 7,000 items in his household.
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只有大約七千件物品在他家中。
09:29
And he was the King of England,
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而他是英格蘭王，
09:30
and that was the entire wealth of England at the time.
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那是當時英格蘭的全部財富了。
09:32
So we're seeing huge numbers of diversity in the kinds of things.
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因此我們看到大量的物品多樣性。
09:37
This is a scene from Star Wars where the 3PO comes out
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這是星際戰爭的一景，3PO 出現了
09:41
and he sees machines making machines. How depraved!
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他看到了機器在製作機器。真敗壞呀！
09:44
Well, this is actually what we're headed towards: world machines.
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嗯，這正是我們的走向：世界機器
09:48
And the technology is only being thrown out by other technologies.
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科技只是由其他科技發展出來。
09:51
Most machines will only ever be in contact with other technology
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大部分機器將只和其他科技打交道
09:54
and not non-technology, or even life.
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而不管非科技，甚至生命。
09:57
And thirdly, the idea that machines are becoming biological and complex
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第三，機器生物化、複雜化的想法
10:00
is at this point a cliche. And I'm happy to say,
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已是陳腔濫調。而我很高興地說，
10:04
I was partly responsible for that cliche
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我要為那個陳腔濫調負部分責任：
10:06
that machines are becoming biological, but that's pretty evident.
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機器生物化了，那很明顯。
10:09
So the major trends in technology evolution actually
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因此科技演化的主要趨勢，實際上
10:15
are the same as in biological evolution. The same drives that we see
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就像生物演化。我們看到相同的趨勢
10:20
towards ubiquity, towards diversity, towards socialization,
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走向普遍、多樣、社群、
10:23
towards complexity. That is maybe not a big surprise
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複雜。這或許不是大驚奇
10:27
because if we map out, say, the evolution of armor,
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因為如果我們圖示，舉例說：盔甲的演化，
10:32
you can actually follow a sort of an evolutionary-type cladistic tree.
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你可以實際上跟隨一種演化式的血緣族譜。
10:36
I suggest that, in fact, technology is the seventh kingdom of life.
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我認為，事實上科技是生命的第七界。
10:41
That its operations and how it works is so similar
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它的運作及功能都如此相似
10:45
that we can think of it as the seventh kingdom.
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我們可以將它當成第七界。
10:49
And so it would be sort of approximately up there,
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因此它大略就在上方，
10:52
coming out of the animal kingdom. And if we were to do that,
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出自於動物界。如果這麼做，
10:58
we would find out -- we could actually approach technology in this way.
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我們將發現 － 我們實質上可以這樣面對科技。
11:01
This is Niles Eldredge. He was the co-developer with Stephen Jay Gould
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這是尼爾斯·艾崔奇，他和史蒂芬·古爾德一起發展
11:06
of the theory of punctuated equilibrium.
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間斷平衡理論。
11:08
But as a sideline, he happens to collect cornets.
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附帶地，他也收藏小銅喇叭。
11:11
He has one of the world's largest collections -- about 500 of them.
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他有著世界上最大的收藏 － 大約有 500 只。
11:15
And he has decided to treat them as if they were trilobites, or snails,
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他決定把它們當成旋螺或蝸牛，
11:18
and to do a morphological analysis,
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進行形態分析，
11:20
and try to derive their genealogical history over time.
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試著導出它們在時間上的系譜史。
11:24
This is his chart, which is not quite published yet.
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這是他得到的圖表，還沒完全公開。
11:26
But the most interesting aspect about this
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但這最有趣的面向是
11:29
is that if you look at those red lines at the bottom,
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如果你看那些底下的紅線，
11:32
those indicate basically a parentage of a type of cornet
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它基本上表示某種小銅喇叭的上一代
11:39
that was no longer made. That does not happen in biology.
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現在已沒人製造了。生物學上不是這樣。
11:43
When something is extinct, you can't have it as your parent.
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當某物滅絕後，你無法以它為上一代。
11:46
But that does happen in technology. And it turns out
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但在科技它會發生。結果呢
11:49
that that's so distinctive that you can actually look at this tree,
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它非常獨特，你可以看這個系譜，
11:53
and you can actually use it to determine
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可以用它來確定
11:56
that this is a technological system versus a biological system.
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這是科技系統而非生物系統。
12:00
In fact, this idea of resurrecting the whole idea is so important
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事實上，觀念復活的想法是非常重要的，
12:04
that I began to think about what happens with old technology.
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因而，我開始思考舊的科技怎麼了。
12:08
And it turns out that, in fact, technologies don't die.
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結果呢，事實上科技不會死。
12:13
So I suggested this to an historian of science, and he said,
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我向一位科學史學家提起，他說：
12:15
"Well, what about, you know, come on, what about steam cars?
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｢嗯，那麼蒸汽車還在嗎？
12:20
They're not around anymore." Well actually, they are.
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它們已消失了。｣而事實上，它們還在。
12:24
In fact, they're so around that you can buy new parts for a Stanley steam automobile.
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它們不但在，你還能買到 Stanley 蒸汽車的新零件。
12:31
And this is a website of a guy who's selling brand new parts
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這個網站有賣全新的零件
12:34
for the Stanley automobile. And the thing that I liked
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供應 Stanley 汽車之用。我很欣賞
12:38
is sort of this one-click, add-to-your-cart button --
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它也有點擊選貨進購物車的按鍵 －
12:41
(Laughter) --
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(笑聲)
12:42
for buying steam valves. I mean, it was just -- it was really there.
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可以買蒸汽閥。我是說，真的有人在賣。
12:47
And so, I began to think about, well, maybe that's just a random sample.
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因此，我開始想，也許這只是個特例。
12:52
Maybe I should do this sort of in a more conservative way.
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也許我該用比較保守的方式去查看。
12:55
So I took the great big 1895 Montgomery Ward's catalog
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我拿大部頭的 1895年 Montgomery Ward 型錄
13:00
and I randomly went through it. And I took a page -- not quite a random page --
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隨機翻翻，我選了一頁 － 不怎麼隨機 －
13:03
I took a page that was actually more difficult than others
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我選的這樣實際上是比較難的
13:06
because lots of the pages are filled with things
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因為許多頁面中的東西
13:08
that are still being made. But I took this page
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都還有在製造。但我選了這一頁
13:11
and I said, how many of these things are still being made?
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我說：這些東西有多少還在製造？
13:15
And not antiques. I want to know how many of these things are still in production.
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而不是古董。我要知道這些東西有多少還在製造。
13:20
And the answer is: all of them.
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答案是：全部。
13:23
All of them are still being produced. So you've got corn shellers.
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它們都還在製造。因此你能買到玉米脫殼機。
13:30
I don't know who needs a corn sheller.
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我不知道誰需要玉米脫殼機。
13:32
Be it corn shellers -- you've got ploughs; you've got fan mills;
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就是玉米脫殼機 － 你還可買到犁、風車磨，
13:36
all these things -- and these are not, again, antiques. These are --
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所有這些東西都不是古董。這些是 －
13:39
you can order these. You can go to the web and you can buy them now,
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你可以訂購。你可以上網，現在就去買，
13:42
brand-new made. So in a certain sense, technologies don't die.
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全新製造的。因此，某種觀點而言，科技不死。
13:47
In fact, you can buy, for 50 bucks, a stone-age knife
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事實上，你能花 50 美元買到石器時代的刀
13:54
made exactly the same way that they were made 10,000 years ago.
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以一萬年前完全一樣的方式做成的。
13:58
It's short, bone handle, 50 bucks. And in fact,
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它有短的骨柄，50 美元。而事實上，
14:02
what's important is that this information actually never died out.
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重要的是這項資訊從未消逝。
14:05
It's not just that it was resurrected. It's continued all along.
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它不只是復活。它一直存在著。
14:07
And in Papua New Guinea, they were making stone axes
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而在巴布亞新幾亞，他們做石斧
14:10
until two decades ago, just as a course of practical matters.
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直到二十年前，它還是件實用的事。
14:17
Even when we try to get rid of a technology, it's actually very hard.
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甚至當我們試圖放棄一項科技，那實在很難。
14:21
So we've all heard about the Amish giving up cars.
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我們都聽過阿米希人放棄車子。
14:25
We've heard about the Japanese giving up guns.
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我們也聽過日本人放棄槍砲。
14:27
We've heard about this and that. But I actually went back and
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我們聽過這個、那個。但我回頭去找
14:29
took what I could find, the examples in history
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找到歷史實例
14:32
where there have been prohibitions against technology,
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曾經禁制過科技的實例，
14:35
and then I tried to find out when they came back in,
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我試著找出何時它們又回頭了，
14:38
because they always came back in. And it turns out that the time,
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因為它們總是回頭。結果是：時間
14:41
the duration of when they were outlawed and prohibited,
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受禁止和限制的時期
14:43
is decreasing over time. And that basically, you can delay technology,
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隨著時間而減少。那基本上只是延遲了科技，
14:48
but you can't kill it. So this makes sense, because in a certain sense
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而無法棄絕它。這是有意義的。就某種意義而言，
14:51
what culture is, is the accumulation of ideas.
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所謂文化就是觀念的累積。
14:56
That's what it's for. It's so that ideas don't die out.
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其目的是要使觀念生生不息。
14:59
And when we take that, we take this idea of what culture is doing
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當我們採取，我們採取這個文化作用的觀念
15:05
and add it to what the long-term trajectory -- again, in life's evolution --
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並將它加到生命演化的長程軌道中
15:11
we find that each case -- each of the major transitions in life --
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我們發現每次 － 生命的每次主要轉換 －
15:14
what they're really about is accelerating and changing
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它們真正是在加速與改變
15:17
the way in which evolution happens.
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演化發生的方式。
15:20
They're actually changing the way in which ideas are generated.
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它們實際上改變著觀念產生的方式。
15:23
So all these steps in evolution are increasing, basically,
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因此，演化的這些步驟基本上都是在
15:27
the evolution of evolvability.
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增加演化的可演化性。
15:29
So what's happening over time in life is
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因此，生命在時間軸上發生的是
15:31
that the ways in which you generate these new ideas, these new hacks,
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產生新觀念、新俢整的方式
15:34
are increasing. And the real tricks are ways
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一直在增加。真正的技巧是
15:38
in which you kind of explore the way of exploring.
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你去探索｢探索方式｣的方式。
15:41
And then what we see in the singularity,
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而我們在這獨特性中看到的
15:43
that prophesized by Kurzweil and others --
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由庫茨魏爾和其他人所預言的 －
15:46
his idea that technology is accelerating evolution.
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他認為的科技正在加速演化。
15:50
It's accelerating the way in which we search for ideas.
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它正在加速我們尋找觀念的方式。
15:53
So if you have life hacking --
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因此，如果你有生命修整 －
15:56
life means hacking, the game of survival --
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生命就是修整，生存的競賽 －
15:58
then evolution is a way to extend the game by changing the rules of the game.
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那麼，演化就是改變競賽規則來延長賽局的方式。
16:02
And what technology is really about is better ways to evolve.
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而科技真正涉及的，是較好的演化方式。
16:06
That is what we call an "infinite game."
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那就是我們所說的無限賽局，
16:09
That's the definition of "infinite game." A finite game is play to win,
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是無限賽局的定義。有限賽局是要贏，
16:12
and an infinite game is played to keep playing.
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無限賽局是要賽個不停。
16:15
And I believe that technology is actually a cosmic force.
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我相信科技實際上是一種宇宙力。
16:20
The origins of technology was not in 1829,
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科技的起源不是在 1829 年，
16:23
but was actually at the beginning of the Big Bang,
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實際上是在｢大爆炸｣的開始，
16:26
and at that moment the entire huge billions of stars in the universe
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在宇宙中巨量億萬星球被壓縮的時刻。
16:30
were compressed. The entire universe was compressed into a little quantum dot,
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整個宇宙被壓縮為一個小量子點，
16:34
and it was so tight in there, there was no room for any difference at all.
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它是那麼緊，緊得不可能有任何差別。
16:37
That's the definition. There was no temperature.
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這就是定義。沒有溫度。
16:39
There was no difference whatsoever. And at the Big Bang,
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沒有任何差別。而在｢大爆炸｣，
16:42
what it expanded was the potential for difference.
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擴散開的是差別的潛能。
16:45
So as it expands and as things expand what we have
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因此，當它擴散，當事物擴散開來，
16:48
is the potential for differences, diversity, options, choices,
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我們即可能有差別、多樣、替換、選擇、
16:53
opportunities, possibilities and freedoms.
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機會、可能、和自由。
16:55
Those are all basically the same thing.
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這些基本上是相同的事。
16:57
And those are the things that technology brings us.
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那些就是科技帶給我們的事。
17:01
That's what technology is bringing us: choices, possibilities, freedoms.
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科技帶給我們：選擇、可能、自由。
17:05
That's what it's about. It's this expansion of room to make differences.
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它就是關於這個，就是擴大造成差別。
17:09
And so a hammer, when we grab a hammer, that's what we're grabbing.
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因此，當我們握鐡鎚，我們握的是鐡鎚。
17:13
And that's why we continue to grab technology --
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因而我們繼續握住科技 －
17:16
because we want those things. Those things are good.
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因為我們要這些事物。這些事物是好的。
17:18
Differences, freedom, choices, possibilities.
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差別、自由、選擇、可能。
17:22
And each time we make a new opportunity place,
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每次我們製造一個新機會點，
17:24
we're allowing a platform to make new ones.
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我們即容許一個平台去製造更多新的。
17:28
And I think it's really important. Because if you can imagine
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我認為這真的很重要。因為如果你能想像
17:31
Mozart before the technology of the piano was invented --
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莫札特生在鋼琴科技發明之前，
17:34
what a loss to society there would be.
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那會是社會的多大損失。
17:36
Imagine Van Gogh being born
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想像梵谷生在
17:38
before the technologies of cheap oil paints.
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廉價油彩的科技之前。
17:41
Imagine Hitchcock before the technologies of film.
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想像希區考克在電影科技之前。
17:45
Somewhere, today, there are millions of young children being born
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今天某處有好幾百萬小孩出生
17:50
whose technology of self-expression has not yet been invented.
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他們自我表達的科技尚未發明。
17:55
We have a moral obligation to invent technology
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我們有發明科技的道德義務
17:58
so that every person on the globe has the potential
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使地球上每個人有潛能去
18:00
to realize their true difference.
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實現他們的真正差別。
18:03
We want a trillion zillion species of one individuals.
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我們要幾兆、幾京物種的單一個體。
18:06
That's what technology really wants.
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那就是科技真正要的。
18:09
I'm going to skip through some of the objections
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我要跳過一些反對意見
18:11
because I don't have answers to why there's deforestation.
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因為我不知道為何有森林濫伐。
18:15
I don't have an answer to the fact that there seem to be
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我也不知道事實上有著 － 看來是
18:18
bad technologies. I don't have an answer to
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壞的科技。我也不知道
18:20
how this impacts on our dignity, other than to suggest that
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這如何衝擊我們的尊嚴，我只是提議
18:24
maybe the seventh kingdom, because it's so close to what life is about,
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這個第七界，因為它非常接近生命形式，
18:30
maybe we can bring it back and have it help us monitor life.
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也許我們可以帶回它，要它幫我們監測生命。
18:33
Maybe in some ways
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或許以某些方式
18:35
the fact that what we're trying to do with technology is find a good home for it.
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事實上我們試著搞定科技，是替它找個家。
18:40
It's a terrible thing to spray DDT on cotton fields,
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噴灑 DDT 在棉花田是可怕的事，
18:43
but it's a really good thing to use
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但好的一面是用它來
18:45
to eliminate millions of cases of death due to malaria in a small village.
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消滅小村莊瘧疾導致的數百萬死亡案例。
18:49
Our humanity is actually defined by technology.
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人道實際上是由科技定義的。
18:52
All the things that we think that we really like about humanity
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所有我們認為我們喜歡的人道事項
18:55
is being driven by technology. This is the infinite game.
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都是由科技驅導的。這就是無限賽局。
19:00
That's what we're talking about.
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我們談的就是這個。
19:02
You see, technology is a way to evolve the evolution.
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看，科技是推展演化的方法。
19:06
It's a way to explore possibilities and opportunities and create more.
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它是個方法用來探索可能和機會，並創造更多。
19:12
And it's actually a way of playing the game, of playing all the games.
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它實際上是參與賽局、玩各種賽局的方法。
19:17
That's what technology wants.
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那就是科技要的。
19:19
And so when I think about what technology wants,
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因此，當我想到科技要的是什麼，
19:22
I think that it has to do with the fact that every person here -- and I really believe this --
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我認為，它涉及這裡的每個人，我深信：
19:27
every person here has an assignment. And your assignment is
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這裡的每個人都有一項任務。你的任務就是
19:32
to spend your life discovering what your assignment is.
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究其一生找出你的任務是什麼。
19:35
That recursive nature is the infinite game.
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那個遞回的本質就是無限賽局。
19:38
And if you play that well, you'll have other people involved,
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如果你玩得好，你將有他人參與，
19:41
so even that game extends and continues even when you're gone.
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賽局會延長並持續，即使你已離開。
19:45
That is the infinite game. And what technology is
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那就是無限賽局。科技就是
19:48
is the medium in which we play that infinite game.
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我們玩無限賽局的中介。
19:51
And so I think that we should embrace technology
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因此，我認為我們該接納科技
19:54
because it is an essential part of our journey
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因為它是我們找出自我的旅程中，
19:57
in finding out who we are.
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至為關鍵的部分。
19:59
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
20:01
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Kevin Kelly - Digital visionaryThere may be no one better to contemplate the meaning of cultural change than Kevin Kelly, whose life story reads like a treatise on the value and impacts of technology.
Why you should listen
Kelly has been publisher of the Whole Earth Review, executive editor at Wired magazine (which he co-founded, and where he now holds the title of Senior Maverick), founder of visionary nonprofits and writer on biology, business and “cool tools.” He’s renounced all material things save his bicycle (which he then rode 3,000 miles), founded an organization (the All-Species Foundation) to catalog all life on Earth, championed projects that look 10,000 years into the future (at the Long Now Foundation), and more. He’s admired for his acute perspectives on technology and its relevance to history, biology and society. His new book, The Inevitable, just published, explores 12 technological forces that will shape our future.
Kevin Kelly | Speaker | TED.com