TED2005
Howard Rheingold: The new power of collaboration
Howard Rheingold 談合作
Filmed:
Readability: 5.4
1,181,175 views
Howard Rheingold 暢談未來將是合作、參與性媒體與群體行動的世界，還有維基百科其實是人類合作天性的自然展現。
Howard Rheingold - Digital community builder
Writer, artist and designer, theorist and community builder, Howard Rheingold is one of the driving minds behind our net-enabled, open, collaborative life. Full bio
Writer, artist and designer, theorist and community builder, Howard Rheingold is one of the driving minds behind our net-enabled, open, collaborative life. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'm here to enlist you
0
1000
6000
今天我來這裡徵募各位，
00:19
in helping reshape the story about how humans and other critters get things done.
1
7000
8000
一同來協助改造人類與其他動物做事情的方式。
00:27
Here is the old story -- we've already heard a little bit about it:
2
15000
5000
先講舊的方式，這個我們已經聽到了一些。
00:32
biology is war in which only the fiercest survive;
3
20000
7000
生物學是一場戰爭，只有最兇猛者可以生存。
00:39
businesses and nations succeed only by defeating,
4
27000
8000
商業及國家要成功，
00:47
destroying and dominating competition;
5
35000
6000
唯有擊敗、消滅以及支配競爭對手。
00:53
politics is about your side winning at all costs.
6
41000
7000
政治就是不擇手段要讓我方獲勝。
01:00
But I think we can see the very beginnings of a new story beginning to emerge.
7
48000
8000
但是我想我們可以看見一個新的方式正開始興起。
01:08
It's a narrative spread across a number of different disciplines,
8
56000
7000
這個方式在許多不同領域出現，
01:15
in which cooperation, collective action and complex interdependencies
9
63000
8000
當中企業、群體行動和複雜的互存關係，
01:23
play a more important role.
10
71000
3000
扮演著更重要的角色。
01:26
And the central, but not all-important, role of competition and survival of the fittest
11
74000
9000
而競爭與適者生存，儘管扮演核心角色，卻不是至高無上，
01:35
shrinks just a little bit to make room.
12
83000
4000
它們的角色會縮小、讓位出來。
01:39
I started thinking about the relationship between communication, media
13
87000
7000
當我在寫《聰明行動族》這本書時，開始思考起溝通、媒體
01:46
and collective action when I wrote "Smart Mobs,"
14
94000
5000
及群體行動三者間的關係，
01:51
and I found that when I finished the book, I kept thinking about it.
15
99000
5000
結果書寫完了，我還是不停地想。
01:56
In fact, if you look back, human communication media
16
104000
6000
事實上，當你回顧過去，人類的溝通媒體
02:02
and the ways in which we organize socially have been co-evolving for quite a long time.
17
110000
7000
及我們社會組織的方式，長久以來其實都是共同演進的。
02:09
Humans have lived for much, much longer
18
117000
4000
人類的歷史非常悠久，
02:13
than the approximately 10,000 years of settled agricultural civilization
19
121000
7000
遠超過農業定居文明長約一萬年的歷史。
02:20
in small family groups. Nomadic hunters bring down rabbits, gathering food.
20
128000
8000
以小家庭為單位的游牧獵人，獵殺兔子，採集食物。
02:28
The form of wealth in those days was enough food to stay alive.
21
136000
5000
當時的財富就是有足夠的食物可以生存。
02:33
But at some point, they banded together to hunt bigger game.
22
141000
7000
但有一天這些家庭組織了起來，一起捕捉更大的獵物。
02:40
And we don't know exactly how they did this,
23
148000
3000
我們不確定他們當時是如何辦到的，
02:43
although they must have solved some collective action problems;
24
151000
5000
不過他們一定解決了某些群體行動的問題。
02:48
it only makes sense that you can't hunt mastodons
25
156000
4000
我們可以合理推斷，他們不可能一邊獵殺乳齒象，
02:52
while you're fighting with the other groups.
26
160000
3000
一邊跟其他團體鬥爭。
02:55
And again, we have no way of knowing,
27
163000
2000
另外，雖然我們也無從得知，
02:57
but it's clear that a new form of wealth must have emerged.
28
165000
5000
但顯然當時一定出現了新的財富模式。
03:02
More protein than a hunter's family could eat before it rotted.
29
170000
5000
蛋白質多到一個獵人家庭無法在肉爛掉之前吃完。
03:07
So that raised a social question
30
175000
2000
因此產生了一個社會問題，
03:09
that I believe must have driven new social forms.
31
177000
3000
而我相信這問題推動了新的社會模式。
03:12
Did the people who ate that mastodon meat owe something
32
180000
5000
那些吃乳齒象肉的人是不是要給
03:17
to the hunters and their families?
33
185000
2000
獵人家庭某些東西呢？
03:19
And if so, how did they make arrangements?
34
187000
4000
如果是的話，他們又是如何達成協議的呢？
03:23
Again, we can't know, but we can be pretty sure that some form of
35
191000
3000
我們也無法得知，但可以很確定的是，其中一定包含某種
03:26
symbolic communication must have been involved.
36
194000
5000
象徵性的溝通。
03:31
Of course, with agriculture came the first big civilizations,
37
199000
5000
當然，農業出現後，人類的第一波大型文明也出現了。
03:36
the first cities built of mud and brick, the first empires.
38
204000
5000
出現了第一批以泥土和磚塊建造的城市，第一批帝國。
03:41
And it was the administers of these empires
39
209000
4000
這些帝國的掌權人，
03:45
who began hiring people to keep track of the wheat and sheep and wine that was owed
40
213000
6000
開始雇人記錄別人欠下的麥子、羊、葡萄酒，
03:51
and the taxes that was owed on them
41
219000
2000
還有積欠的稅金，
03:53
by making marks; marks on clay in that time.
42
221000
4000
當時記錄的方式是在黏土上做記號。
03:57
Not too much longer after that, the alphabet was invented.
43
225000
5000
不久之後，羅馬字母就被發明了。
04:02
And this powerful tool was really reserved, for thousands of years,
44
230000
6000
有好幾千年的時間，這強大的工具都專屬於
04:08
for the elite administrators (Laughter) who kept track of accounts for the empires.
45
236000
10000
幫帝國記帳的精英管理者。
04:18
And then another communication technology enabled new media:
46
246000
5000
然後，另一個新的溝通科技創造了新的媒體。
04:23
the printing press came along, and within decades,
47
251000
5000
印刷機出現了，此後短短幾十年內，
04:28
millions of people became literate.
48
256000
2000
就讓數以百萬計的人懂得讀寫。
04:30
And from literate populations,
49
258000
4000
而識字的人群
04:34
new forms of collective action emerged in the spheres of knowledge,
50
262000
4000
在知識、宗教、政治的領域裡，
04:38
religion and politics.
51
266000
4000
孕育出新的群體行動模式。
04:42
We saw scientific revolutions, the Protestant Reformation,
52
270000
5000
我們看到科學革命、新教改革，
04:47
constitutional democracies possible where they had not been possible before.
53
275000
6000
以及憲政民主。過去不可能的也成為可能。
04:53
Not created by the printing press,
54
281000
2000
這不是由印刷機創造出來的，
04:55
but enabled by the collective action that emerges from literacy.
55
283000
5000
而是識字促成的集體行動所成就的。
05:00
And again, new forms of wealth emerged.
56
288000
4000
各種新的財富模式再次興起。
05:04
Now, commerce is ancient. Markets are as old as the crossroads.
57
292000
5000
商業由來已久，市場的歷史跟十字路口一樣悠久。
05:09
But capitalism, as we know it, is only a few hundred years old,
58
297000
4000
但我們所了解的資本主義只有短短幾百年的歷史，
05:13
enabled by cooperative arrangements and technologies,
59
301000
5000
在合作規劃和科技的催生下出現。
05:18
such as the joint-stock ownership company,
60
306000
3000
例如合股公司，
05:21
shared liability insurance, double-entry bookkeeping.
61
309000
5000
共有責任保險及複式會計。
05:26
Now of course, the enabling technologies are based on the Internet,
62
314000
5000
當然，現在帶動發展的科技都以網路為基礎。
05:31
and in the many-to-many era, every desktop is now a printing press,
63
319000
7000
在多對多的時代，現在每個桌上型電腦都是印刷機、
05:38
a broadcasting station, a community or a marketplace.
64
326000
6000
廣播電台、社群或是市場。
05:44
Evolution is speeding up.
65
332000
3000
革命正在加速進行。
05:47
More recently, that power is untethering and leaping off the desktops,
66
335000
6000
近來這個力量開始從桌上型電腦轉向行動裝置。
05:53
and very, very quickly, we're going to see a significant proportion, if not the majority of
67
341000
6000
很快地，我們將會看到很高比例的人，甚至是大多數人
05:59
the human race, walking around holding, carrying or wearing supercomputers
68
347000
8000
或拿或提或穿著超級電腦四處行動，
06:07
linked at speeds greater
69
355000
3000
連線的速度
06:10
than what we consider to be broadband today.
70
358000
4000
比我們今天所謂的寬頻還要快。
06:14
Now, when I started looking into collective action,
71
362000
3000
當我開始研究群體行動時，
06:17
the considerable literature on it is based on what sociologists call "social dilemmas."
72
365000
6000
大量相關文獻的基礎是社會學家所謂的社會困境。
06:23
And there are a couple of mythic narratives of social dilemmas.
73
371000
3000
關於社會困境有幾個虛構的情境。
06:26
I'm going to talk briefly about two of them:
74
374000
3000
我要談到其中兩個：
06:29
the prisoner's dilemma and the tragedy of the commons.
75
377000
3000
即囚犯的困境與共有財的悲哀。
06:32
Now, when I talked about this with Kevin Kelly,
76
380000
2000
我跟凱文凱利聊起這些事的時候，
06:34
he assured me that everybody in this audience pretty much knows the details
77
382000
4000
他跟我保證在座的每位大概都知道
06:38
of the prisoner's dilemma,
78
386000
2000
囚犯困境是怎麼回事。
06:40
so I'm just going to go over that very, very quickly.
79
388000
3000
我就很快地帶過，
06:43
If you have more questions about it, ask Kevin Kelly later. (Laughter)
80
391000
7000
如果你有更多的疑問，等一下去問凱文凱利。
06:50
The prisoner's dilemma is actually a story that's overlaid
81
398000
3000
囚犯困境其實是建構在
06:53
on a mathematical matrix that came out of the game theory
82
401000
4000
賽局理論中的一個數學矩陣。
06:57
in the early years of thinking about nuclear war:
83
405000
4000
用來探討早年核子戰爭
07:01
two players who couldn't trust each other.
84
409000
2000
兩個玩家無法信任彼此的情境。
07:03
Let me just say that every unsecured transaction
85
411000
3000
簡單來說，每個無擔保的交易，
07:06
is a good example of a prisoner's dilemma.
86
414000
3000
都是囚犯困境的好例子。
07:09
Person with the goods, person with the money,
87
417000
3000
一個人有貨物，一個人有錢，
07:12
because they can't trust each other, are not going to exchange.
88
420000
4000
因為彼此無法信任而無法進行交換。
07:16
Neither one wants to be the first one
89
424000
3000
沒有人想先交錢或交貨，
07:19
or they're going to get the sucker's payoff,
90
427000
2000
不然就成了冤大頭。
07:21
but both lose, of course, because they don't get what they want.
91
429000
4000
但這一來兩方都輸，因為他們都得不到想要的東西。
07:25
If they could only agree, if they could only turn a prisoner's dilemma into
92
433000
4000
唯有當他們同意，將囚犯困境變成
07:29
a different payoff matrix called an assurance game, they could proceed.
93
437000
6000
所謂信任賽局的報酬矩陣時才能進行下一歩。
07:35
Twenty years ago, Robert Axelrod used the prisoner's dilemma
94
443000
4000
二十年前，羅伯特阿克塞羅德利用囚犯困境
07:39
as a probe of the biological question:
95
447000
5000
來探討生物學的問題：
07:44
if we are here because our ancestors were such fierce competitors,
96
452000
5000
如果我們今天能夠存在，是因為我們的祖先都是強悍的競爭者，
07:49
how does cooperation exist at all?
97
457000
2000
那麼怎麼還會有合作？
07:51
He started a computer tournament for
98
459000
2000
阿克塞羅德開始了一個電腦競賽，
07:53
people to submit prisoner's dilemma strategies and discovered,
99
461000
5000
讓大家投稿囚犯困境的策略，
07:58
much to his surprise, that a very, very simple strategy won --
100
466000
4000
出乎他意料之外，一個非常非常簡單的策略竟然贏了。
08:02
it won the first tournament, and even after everyone knew it won,
101
470000
4000
那策略贏了第一場比賽，甚至在大家都知道策略之後，
08:06
it won the second tournament -- that's known as tit for tat.
102
474000
7000
還贏了第二場競賽。那個策略就是以牙還牙。
08:13
Another economic game that may not be as well known as the prisoner's dilemma
103
481000
6000
另一個經濟賽局可能不如囚犯困境廣為人知，
08:19
is the ultimatum game,
104
487000
2000
叫做最後通牒遊戲。
08:21
and it's also a very interesting probe of
105
489000
2000
它也是很有趣的探討工具，
08:23
our assumptions about the way people make economic transactions.
106
491000
6000
可以測試關於人類進行經濟交易的假設。
08:29
Here's how the game is played: there are two players;
107
497000
3000
遊戲是這麼玩的，有兩個玩家，
08:32
they've never played the game before,
108
500000
2000
雙方都從來沒玩過這遊戲，
08:34
they will not play the game again, they don't know each other,
109
502000
3000
以後也不會再玩。他們不知道彼此是誰，
08:37
and they are, in fact, in separate rooms.
110
505000
3000
而且兩人身在不同的房間裡。
08:40
First player is offered a hundred dollars
111
508000
2000
第一個玩家有一百塊美金，
08:42
and is asked to propose a split: 50/50, 90/10,
112
510000
6000
必須跟另一個玩家分，可以平分或90/10分，
08:48
whatever that player wants to propose. The second player either accepts the split --
113
516000
7000
他想怎麼提議都行。第二個玩家可以接受第一個玩家提議的分法，
08:55
both players are paid and the game is over --
114
523000
3000
雙方獲得金錢然後遊戲結束。
08:58
or rejects the split -- neither player is paid and the game is over.
115
526000
6000
也可以拒絕分錢的方式，雙方都拿不到錢，然後遊戲結束。
09:04
Now, the fundamental basis of neoclassical economics
116
532000
4000
新古典派經濟的基礎
09:08
would tell you it's irrational to reject a dollar
117
536000
4000
會告訴你，只因為另一個房間裡的陌生人會拿到99元，
09:12
because someone you don't know in another room is going to get 99.
118
540000
5000
就拒絕一元的提議是不理性的。
09:17
Yet in thousands of trials with American and European and Japanese students,
119
545000
6000
可是，在成千上萬美國、歐洲及日本學生的測試裡，
09:23
a significant percentage would reject any offer that's not close to 50/50.
120
551000
6000
有顯著比例的人不接受接近平分的提議。
09:29
And although they were screened and didn't know about the game
121
557000
5000
儘管玩家經過篩檢，以前從來沒聽過這個遊戲，
09:34
and had never played the game before,
122
562000
2000
也從沒玩過，
09:36
proposers seemed to innately know this
123
564000
3000
提議的人似乎天生就知道這個結果，
09:39
because the average proposal was surprisingly close to 50/50.
124
567000
6000
因為令人意外的是，提議的平均值都很接近50/50。
09:45
Now, the interesting part comes in more recently
125
573000
2000
而有趣的部分最近才出現，
09:47
when anthropologists began taking this game to other cultures
126
575000
4000
人類學家把這遊戲帶到其他文化去，
09:51
and discovered, to their surprise,
127
579000
3000
結果驚訝地發現，
09:54
that slash-and-burn agriculturalists in the Amazon
128
582000
4000
在亞馬遜過著刀耕火種生活的人，
09:58
or nomadic pastoralists in Central Asia or a dozen different cultures --
129
586000
5000
或是中亞的游牧畜民，或其他十幾種不同的文化裡，
10:03
each had radically different ideas of what is fair.
130
591000
5000
每個文化對公平都有極端不同的看法。
10:08
Which suggests that instead of there being an innate sense of fairness,
131
596000
6000
由此可見，與其說人類天生有個對公平的共同觀感，
10:14
that somehow the basis of our economic
132
602000
3000
我們的經濟交易基礎
10:17
transactions can be influenced by our social institutions,
133
605000
6000
是會被社會制度影響的，
10:23
whether we know that or not.
134
611000
2000
無論我們是否意識到這件事。
10:25
The other major narrative of social dilemmas is the tragedy of the commons.
135
613000
5000
另一個主要的社會困境就是，共有財的悲哀。
10:30
Garrett Hardin used it to talk about overpopulation in the late 1960s.
136
618000
6000
60年代末美國生物學家哈丁利用它來說明，人口過剩。
10:36
He used the example of a common grazing area in which each person
137
624000
6000
他舉某個共用的放牧區為例，
10:42
by simply maximizing their own flock
138
630000
3000
每個人只要個人的牛羊數目增加到最大值，
10:45
led to overgrazing and the depletion of the resource.
139
633000
3000
就將會導致過度放牧與資源耗竭。
10:48
He had the rather gloomy conclusion that
140
636000
2000
他的結論滿悲觀的，
10:50
humans will inevitably despoil any common pool resource
141
638000
5000
那就是人類無可避免地將掠奪任何共有的資源。
10:55
in which people cannot be restrained from using it.
142
643000
6000
因為人們無法克制不去使用它。
11:01
Now, Elinor Ostrom, a political scientist, in
143
649000
3000
政治科學家奧斯特姆
11:04
1990 asked the interesting question that any good scientist should ask,
144
652000
5000
在1990年問了一個有趣問題，是所有好科學家都該問的，
11:09
which is: is it really true that humans will always despoil commons?
145
657000
5000
人類是否真的總會破壞公共資源呢？
11:14
So she went out and looked at what data she could find.
146
662000
4000
於是她去審視她能找到的所有資料。
11:18
She looked at thousands of cases of humans sharing watersheds,
147
666000
4000
她查看了好幾千個個案，像是人們共用水域、
11:22
forestry resources, fisheries, and discovered that yes, in case after case,
148
670000
7000
森林及漁業資源，結果發現果然許多案例都顯示，
11:29
humans destroyed the commons that they depended on.
149
677000
4000
人類真破壞了賴以生存的共有資源。
11:33
But she also found many instances in which people escaped the prisoner's dilemma;
150
681000
7000
但是，她也發現在許多情況下，人們逃出了囚犯困境，
11:40
in fact, the tragedy of the commons is a multiplayer prisoner's dilemma.
151
688000
6000
事實上，共有財的悲哀就是一個多玩家的囚犯困境。
11:46
And she said that people are only prisoners if they consider themselves to be.
152
694000
5000
她說，如果人們覺得自己是囚犯，他們就會是囚犯。
11:51
They escape by creating institutions for collective action.
153
699000
4000
要逃離困境靠的是創造群體行動的機制。
11:55
And she discovered, I think most interestingly,
154
703000
4000
我覺得最有趣的是，她發現
11:59
that among those institutions that worked,
155
707000
3000
這些可行的機制
12:02
there were a number of common design
156
710000
2000
有幾個共通的設計原則。
12:04
principles, and those principles seem to be
157
712000
3000
而那些原則似乎
12:07
missing from those institutions that don't work.
158
715000
4000
是不可行機制所欠缺的。
12:11
I'm moving very quickly over a number of
159
719000
2000
我要很快地談談幾個領域：
12:13
disciplines. In biology, the notions of symbiosis,
160
721000
3000
領生物學中的共生、群體天擇，
12:16
group selection, evolutionary psychology are contested, to be sure.
161
724000
6000
以及演化心理學確實有爭議性。
12:22
But there is really no longer any major debate over the fact that
162
730000
5000
但是，合作機制在生物學上的角色已經從邊緣轉為核心，
12:27
cooperative arrangements have moved from a peripheral role to a central role
163
735000
6000
這一點則已經沒有重大爭議了，
12:33
in biology, from the level of the cell to the level of the ecology.
164
741000
6000
從細胞的層級到整個生態系，都是如此。
12:39
And again, our notions of individuals as economic beings
165
747000
5000
此外，我們將個人視為經濟個體的概念
12:44
have been overturned.
166
752000
2000
也已經被推翻了。
12:46
Rational self-interest is not always the dominating factor.
167
754000
5000
理性的利己考量不完全是決定因素。
12:51
In fact, people will act to punish cheaters, even at a cost to themselves.
168
759000
8000
實際上，人們會為了懲罰欺騙者而行動，甚至不惜犧牲自己的利益。
12:59
And most recently, neurophysiological measures
169
767000
2000
最近，神經生理學的實驗顯示，
13:01
have shown that people who punish cheaters in economic games
170
769000
6000
在經濟遊戲中懲罰欺騙者的人，
13:07
show activity in the reward centers of their brain.
171
775000
4000
腦部的酬償中樞處於活躍狀態。
13:11
Which led one scientist to declare that altruistic punishment
172
779000
7000
這項發現讓一位科學家宣稱，利他的懲罰
13:18
may be the glue that holds societies together.
173
786000
4000
也許就是維繫社會的力量。
13:22
Now, I've been talking about how new forms of communication and new media
174
790000
5000
我剛才都在談新的溝通模式和新媒體
13:27
in the past have helped create new economic forms.
175
795000
4000
過去如何促成初新的經濟模式。
13:31
Commerce is ancient. Markets are very old. Capitalism is fairly recent;
176
799000
5000
商業是古老的，市場也歷史悠久，資本主義是近代的。
13:36
socialism emerged as a reaction to that.
177
804000
4000
而社會主義的崛起則是，對資本主義的回應。
13:40
And yet we see very little talk about how the next form may be emerging.
178
808000
6000
但我們卻很少講到下個模式將如何興起。
13:46
Jim Surowiecki briefly mentioned Yochai Benkler's paper about open source,
179
814000
5000
吉姆索羅維基提到尤海班克勒教授對開放原始碼的論文，
13:51
pointing to a new form of production: peer-to-peer production.
180
819000
4000
指出一種新的生產模式：P2P點對點的生產。
13:55
I simply want you to keep in mind that if in the past, new forms of cooperation
181
823000
6000
我只希望大家記住，如果過去新的科技促進了新的合作模式，
14:01
enabled by new technologies create new forms of wealth,
182
829000
4000
繼而製造出新的財富形式，
14:05
we may be moving into yet another economic form
183
833000
4000
我們也許正走向又一個新的經濟模式，
14:09
that is significantly different from previous ones.
184
837000
4000
與過去截然不同。
14:13
Very briefly, let's look at some businesses. IBM, as you know, HP, Sun --
185
841000
6000
我們很快地來看看幾個企業。大家知道，IBM、HP、SUN...
14:19
some of the most fierce competitors in the IT world are open sourcing
186
847000
6000
IT產業中一些最強的競爭者正在開放軟體原始碼，
14:25
their software, are providing portfolios of patents for the commons.
187
853000
7000
正把專利組合開放共享。
14:32
Eli Lilly -- in, again, the fiercely competitive pharmaceutical world --
188
860000
5000
禮來藥廠在競爭激烈的藥品世界裡，
14:37
has created a market for solutions for pharmaceutical problems.
189
865000
6000
創造了一個解決藥品問題的市場。
14:43
Toyota, instead of treating its suppliers as a marketplace,
190
871000
5000
豐田不把供應商當市場看待，
14:48
treats them as a network and trains them to produce better,
191
876000
4000
而是把供應商視為網絡的一環，訓練加強他們的生產水準。
14:52
even though they are also training them to produce better for their competitors.
192
880000
5000
儘管豐田知道競爭者也將因此獲得更好的產品。
14:57
Now none of these companies are doing this out of altruism;
193
885000
4000
這些公司都不是為了利他而這麼做。
15:01
they're doing it because they're learning that
194
889000
2000
他們這麼做是因為他們開始了解到，
15:03
a certain kind of sharing is in their self-interest.
195
891000
6000
某種程度的分享是對自己有利的。
15:09
Open source production has shown us that world-class software, like Linux and Mozilla,
196
897000
7000
開放軟體的生產讓我們看到世界級的軟體，像Linux及Mozilla，
15:16
can be created with neither the bureaucratic structure of the firm
197
904000
6000
可以不靠企業的官僚結構，
15:22
nor the incentives of the marketplace as we've known them.
198
910000
6000
也無法從我們熟悉的市場誘因中產出。
15:28
Google enriches itself by enriching thousands of bloggers through AdSense.
199
916000
6000
Google用AdSense豐富成千上萬的部落客來使自己富足。
15:34
Amazon has opened its Application Programming Interface
200
922000
4000
Amazon開放了自己的應用程式介面，
15:38
to 60,000 developers, countless Amazon shops.
201
926000
5000
給六萬名開發者及無數的Amazon商店。
15:43
They're enriching others, not out of altruism but as a way of enriching themselves.
202
931000
6000
他們並不是爲利他而豐富他人，而是一種豐富他們自己的手段。
15:49
eBay solved the prisoner's dilemma and created a market
203
937000
5000
Ebay解決了囚犯困境創造了前所未見的市場，
15:54
where none would have existed by creating a feedback mechanism
204
942000
4000
透過製造一個回饋機制，
15:58
that turns a prisoner's dilemma game into an assurance game.
205
946000
5000
將囚犯困境變成了信任賽局。
16:03
Instead of, "Neither of us can trust each other, so we have to make suboptimal moves,"
206
951000
5000
不再因為彼此的猜疑而做出不理想的選擇，
16:08
it's, "You prove to me that you are trustworthy and I will cooperate."
207
956000
6000
而是你必須證明自己的誠信度來讓我願意合作。
16:14
Wikipedia has used thousands of volunteers to create a free encyclopedia
208
962000
6000
維基百科利用上萬名志工來創造一個免費的百科全書，
16:20
with a million and a half articles in 200 languages in just a couple of years.
209
968000
7000
短短兩年內就以200種語言完成了150萬篇文章。
16:27
We've seen that ThinkCycle has enabled NGOs in developing countries
210
975000
7000
我們看到ThinkCycle讓開發中國家的非政府組織，
16:34
to put up problems to be solved by design students around the world,
211
982000
6000
上傳問題讓世界各地設計學科的學生來幫忙解決，
16:40
including something that's being used for tsunami relief right now:
212
988000
3000
包括現在海嘯救援中所使用的東西。
16:43
it's a mechanism for rehydrating
213
991000
2000
用來爲霍亂病者
16:45
cholera victims that's so simple to use it,
214
993000
3000
補充水分的簡單機制。
16:48
illiterates can be trained to use it.
215
996000
3000
即使是不識字的也可被訓練成操作者。
16:51
BitTorrent turns every downloader into an uploader,
216
999000
4000
BitTorrent將每個下載者變成上傳者，
16:55
making the system more efficient the more it is used.
217
1003000
5000
讓系統變成使用愈多就愈有效率。
17:00
Millions of people have contributed their desktop computers
218
1008000
3000
千百萬人使用網路連結的時候，
17:03
when they're not using them to link together through the Internet
219
1011000
5000
都貢獻了自己的桌上型電腦，
17:08
into supercomputing collectives
220
1016000
2000
變成超級電腦的集體，
17:10
that help solve the protein folding problem for medical researchers --
221
1018000
4000
協助醫學研究員解決蛋白質摺疊的問題。
17:14
that's Folding@home at Stanford --
222
1022000
3000
協助史丹佛大學的Folding@Home，
17:17
to crack codes, to search for life in outer space.
223
1025000
5000
破解密碼及在外太空尋找生命跡象。
17:22
I don't think we know enough yet.
224
1030000
2000
我認為我們知道的還遠遠不夠，
17:24
I don't think we've even begun to discover what the basic principles are,
225
1032000
4000
甚至我們連最基本的原理是什麼都還未搞清楚，
17:28
but I think we can begin to think about them.
226
1036000
3000
但是我們可以開始去思索這些問題。
17:31
And I don't have enough time to talk about all of them,
227
1039000
3000
而我沒有足夠的時間可以說明全部，
17:34
but think about self-interest.
228
1042000
2000
但是想想自我利益，
17:36
This is all about self-interest that adds up to more.
229
1044000
3000
這全是關於累積自我利益來獲取更多。
17:39
In El Salvador, both sides that withdrew from their civil war
230
1047000
5000
在薩爾瓦多的內戰中，撤退的兩方
17:44
took moves that had been proven to mirror a prisoner's dilemma strategy.
231
1052000
4000
所採取的行動驗證了囚犯困境的脫困策略。
17:48
In the U.S., in the Philippines, in Kenya, around the world,
232
1056000
6000
在美國、菲律賓、肯亞及世界各地，
17:54
citizens have self-organized political protests and
233
1062000
3000
公民利用手機和SMS自己組織，
17:57
get out the vote campaigns using mobile devices and SMS.
234
1065000
6000
政治遊行及催票活動，
18:03
Is an Apollo Project of cooperation possible?
235
1071000
3000
一個類似阿波羅登月計畫的合作是否可能呢？
18:06
A transdisciplinary study of cooperation?
236
1074000
4000
跨學科的研究合作是否可能呢？
18:10
I believe that the payoff would be very big.
237
1078000
4000
我相信帶來的獲利將非常地大。
18:14
I think we need to begin developing maps of this territory
238
1082000
4000
我想我們需要開始為這新的領土規劃地圖，
18:18
so that we can talk about it across disciplines.
239
1086000
2000
讓我們可以跨越領域進行討論。
18:20
And I am not saying that understanding cooperation
240
1088000
4000
我並不是說了解合作行為，
18:24
is going to cause us to be better people --
241
1092000
4000
將會使我們便成更好的人。
18:28
and sometimes people cooperate to do bad things --
242
1096000
3000
有時候人們會一起合作做壞事。
18:31
but I will remind you that a few hundred years ago,
243
1099000
3000
但是，讓我提醒你幾百年前，
18:34
people saw their loved ones die from diseases they thought
244
1102000
4000
人們看見自己親愛的人死於疾病時，
18:38
were caused by sin or foreigners or evil spirits.
245
1106000
5000
認為那是由罪惡或外國人或惡魔所造成的。
18:43
Descartes said we need an entire new way of thinking.
246
1111000
4000
迪卡兒說我們應該有一個全新的思考方式。
18:47
When the scientific method provided that new way of thinking
247
1115000
3000
當科學帶來了那個新思考方式，
18:50
and biology showed that microorganisms caused disease,
248
1118000
4000
當生物學查出微生物是造成疾病的原因，
18:54
suffering was alleviated.
249
1122000
3000
就減緩了病人的痛苦。
18:57
What forms of suffering could be alleviated,
250
1125000
3000
什麼樣的痛苦可以得到減緩呢？
19:00
what forms of wealth could be created
251
1128000
2000
什麼樣的財富可以被創造呢？
19:02
if we knew a little bit more about cooperation?
252
1130000
3000
如果我們對合作了解得更多。
19:05
I don't think that this transdisciplinary discourse
253
1133000
4000
我不認為這跨學科的對話，
19:09
is automatically going to happen;
254
1137000
2000
將會自動發生。
19:11
it's going to require effort.
255
1139000
3000
這將會需要努力。
19:14
So I enlist you to help me get the cooperation project started.
256
1142000
6000
因此，我在此招募大家來幫助我一起啟動這個合作計畫。
19:20
Thank you.
257
1148000
2000
謝謝各位！
19:22
(Applause)
258
1150000
3000
(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Howard Rheingold - Digital community builderWriter, artist and designer, theorist and community builder, Howard Rheingold is one of the driving minds behind our net-enabled, open, collaborative life.
Why you should listen
As Howard Rheingold himself puts it, "I fell into the computer realm from the typewriter dimension, then plugged my computer into my telephone and got sucked into the net." A writer and designer, he was among the first wave of creative thinkers who saw, in computers and then in the Internet, a way to form powerful new communities.
His 2002 book Smart Mobs, which presaged Web 2.0 in predicting collaborative ventures like Wikipedia, was the outgrowth of decades spent studying and living life online. An early and active member of the Well (he wrote about it in The Virtual Community), he went on to cofound HotWired and Electric Minds, two groundbreaking web communities, in the mid-1990s. Now active in Second Life, he teaches, writes and consults on social networking. His latest passion: teaching and workshopping participatory media literacy, to make sure we all know how to read and make the new media that we're all creating together.
Howard Rheingold | Speaker | TED.com