TED2008
Irwin Redlener: How to survive a nuclear attack
Irwin Redlener: 論如何在核攻擊中存活
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自從冷戰以來，人們對核攻擊的看法已經變了許多。但是災難醫學專家 Irwin Redlener 提醒我們這個危機還存在。他回顧了一些歷史上荒唐的應對方法，並提供了如何在核攻擊中存活的實用建議。
Irwin Redlener - Physician, disaster-preparedness activist
Dr. Irwin Redlener spends his days imagining the worst: He studies how humanity might survive natural or human-made disasters of unthinkable severity. He's been an outspoken critic of half-formed government recovery plans (especially after Katrina). Full bio
Dr. Irwin Redlener spends his days imagining the worst: He studies how humanity might survive natural or human-made disasters of unthinkable severity. He's been an outspoken critic of half-formed government recovery plans (especially after Katrina). Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, a big question that we're facing now
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我們現在面對的一個重大問題
00:15
and have been for quite a number of years now:
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這個問題已經存在許多年了
00:18
are we at risk of a nuclear attack?
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我們在核攻擊的威脅下嗎?
00:21
Now, there's a bigger question
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現在，有一個更大的問題
00:23
that's probably actually more important than that,
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這個問題比之前的問題重要
00:26
is the notion of permanently eliminating
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是提議永遠消除
00:30
the possibility of a nuclear attack,
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核攻擊的可能性
00:32
eliminating the threat altogether.
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從而一起消滅威脅。
00:34
And I would like to make a case to you that
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我想告訴你
00:37
over the years since we first developed atomic weaponry,
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自從我們發明了第一個核武器
00:40
until this very moment,
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到現在
00:42
we've actually lived in a dangerous nuclear world
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我們其實活在一個非常危險的世界
00:45
that's characterized by two phases,
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他以兩個階段為特徵
00:48
which I'm going to go through with you right now.
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我們現在會一起回顧
00:51
First of all, we started off the nuclear age in 1945.
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一開始，我們在1945年開始核時期
00:55
The United States had developed a couple of atomic weapons
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美國研發了幾種核武器
00:57
through the Manhattan Project,
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通過曼哈頓計畫
00:59
and the idea was very straightforward:
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想法是很直白的
01:01
we would use the power of the atom
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我們會用原子的力量
01:03
to end the atrocities and the horror
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來結束這個殘酷，恐怖的
01:05
of this unending World War II
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看似沒有盡頭的第二次世界大戰
01:07
that we'd been involved in in Europe and in the Pacific.
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我們在歐洲和太平洋都有參戰
01:10
And in 1945,
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在1945年
01:13
we were the only nuclear power.
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我們是唯一的核武國家
01:15
We had a few nuclear weapons,
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我們有少量的核武器
01:17
two of which we dropped on Japan, in Hiroshima,
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其中兩個我們轟在了日本的廣島
01:19
a few days later in Nagasaki, in August 1945,
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幾天以後在長崎，1945年8月
01:22
killing about 250,000 people between those two.
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這兩次轟炸其間250,000人被奪取了生命
01:25
And for a few years,
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在這之後的幾年
01:27
we were the only nuclear power on Earth.
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我們是唯一的核武國家
01:30
But by 1949, the Soviet Union had decided
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但是在1949年，蘇聯決定
01:34
it was unacceptable to have us as the only nuclear power,
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只有美國有核武器是無法令人接受的
01:37
and they began to match what the United States had developed.
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他們試圖追上美國在核武器上的科技
01:41
And from 1949 to 1985
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從1949到1985年
01:44
was an extraordinary time
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是一段不尋常的時期
01:47
of a buildup of a nuclear arsenal
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他們在建立一個核子軍備庫
01:50
that no one could possibly have imagined
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這在那時候是難以想像的
01:52
back in the 1940s.
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這是1940年的時候
01:54
So by 1985 -- each of those red bombs up here
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所以到1985年，這上面每一個紅色的炸彈
01:57
is equivalent of a thousands warheads --
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都相當於一千個彈頭
02:00
the world had
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這個世界有
02:02
65,000 nuclear warheads,
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65,000個核彈頭
02:05
and seven members of something
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七個會員
02:07
that came to be known as the "nuclear club."
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被稱為"核俱樂部."
02:10
And it was an extraordinary time,
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這是一段不尋常的時期
02:12
and I am going to go through some of the mentality
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我們會去看一下人們當時的心態
02:14
that we -- that Americans and the rest of the world were experiencing.
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我們－美國人和全世界的經歷
02:17
But I want to just point out to you that 95 percent
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但是我想指出95%
02:20
of the nuclear weapons at any particular time
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的核子彈不管在甚麼時間
02:23
since 1985 -- going forward, of course --
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自從1985年－往之前看－
02:25
were part of the arsenals
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都是美國和蘇聯的
02:27
of the United States and the Soviet Union.
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軍火庫
02:30
After 1985, and before the break up of the Soviet Union,
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1985年以後，和蘇聯分裂之前
02:33
we began to disarm
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從核的角度來看
02:35
from a nuclear point of view.
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我們開始卸下核武。
02:37
We began to counter-proliferate,
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我們開始反擴散，
02:39
and we dropped the number of nuclear warheads in the world
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我們在世界上引爆了一定數量的核彈頭
02:41
to about a total of 21,000.
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一直到剩下21,000個。
02:44
It's a very difficult number to deal with,
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這是一個很難解決的數字，
02:45
because what we've done is
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因為我們做的是
02:47
we've quote unquote "decommissioned" some of the warheads.
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引用, 使某些彈頭”退役“了
02:50
They're still probably usable. They could be "re-commissioned,"
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他們可能還能使用，可以”重新啓用“
02:52
but the way they count things, which is very complicated,
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但是他們數東西的方法，是非常複雜的
02:55
we think we have about a third
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我們認為我們有三分之一
02:57
of the nuclear weapons we had before.
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的核武器（相較以前）
02:59
But we also, in that period of time,
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但是我們也，在那段時間
03:01
added two more members to the nuclear club:
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加入了兩個核國家到核子俱樂部:
03:03
Pakistan and North Korea.
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巴基斯坦和朝鮮。
03:06
So we stand today with a still fully armed nuclear arsenal
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所以我們現在還是有全武裝的核軍備庫
03:10
among many countries around the world,
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在眾多的國家之上
03:12
but a very different set of circumstances.
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但是這是一個非常不一樣的情況。
03:14
So I'm going to talk about
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所以我會講
03:17
a nuclear threat story in two chapters.
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兩章關於核威脅的故事。
03:19
Chapter one is 1949 to 1991,
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第一章是從1949到1991，
03:22
when the Soviet Union broke up,
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當蘇聯解體的時候
03:24
and what we were dealing with, at that point and through those years,
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我們當時面對的，以及那幾十年
03:27
was a superpowers' nuclear arms race.
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是超級大國的軍備競賽。
03:30
It was characterized by
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特徵是
03:32
a nation-versus-nation,
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國家對國家，
03:34
very fragile standoff.
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非常脆弱的僵持。
03:36
And basically,
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基本上，
03:38
we lived for all those years,
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我們活過那些年，
03:40
and some might argue that we still do,
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有些人會爭論說我們仍然在
03:42
in a situation of
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一個情況：
03:44
being on the brink, literally,
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我們在地球災難的
03:46
of an apocalyptic, planetary calamity.
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邊緣上
03:50
It's incredible that we actually lived through all that.
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我們活過那些年是難以置信的
03:53
We were totally dependent during those years
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我們當時靠的
03:55
on this amazing acronym, which is MAD.
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是這令人驚歎的縮寫, MAD
03:58
It stands for mutually assured destruction.
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他代表Mutually Assured Destruction.
04:01
So it meant
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這意味著如果你
04:03
if you attacked us, we would attack you
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如果你攻擊我們，我們也會攻擊你
04:05
virtually simultaneously,
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幾乎同時，
04:07
and the end result would be a destruction
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不論是你的國家還是我的
04:09
of your country and mine.
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結果都是毀滅
04:11
So the threat of my own destruction
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所以自我毀滅的威脅
04:13
kept me from launching
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抑制我們國家向你的國家
04:15
a nuclear attack on you. That's the way we lived.
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發動核攻擊。這是我們怎麼活的。
04:19
And the danger of that, of course, is that
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而危險是，
04:21
a misreading of a radar screen
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雷達的誤導
04:24
could actually cause a counter-launch,
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有可能導致"反擊",
04:26
even though the first country had not actually launched anything.
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即使第一個國家甚麼也沒有發射。
04:29
During this chapter one,
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在這第一章里
04:31
there was a high level of public awareness
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有高度的群眾覺知
04:33
about the potential of nuclear catastrophe,
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關於這潛在的核威脅，
04:36
and an indelible image was implanted
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一個不可磨滅的圖像被灌輸到
04:38
in our collective minds
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我們的覺知
04:40
that, in fact, a nuclear holocaust
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一場核災難
04:42
would be absolutely globally destructive
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絕對全球毀滅性
04:45
and could, in some ways, mean the end of civilization as we know it.
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並會，在某種程度上，意味著人類的滅亡。
04:48
So this was chapter one.
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所以這是第一章
04:51
Now the odd thing is that even though
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現在奇怪的是，儘管
04:53
we knew that there would be
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我們知道有可能
04:55
that kind of civilization obliteration,
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會造成人類滅亡，
04:58
we engaged in America in a series --
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我們回應了，在美國，一系列的
05:00
and in fact, in the Soviet Union --
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而且，在蘇聯
05:02
in a series of response planning.
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一系列的回應計畫。
05:04
It was absolutely incredible.
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這是難以置信的
05:06
So premise one is we'd be destroying the world,
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所以前提一是我們會毀滅世界，
05:08
and then premise two is, why don't we get prepared for it?
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而前提二是，我們為甚麼不為此作準備呢？
05:11
So what
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所以我們
05:13
we offered ourselves
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我們給自己的是
05:15
was a collection of things. I'm just going to go skim through a few things,
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一系列的物品。我會略講一些東西，
05:17
just to jog your memories.
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來帶起你的回憶。
05:19
If you're born after 1950, this is just --
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如果你在1950年出生的，這只是
05:21
consider this entertainment, otherwise it's memory lane.
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把這當成娛樂，不然就是回憶往事。
05:24
This was Bert the Turtle. (Video)
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這是烏龜Bert.
05:42
This was basically an attempt
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這是一個嘗試
05:44
to teach our schoolchildren
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來教我們在學校的孩子
05:46
that if we did get engaged
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如果我們遭受核攻擊
05:48
in a nuclear confrontation and atomic war,
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在核衝突和核戰，
05:51
then we wanted our school children
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那我們希望我們在學校的孩子
05:53
to kind of basically duck and cover.
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基本上躲閃並覆蓋自己。
05:55
That was the principle. You --
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這是法則。你
05:57
there would be a nuclear conflagration
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會有一場核火災
05:59
about to hit us, and if you get under your desk,
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快要攻擊我們了，如果你只要躲到桌底下，
06:01
things would be OK.
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就不會有事了。
06:03
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
06:05
I didn't do all that well
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我在醫學院里的精神病學
06:07
in psychiatry in medical school, but I was interested,
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並沒有做得特別好，但是我對此感興趣，
06:09
and I think this was seriously delusional.
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我覺得這是極度妄想。
06:12
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
06:14
Secondly, we told people
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第二，我們告訴人們
06:16
to go down in their basements
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到底下室
06:18
and build a fallout shelter.
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建立一個放射性塵埃避難室。
06:20
Maybe it would be a study when we weren't having an atomic war,
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也許會是一個研究，當我們不在核戰中，
06:23
or you could use it as a TV room, or, as many teenagers found out,
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或許你可以用來當電視機房，或者，許多青少年發現，
06:26
a very, very safe place for a little privacy with your girlfriend.
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和女友一個非常，非常安全並且私密的地方。
06:29
And actually -- so there are multiple uses of the bomb shelters.
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事實上－避難室有很多用處。
06:32
Or you could buy a prefabricated bomb shelter
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或者你可以買一個預製的避難室
06:35
that you could simply bury in the ground.
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將他埋在底下。
06:37
Now, the bomb shelters at that point --
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現在，避難室
06:39
let's say you bought a prefab one -- it would be a few hundred dollars,
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假設你買一個預製的。那大概會是幾百美金，
06:41
maybe up to 500, if you got a fancy one.
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說不定500美金如果你買一個特別好的，
06:43
Yet, what percentage of Americans
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但是百分之多少的美國人
06:45
do you think ever had a bomb shelter in their house?
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你認為有一個避難室在他們家里？
06:47
What percentage lived in a house with a bomb shelter?
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百分之多少人住在一個有避難室的家？
06:50
Less than two percent. About 1.4 percent
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少於2％。大概1.4%
06:53
of the population, as far as anyone knows,
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的人口，至少現在知道的，
06:55
did anything,
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在他們的地下室
06:57
either making a space in their basement
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騰出空擋
06:59
or actually building a bomb shelter.
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或者建立一個避難室。
07:02
Many buildings, public buildings, around the country --
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許多建築物－這個國家里的公共建築物－
07:04
this is New York City -- had these little civil defense signs,
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這是紐約市－有這些小民防標誌，
07:07
and the idea was that you would
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想法是你可以
07:09
run into one of these shelters and be safe
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跑進這些安全的避難所
07:11
from the nuclear weaponry.
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並可以脫離核武器的威脅。
07:13
And one of the greatest governmental delusions
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這是最迷惑群眾的政府措施之一
07:16
of all time was something that happened
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有些事情發生在
07:18
in the early days of
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早期的
07:20
the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, as we now know,
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聯邦應急管理署， 我們稱之為FEMA，
07:23
and are well aware of their behaviors from Katrina.
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我們從Katrina颱風的行動知道了他們。
07:26
Here is their first big public
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這是他們第一個大型
07:29
announcement.
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公告。
07:31
They would propose --
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他們提議－他們－
07:33
actually there were about six volumes written on this --
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其實他們寫了六冊書－
07:35
a crisis relocation plan
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一個災難疏散計畫
07:37
that was dependent upon
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這是基於
07:39
the United States having three to four days warning
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美國有三到四天的預警
07:42
that the Soviets were going to attack us.
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蘇聯會攻擊我們。
07:44
So the goal was to evacuate the target cities.
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所以目標是疏散目標城市。
07:47
We would move people out of the target cities
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我們將人們撤離目標城市
07:49
into the countryside.
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到郊外。
07:51
And I'm telling you, I actually testified at the Senate
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我告訴你，我在參議院作證
07:54
about the absolute ludicrous idea
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關於這個荒唐的想法
07:57
that we would actually evacuate,
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我們會撤離，
07:58
and actually have three or four days' warning.
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並且有三或者四天的預警。
08:00
It was just completely off the wall.
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這是完全不可能的。
08:02
Turns out that they had another idea
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原來他們還有另一個想法
08:05
behind it, even though this was --
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在這背後，即便是
08:07
they were telling the public it was to save us.
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他們在告訴公眾，這會幸免我們於災難。
08:09
The idea was that we would force the Soviets
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這想法是我們會逼蘇聯人
08:11
to re-target their nuclear weapons -- very expensive --
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讓他們的核武器重新鎖定－這會耗費大量的金錢－
08:14
and potentially double their arsenal,
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他們還可能使他們的軍備庫翻倍
08:16
to not only take out the original site,
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不僅摧毀原定目標，
08:18
but take out sites where people were going.
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更摧毀人們要去的目標。
08:21
This was what apparently, as it turns out, was behind all this.
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這很明顯會是計畫實施的後果。
08:24
It was just really, really frightening.
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這讓人十分，十分害怕。
08:27
The main point here is we were dealing with
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我們的計畫
08:29
a complete disconnect from reality.
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完全不現實。
08:32
The civil defense programs were disconnected
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民防組織的計畫脫離了
08:35
from the reality of what we'd see in all-out nuclear war.
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現實中的核戰爭爆發。
08:37
So organizations like Physicians for Social Responsibility,
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所以像社會責任醫生組織，
08:41
around 1979, started saying this a lot publicly.
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在1979年，開始大量地在公共場合談及這事：
08:44
They would do a bombing run. They'd go to your city,
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他們會進行一系列的轟炸。他們會去你的城市，
08:47
and they'd say, "Here's a map of your city.
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他們會說，“這事你城市的地圖。
08:49
Here's what's going to happen if we get a nuclear hit."
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這是我們受到核攻擊後會發生的事。”
08:52
So no possibility of medical response to,
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所以當核戰全面爆發時
08:54
or meaningful preparedness for
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醫療部門不可能反應
08:56
all-out nuclear war.
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或者作有意義的準備。
08:58
So we had to prevent nuclear war
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所以我們要預防核戰
09:00
if we expected to survive.
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如果我們想要存活。
09:02
This disconnect was never actually resolved.
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這個問題其實從來沒有被解決。
09:05
And what happened was --
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接下來發生的是
09:07
when we get in to chapter two
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當我們進入第二章
09:09
of the nuclear threat era,
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那個核威脅的時代
09:12
which started back in 1945.
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它從1945年開始。
09:14
Chapter two starts in 1991.
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第二章從1991年開始。
09:16
When the Soviet Union broke up,
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當蘇聯解體，
09:18
we effectively lost that adversary
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我們有效地擺脫了對手
09:20
as a potential attacker of the United States, for the most part.
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蘇聯是美國的潛在侵略者，和大程度來講。
09:23
It's not completely gone. I'm going to come back to that.
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它還沒有完全小時。我等一下會回到這裡。
09:25
But from 1991
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但是從1991年開始
09:27
through the present time,
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一直到現在，
09:29
emphasized by the attacks of 2001,
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2001年的攻擊突現出了，
09:31
the idea of an all-out nuclear war
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一場全面爆發的核戰的想法
09:34
has diminished and the idea of a single event,
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縮小了，而一個想法
09:37
act of nuclear terrorism
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恐怖分子發動核攻擊
09:39
is what we have instead.
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是我們現在有的。
09:41
Although the scenario has changed
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儘管情況轉變了
09:44
very considerably, the fact is
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事實上
09:46
that we haven't changed our mental image
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我們仍然沒有轉變我們腦中的想法
09:48
of what a nuclear war means.
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一場核戰意味著甚麼。
09:50
So I'm going to tell you what the implications of that are in just a second.
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所以我會告訴你那代表甚麼。
09:53
So, what is a nuclear terror threat?
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所以，核恐怖威脅是甚麼？
09:55
And there's four key ingredients to describing that.
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有四個要點了描述它
09:58
First thing is that the global nuclear weapons,
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第一是全球核武器－
10:01
in the stockpiles that I showed you in those original maps,
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在儲備物資中我向你展示了原本的地圖－
10:03
happen to be not uniformly secure.
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他們並沒有那麼安全。
10:06
And it's particularly not secure
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更不安全的是
10:08
in the former Soviet Union, now in Russia.
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在前蘇聯，現在俄羅斯。
10:10
There are many, many sites where warheads are stored
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有許多，許多擺放彈頭的地方
10:13
and, in fact, lots of sites where fissionable materials,
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事實上，這些地方有很多有可分裂的材料，
10:16
like highly enriched uranium and plutonium,
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像高濃度的鈾和鈈，
10:19
are absolutely not safe.
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非常不安全。
10:21
They're available to be bought, stolen, whatever.
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他們能夠被購買，偷走等等。
10:24
They're acquirable, let me put it that way.
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這樣說吧，他們是能得到的。
10:27
From 1993 through 2006,
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由1993至2006年，
10:30
the International Atomic Energy Agency
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國際原子能機構
10:32
documented 175 cases of nuclear theft,
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紀錄了175宗核能偷竊案，
10:35
18 of which involved highly enriched uranium or plutonium,
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18宗與高濃度的鈾和鈈有關，
10:39
the key ingredients to make a nuclear weapon.
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他們是製造核武器的關鍵材料。
10:43
The global stockpile of highly enriched uranium
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全球大量貯備的高濃度鈾
10:46
is about 1,300, at the low end,
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大概在1,300
10:48
to about 2,100 metric tons.
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到2,100噸。
10:51
More than 100 megatons of this
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它多餘100兆噸
10:53
is stored in particularly insecure
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儲存在特別不安全的
10:56
Russian facilities.
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俄羅斯設施。
10:59
How much of that do you think it would take
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你覺得要多少
11:01
to actually build a 10-kiloton bomb?
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能夠造出一個10千噸的炸彈？
11:03
Well, you need about 75 pounds of it.
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你需要75磅
11:07
So, what I'd like to show you
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我想給你看的
11:10
is
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是
11:12
what it would take to hold 75 pounds
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能夠容納75磅的
11:15
of highly enriched uranium.
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高濃度鈾的容器。
11:18
This is not a product placement. It's just --
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這不是產品推銷，這只是－
11:20
in fact, if I was Coca Cola, I'd be pretty distressed about this --
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事實上，如果我是可口可樂，我會為此感到苦惱，但是－
11:22
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
11:25
-- but
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但是－
11:27
basically, this is it.
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基本上，就這樣了。
11:30
This is what you would need to steal or buy
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這是你需要偷或買的東西
11:33
out of that 100-metric-ton stockpile
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在那100頓的貯備中
11:35
that's relatively insecure
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他們相較下比較不安全
11:37
to create the type of bomb
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來製造用在廣島的
11:39
that was used in Hiroshima.
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核彈。
11:41
Now you might want to look at plutonium
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你或許想看一下鈈
11:43
as another fissionable material that you might use in a bomb.
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另一個可以分裂並可以用在炸彈里的物質
11:46
That -- you'd need 10 to 13 pounds of plutonium.
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你需要10到13磅左右的鈈
11:50
Now, plutonium, 10 to 13 pounds:
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現在，鈈－10到13磅－
11:53
this. This is enough plutonium
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這已經足以
11:56
to create a Nagasaki-size atomic weapon.
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製造像用在廣島的核彈了。
12:01
Now this situation, already I --
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現在的情況是，我－
12:03
you know, I don't really like thinking about this,
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你要知道，我並不喜歡這樣想
12:06
although somehow I got myself a job
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儘管我獲得了這份工作
12:08
where I have to think about it. So
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我的工作需要我想這方面的事，所以
12:10
the point is that we're very, very insecure
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重點是，我們非常，非常不安全
12:13
in terms of developing this material.
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在研發這材料的方面
12:16
The second thing is, what about the know-how?
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第二是，那些有這方面知識的人呢？
12:18
And there's a lot of controversy about
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有很多爭論關於
12:20
whether terror organizations have the know-how
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恐怖組織有那些有這方面知識的人
12:23
to actually make a nuclear weapon.
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來製造一個核武器。
12:26
Well, there's a lot of know-how out there.
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外面有許多有這方面知識的人。
12:28
There's an unbelievable amount of know-how out there.
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有不可思議的數量的人們擁有這方面的知識。
12:31
There's detailed information on how to assemble
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有詳細的如何
12:33
a nuclear weapon from parts.
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從部份開始拼裝核彈的信息。
12:36
There's books about how to build a nuclear bomb.
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有關於如何建造核彈的書。
12:39
There are plans for how to create a terror farm
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有建造“恐怖農場”的計畫
12:42
where you could actually manufacture and develop
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在那你可以建造並開發
12:44
all the components and assemble it.
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全部部件，並拼裝。
12:47
All of this information is relatively available.
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這些信息都是可獲得的。
12:50
If you have an undergraduate degree in physics,
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如果你有一個物理的本科學位，
12:52
I would suggest --
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我會建議－
12:54
although I don't, so maybe it's not even true --
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儘管我不，所以這可能不是真的－
12:56
but something close to that would allow you,
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但是你能附近索取的資料，
12:58
with the information that's currently available,
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用這些現有的資料，
13:00
to actually build a nuclear weapon.
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來造一個核武器。
13:04
The third element of the nuclear terror threat
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恐怖分子核威脅的第三個要素
13:08
is that, who would actually do such a thing?
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是，誰會做這種事呢？
13:11
Well, what we're seeing now is a level of terrorism
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我們現在看到的恐怖威脅程度
13:14
that involves individuals who are highly organized.
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那些非常有系統的人也有參與。
13:17
They are very dedicated and committed.
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他們非常專心和堅定。
13:19
They are stateless.
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他們沒有國籍。
13:21
Somebody once said, Al Qaeda
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有人說過，基地組織
13:23
does not have a return address,
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沒有回郵地址，
13:25
so if they attack us with a nuclear weapon,
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所以如果他們對我們實施核攻擊
13:27
what's the response, and to whom is the response?
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我們如何反應，對誰反應？
13:30
And they're retaliation-proof.
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他們是無可報復的。
13:32
Since there is no real retribution possible
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因為沒有懲罰
13:35
that would make any difference,
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能對他們造成任何影響，
13:37
since there are people willing to actually give up their lives
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有人願意獻出他們自己的生命，
13:40
in order to do a lot of damage to us,
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來對我們造成大規模損傷，
13:42
it becomes apparent
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很明顯
13:44
that the whole notion
322
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同歸於盡的方法
13:46
of this mutually assured destruction would not work.
323
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不會有用。
13:48
Here is Sulaiman Abu Ghaith,
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這是Sulaiman Abu Ghaith，
13:50
and Sulaiman was a key lieutenant of Osama Bin Laden.
325
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Sulaiman是拉登的重要上尉。
13:53
He wrote many, many times statements to this effect:
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他寫過十分，十分多類似的聲明：
13:55
"we have the right to kill four million Americans,
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“我們有權利去殺四百萬個美國人，
13:58
two million of whom should be children."
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其中的兩百萬要是小孩。”
14:00
And we don't have to go overseas
329
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我們不用越洋
14:02
to find people willing to do harm, for whatever their reasons.
330
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去找願意傷害美國人的人，不論他們的原因是甚麼。
14:04
McVeigh and Nichols, and the Oklahoma City attack
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McVeigh 和 Nichols 以及奧克拉荷馬州的襲擊
14:07
in the 1990s
332
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在90年代
14:09
was a good example of homegrown terrorists.
333
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是本土恐怖分子的好例子。
14:11
What if they had gotten their hands on a nuclear weapon?
334
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如果他們得到核武器會怎麼樣呢？
14:13
The fourth element
335
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第四個元素
14:15
is that the high-value U.S. targets
336
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是美國的高價值目標
14:17
are accessible, soft and plentiful.
337
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他們容易接近，態度偏軟，並且多。
14:20
This would be a talk for another day, but the level of the preparedness
338
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這會是下次演講，但是美國
14:22
that the United States has achieved
339
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預備的程度
14:24
since 9/11 of '01
340
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自從2001年的911事件
14:26
is unbelievably inadequate.
341
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是不可思議的不夠充分。
14:28
What you saw after Katrina
342
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在你看完Katrina颱風襲擊美國的情況
14:30
is a very good indicator
343
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那是一個非常好的提示
14:32
of how little prepared the United States is
344
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美國對大型襲擊
14:35
for any kind of major attack.
345
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有多麼準備充足。
14:37
Seven million ship cargo containers
346
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七百萬個貨物集裝箱
14:39
come into the United States every year.
347
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每年進入美國。
14:41
Five to seven percent only are inspected --
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只有5%到7%被調查－
14:44
five to seven percent.
349
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5%到7%。
14:47
This is Alexander Lebed,
350
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這是Alexander Lebed,
14:50
who was a general that worked with Yeltsin,
351
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他曾經與Yeltsin共事，
14:52
who talked about, and presented to Congress,
352
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他談過，並向議會提出
14:55
this idea that the Russians had developed --
353
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這個俄羅斯人所構思出來的想法
14:58
these suitcase bombs. They were very low yield --
354
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這些手提箱炸彈。他們很難被搜出：
15:00
0.1 to one kiloton,
355
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3000
0.1到1千頓
15:03
Hiroshima was around 13 kilotons --
356
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廣島的核彈大概是13千頓－
15:05
but enough to do an unbelievable amount of damage.
357
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3000
但是足以作出不可思議的損壞。
15:08
And Lebed came to the United States
358
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之後Lebed來到了美國
15:10
and told us that many, many --
359
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告訴我們許多，許多－
15:13
more than 80 of the suitcase bombs
360
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多於80個手提箱
15:15
were actually not accountable.
361
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2000
其實不足一提。
15:17
And they look like this. They're basically very simple arrangements.
362
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他們看到，是很基本的安排。
15:19
You put the elements into a suitcase.
363
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你將元素放進手提箱。
15:22
It becomes very portable.
364
910000
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它變得非常方便。
15:24
The suitcase can be conveniently dropped
365
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2000
手提箱可以方便地被放置
15:26
in your trunk of your car.
366
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在你的車箱。
15:28
You take it wherever you want to take it, and you can detonate it.
367
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你帶到哪裡去都可以，你也可以引爆。
15:30
You don't want to build a suitcase bomb,
368
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你不想造一個手提箱炸彈，
15:33
and you happen to get one of those insecure
369
921000
2000
而你恰好得到那些不安全的
15:35
nuclear warheads that exist.
370
923000
2000
存在的核彈頭－
15:37
This is the size of
371
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2000
它的大小
15:39
the "Little Boy" bomb that was dropped at Hiroshima.
372
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2000
廣島的“小男孩”核彈。
15:41
It was 9.8 feet long,
373
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2000
有9.8尺長，
15:43
weighed 8,800 pounds. You go down to
374
931000
2000
重8,800磅。你去你
15:45
your local rent-a-truck
375
933000
3000
本地的Rent-a-Truck
15:48
and for 50 bucks or so,
376
936000
2000
只要大概50美金，
15:50
you rent a truck that's got the right capacity,
377
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2000
你就可以租到一輛有足夠空間的貨車
15:52
and you take your bomb,
378
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2000
拿你的核彈，
15:54
you put it in the truck and you're ready to go.
379
942000
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並放在貨車上，你就準備就緒了。
15:57
It could happen. But what it would mean and who would survive?
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這有可能發生，但是這意味著甚麼？誰會生存？
16:00
You can't get an exact number for that kind of probability,
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這種可能性下你得不到明確的數字
16:03
but what I'm trying to say is that
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但是我想說的是
16:05
we have all the elements of that happening.
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我們有發生的所有元素。
16:07
Anybody who dismisses the thought
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任何消除
16:09
of a nuclear weapon
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恐怖分子使用核武器
16:11
being used by a terrorist is kidding themselves.
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的想法是在開玩笑。
16:13
I think there's a lot of people in the intelligence community --
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我想有許多人在這有才智的社會里，
16:16
a lot of people who deal with this work in general
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很多人從事這方面的工作，
16:19
think it's almost inevitable, unless we do certain things
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認為這是無可避免的，除非我們做某些事情
16:22
to really try to defuse the risk,
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來解除這個危機，
16:25
like better interdiction, better prevention,
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像更好的禁運，更好的預防，
16:27
better fixing, you know, better screening
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更好的維修－你知道的，
16:29
of cargo containers that are coming into the country and so forth.
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更好的貨櫃篩查等等。
16:32
There's a lot that can be done to make us a lot safer.
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我們能做許多事情使我們更安全。
16:35
At this particular moment,
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在現在這個時刻，
16:37
we actually could end up
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我們可能會
16:39
seeing a nuclear detonation in one of our cities.
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看到核爆在我們其中一個城市中發生。
16:42
I don't think we would see an all-out nuclear war
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我不認為我們會見到一場全面拓展的核戰
16:45
any time soon, although even that is not completely off the table.
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不久之後，儘管這不是全然不值得一提的。
16:48
There's still enough nuclear weapons
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世界上還有足夠的核武器
16:50
in the arsenals of the superpowers
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在超級大國的軍工廠
16:52
to destroy the Earth many, many times over.
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來毀滅地球，許多，許多次。
16:55
There are flash points in India and Pakistan,
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有衝突的地方，如印度和巴基斯坦，
16:58
in the Middle East, in North Korea,
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在中東，北韓，
17:00
other places where the use of nuclear weapons,
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其他地方核武使用的地方，
17:03
while initially locally,
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一開始僅在本土使用，
17:05
could very rapidly
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有可能很快
17:07
go into a situation
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進入一個全面
17:09
where we'd be facing all-out nuclear war.
409
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核武的狀態。
17:12
It's very unsettling.
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非常讓人擔憂。
17:15
Here we go. OK.
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好。我們來。
17:17
I'm back in my truck, and we drove over the Brooklyn Bridge.
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我在我的貨車上剛開過Brooklyn橋。
17:20
We're coming down,
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我們下橋，
17:22
and we bring that truck
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將貨車開到
17:24
that you just saw
415
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正如你剛才看到的
17:26
somewhere in here, in the Financial District.
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大概這裡，在Financial District.
17:40
This is a 10-kiloton bomb,
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這是一個十千頓的炸彈，
17:43
slightly smaller than was used
418
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比以前廣島用過的
17:45
in Hiroshima. And I want to just conclude this
419
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稍小。我想給你一些信息
17:48
by just giving you some information. I think --
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來總結，我想
17:50
"news you could use" kind of concept here.
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“你能用到的新聞”的概念。
17:53
So, first of all, this would be horrific
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第一，駭人的程度
17:55
beyond anything we can possibly imagine.
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2000
是我們都難以想像的。
17:57
This is the ultimate.
424
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這是最大損傷。
17:59
And if you're in the half-mile radius
425
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如果你在核彈引爆的
18:01
of where this bomb went off,
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1069000
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半英里的半徑中，
18:03
you have a 90 percent chance of not making it.
427
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你有90%的可能性會死。
18:05
If you're right where the bomb went off,
428
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如果你正處核彈點燃的地方，
18:07
you will be vaporized. And that's --
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你會蒸發，就這樣－
18:09
I'm just telling you, this is not good.
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我只想告訴你，這不是好事。
18:11
(Laughter)
431
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（笑聲）
18:13
You assume that.
432
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你假設。
18:15
Two-mile radius, you have a 50 percent chance
433
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兩英里半徑，你有50%的機會
18:18
of being killed,
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被殺，
18:20
and up to about eight miles away --
435
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2000
到8英里以外－
18:22
now I'm talking about killed instantly --
436
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我現在在講馬上殺死－
18:24
somewhere between a 10 and 20 percent
437
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在10%到20%之間
18:26
chance of getting killed.
438
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2000
的機會被殺死。
18:28
The thing about this is that
439
1096000
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這意味著
18:30
the experience of the nuclear detonation is --
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核彈引爆的經歷將會是－
18:34
first of all, tens of millions of degrees Fahrenheit
441
1102000
3000
第一，數百萬華氏
18:37
at the core here, where it goes off,
442
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核心中，即是被點燃的地方
18:39
and an extraordinary amount of energy
443
1107000
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有難以置信的能量
18:41
in the form of heat, acute radiation
444
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3000
在這種形態的熱量，有十分眼中的輻射
18:44
and blast effects.
445
1112000
2000
以及爆炸效果。
18:46
An enormous hurricane-like wind,
446
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很大的龍捲風似的風，
18:48
and destruction of buildings almost totally,
447
1116000
3000
在這黃圈內
18:51
within this yellow circle here.
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2000
建築物基本上被完全摧毀。
18:53
And what I'm going to focus on, as I come to conclusion here,
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我在這裡會集中地講，總結來講，
18:55
is that, what happens to you
450
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如果你在這裡
18:58
if you're in here?
451
1126000
2000
你會發生甚麼事？
19:00
Well, if we're talking about the old days
452
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如果我們在講舊時
19:02
of an all-out nuclear attack,
453
1130000
2000
那種全面爆發的核武，
19:04
you, up here,
454
1132000
1000
你，在上面，
19:05
are as dead as the people here. So it was a moot point.
455
1133000
3000
跟這裡的人一樣死。所以這是無考慮意義的。
19:08
My point now, though, is that there is a lot
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我的見解是，即使，有很多我們
19:10
that we could do for you who are in here,
457
1138000
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能為你做的，
19:12
if you've survived the initial blast.
458
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2000
如果你存活了初始的爆炸。
19:14
You have, when the blast goes off --
459
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當爆炸時－
19:16
and by the way, if it ever comes up, don't look at it.
460
1144000
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順帶一提，如果真的被引爆了，不要看它。
19:18
(Laughter)
461
1146000
2000
（笑聲）
19:20
If you look at it, you're going to be blind,
462
1148000
2000
如果你去看的話，你會變盲，
19:22
either temporarily or permanently.
463
1150000
2000
不是暫時性就是永久性。
19:24
So if there's any way that you can avoid,
464
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所以如果你能避開，
19:26
like, avert your eyes, that would be a good thing.
465
1154000
3000
像轉移目光，那會是好事。
19:29
If you find yourself alive, but
466
1157000
2000
如果你發現自己活著，但是
19:31
you're in the vicinity of a nuclear weapon,
467
1159000
3000
你在核爆的附近，
19:34
you have -- that's gone off --
468
1162000
2000
你有
19:36
you have 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the size
469
1164000
2000
十到二十分鐘，基於大小
19:38
and exactly where it went off,
470
1166000
2000
以及核彈在哪裡被引爆，
19:40
to get out of the way before
471
1168000
2000
你要在致命的輻射
19:42
a lethal amount of radiation
472
1170000
2000
從蘑菇雲掉下來
19:44
comes straight down from the mushroom cloud that goes up.
473
1172000
3000
之前逃走。
19:47
In that 10 to 15 minutes, all you have to do --
474
1175000
2000
在那十到十五分鐘，你要做的－
19:49
and I mean this seriously --
475
1177000
2000
我是認真的－
19:51
is go about a mile
476
1179000
2000
是離開核爆
19:53
away from the blast.
477
1181000
2000
的一英里外
19:55
And what happens is -- this is --
478
1183000
2000
發生的是－這是－
19:57
I'm going to show you now some fallout plumes. Within 20 minutes,
479
1185000
2000
我會向你展示一些放射性墜塵。在二十分鐘內，
19:59
it comes straight down. Within 24 hours,
480
1187000
2000
它直接掉下來；在二十四小時內，
20:01
lethal radiation is going out with prevailing winds,
481
1189000
3000
致命的輻射會隨風飄，
20:04
and it's mostly in this particular direction --
482
1192000
2000
大部分都會
20:06
it's going northeast.
483
1194000
2000
往東北方。
20:08
And if you're in this vicinity, you've got to get away.
484
1196000
3000
如果你在周圍，你必須離開。
20:11
So you're feeling the wind --
485
1199000
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如果你感覺到風，
20:13
and there's tremendous wind now
486
1201000
2000
非常大的風，
20:15
that you're going to be feeling -- and you want to go
487
1203000
2000
如果你感覺到的話，你會想要往
20:17
perpendicular to the wind
488
1205000
2000
風的垂直方向，
20:19
[not upwind or downwind].
489
1207000
2000
[不是側風或順風]。
20:21
if you are in fact able to see where the blast was in front of you.
490
1209000
3000
如果核爆發生在你的正前方。
20:24
You've got to get out of there.
491
1212000
2000
你必須離開那。
20:26
If you don't get out of there, you're going to be exposed
492
1214000
2000
如果你不離開，你會馬上被
20:28
to lethal radiation in very short order.
493
1216000
2000
致命的輻射所感染。
20:30
If you can't get out of there,
494
1218000
2000
如果你不馬上離開那里，
20:32
we want you to go into a shelter and stay there.
495
1220000
3000
我們想你進入避難所，並留在那里。
20:35
Now, in a shelter in an urban area means
496
1223000
3000
在城市中的避難所意味著
20:38
you have to be either in a basement as deep as possible,
497
1226000
3000
你在深處的地下室
20:41
or you have to be on a floor -- on a high floor --
498
1229000
3000
或你在高層
20:44
if it's a ground burst explosion, which it would be,
499
1232000
3000
如果是在地上引爆的，這意味著
20:47
higher than the ninth floor. So you have to be tenth floor or higher,
500
1235000
2000
不高於9樓。所以你要在10樓或更高，
20:49
or in the basement.
501
1237000
2000
或者在地下室。
20:52
But basically, you've got to get out of town as quickly as possible.
502
1240000
3000
但是基本上，你要儘快出城。
20:55
And if you do that,
503
1243000
2000
如果你那樣做，
20:57
you actually can survive a nuclear blast.
504
1245000
4000
你更有可能在核爆後生存。
21:01
Over the next few days to a week,
505
1249000
2000
接下來的幾天到一個禮拜，
21:03
there will be a radiation cloud,
506
1251000
2000
會有放射雲－
21:05
again, going with the wind, and settling down
507
1253000
2000
會跟著風，並安定下來
21:07
for another 15 or 20 miles out --
508
1255000
2000
大概15或20英里外－
21:09
in this case, over Long Island.
509
1257000
2000
在這個事例中在長島上。
21:11
And if you're in the direct fallout zone here,
510
1259000
3000
如果你在那裡的直接放射性墜塵區，
21:14
you really have to either be sheltered or you have to get out of there,
511
1262000
2000
你一定要到避難所或者離開，
21:16
and that's clear. But if you are sheltered,
512
1264000
3000
那就可以了。但是如果你在避難所，
21:19
you can actually survive.
513
1267000
2000
你還能存活。
21:21
The difference between knowing information
514
1269000
2000
知道信息
21:23
of what you're going to do personally,
515
1271000
2000
你要做甚麼，
21:25
and not knowing information, can save your life,
516
1273000
2000
和不知道信息的差別能讓你存活下來，
21:27
and it could mean the difference between
517
1275000
2000
也可能會導致
21:29
150,000 to 200,000 fatalities
518
1277000
2000
150,000到200,000的死亡
21:31
from something like this
519
1279000
3000
從
21:34
and half a million to 700,000 fatalities.
520
1282000
3000
500,000到700,000人死去。
21:37
So, response planning in the twenty-first century
521
1285000
3000
所以，二十一世紀的反應計畫
21:40
is both possible and is essential.
522
1288000
2000
既有可能實現，又有必要。
21:42
But in 2008, there isn't one single American city
523
1290000
4000
但是在2008年，沒有一個美國城市
21:46
that has done effective plans
524
1294000
2000
有一個有用的計畫
21:48
to deal with a nuclear detonation disaster.
525
1296000
3000
來處理核爆危機。
21:51
Part of the problem is that
526
1299000
2000
一部分的問題是
21:53
the emergency planners themselves, personally,
527
1301000
2000
緊急計畫的本身，
21:55
are overwhelmed psychologically by the thought
528
1303000
2000
被核災難的想法
21:57
of nuclear catastrophe.
529
1305000
2000
完全淹沒了。
21:59
They are paralyzed.
530
1307000
2000
他們痲痹了。
22:01
You say "nuclear" to them, and they're thinking,
531
1309000
2000
你跟他們說“核”，他們就會想，
22:03
"Oh my God, we're all gone. What's the point? It's futile."
532
1311000
3000
“我的天啊，我們都不會存在了。
有甚麼意思呢？我們甚麼都做不到。”
有甚麼意思呢？我們甚麼都做不到。”
22:06
And we're trying to tell them, "It's not futile.
533
1314000
2000
我們在嘗試跟他們說我們不是甚麼都做不到：
22:08
We can change the survival rates
534
1316000
2000
我們能夠以常識
22:10
by doing some commonsensical things."
535
1318000
3000
來改變生存率。
22:13
So the goal here is to minimize fatalities.
536
1321000
3000
所以目標是講死亡人數減到最低。
22:16
And I just want to leave you with the personal points
537
1324000
2000
我想給你留下一些要點
22:18
that I think you might be interested in.
538
1326000
2000
我想你會感興趣。
22:20
The key to surviving a nuclear blast
539
1328000
2000
生存核爆的重點
22:22
is getting out,
540
1330000
2000
是逃出去，
22:24
and not going into harm's way.
541
1332000
3000
並不要靠近危險的東西。
22:27
That's basically all we're going to be talking about here.
542
1335000
2000
這基本上是我們全部要講的東西。
22:29
And the farther you are away in distance,
543
1337000
3000
你離得越遠，
22:32
the longer it is in time
544
1340000
2000
你和
22:34
from the initial blast;
545
1342000
2000
第一個爆炸的時間
22:36
and the more separation between you
546
1344000
2000
的距離就越大
22:38
and the outside atmosphere, the better.
547
1346000
2000
在大氣層外的話，更好。
22:40
So separation -- hopefully with dirt or concrete,
548
1348000
3000
所以與核爆分離－最好跟塵土或混凝土，
22:43
or being in a basement --
549
1351000
2000
或者在地下室內－
22:45
distance and time is what will save you.
550
1353000
2000
距離和時間能讓你存活下來。
22:47
So here's what you do. First of all,
551
1355000
2000
所以這是你要做的。第一，
22:49
as I said, don't stare at the light flash,
552
1357000
2000
像我剛才說的，不要看核爆的閃光
22:51
if you can. I don't know you could possibly resist doing that.
553
1359000
2000
如果你可以的話－我不知道你怎麼抗拒。
22:53
But let's assume, theoretically, you want to do that.
554
1361000
2000
但是假設，理論上，你想那麼做。
22:55
You want to keep your mouth open, so your eardrums
555
1363000
2000
你會想要張開嘴，那樣的話你的耳膜
22:57
don't burst from the pressures.
556
1365000
3000
不會因為壓力而爆裂。
23:00
If you're very close to what happened, you actually do have to duck and cover,
557
1368000
3000
如果你離核爆很近，你要彎下身並遮蓋
23:03
like Bert told you, Bert the Turtle.
558
1371000
2000
就像Bert跟你說的－烏龜Bert。
23:05
And you want to get under something so that you're not injured
559
1373000
3000
你想到某樣東西的底下，那樣的話你不會受傷
23:08
or killed by objects, if that's at all possible.
560
1376000
2000
或者被東西殺死，如果可能的話。
23:10
You want to get away from the initial fallout mushroom cloud,
561
1378000
2000
你會想離開蘑菇雲的初始放射性墜塵，
23:12
I said, in just a few minutes.
562
1380000
2000
我說，就在幾分鐘內，
23:14
And shelter and place. You want to move [only]
563
1382000
3000
避難所和地方。你會想順風
23:17
crosswind for 1.2 miles.
564
1385000
2000
或者側風走1.2英里。
23:19
You know, if you're out there and you see buildings horribly destroyed
565
1387000
3000
你要知道，如果你在外面
並看到被摧毀的建築物
並看到被摧毀的建築物
23:22
and down in that direction,
566
1390000
2000
順著損傷較少的
23:24
less destroyed here,
567
1392000
2000
建築物走，
23:26
then you know that it was over there, the blast, and you're going this way,
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你知道核爆在哪裡，並且你在往那個方向走
23:28
as long as you're going crosswise to the wind.
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只要你橫過風就可以了。
23:32
Once you're out and evacuating,
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一旦你逃出去並在撤離，
23:34
you want to keep as much of your skin,
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你會想遮蓋
23:36
your mouth and nose covered, as long as that covering
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你的皮膚，你的嘴和鼻子，
23:38
doesn't impede you moving and getting out of there.
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前提是遮蓋物不會阻礙你逃離。
23:41
And finally, you want to get decontaminated as soon as possible.
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最後，你會想儘快淨化。
23:44
And if you're wearing clothing, you've taken off your clothing,
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如果你穿著衣服，你得脫下你的衣服，
23:46
you're going to get showered down some place
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你會在某個地方沖洗
23:48
and remove the radiation that would be --
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移除你身上的輻射
23:50
the radioactive material that might be on you.
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以及有放射性的物質。
23:53
And then you want to stay in shelter for 48 to 72 hours minimum,
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你會想在避難所呆至少48到72小時，
23:57
but you're going to wait hopefully -- you'll have your little wind-up,
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但是希望－你會有一台
23:59
battery-less radio,
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無電池的收音機，
24:01
and you'll be waiting for people to tell you
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並等待人們告訴你
24:03
when it's safe to go outside. That's what you need to do.
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外面安全了。那是你要做的。
24:05
In conclusion,
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最後，
24:07
nuclear war is less likely than before,
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核戰沒有以前那麼可能發生，
24:09
but by no means out of the question, and it's not survivable.
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但是並不能忽視，而沒有人能夠存活。
24:12
Nuclear terrorism is possible -- it may be probable --
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核恐怖主義有可能發生，
24:15
but is survivable.
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但是人們有可能存活。
24:17
And this is Jack Geiger, who's one of the heroes
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這是Jack Geiger，
24:19
of the U.S. public health community.
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他是美國公共健康社會的英雄。
24:22
And Jack said the only way to deal
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Jack說唯一解決
24:24
with nuclear anything,
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跟核有關係的東西，
24:26
whether it's war or terrorism,
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不論是戰爭或是恐怖主義，
24:28
is abolition of nuclear weapons.
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是廢除核武器。
24:30
And you want something to work on once you've fixed global warming,
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你想要在全球暖化解決後做某件事。
24:33
I urge you to think about the fact that
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我催促你去想
24:35
we have to do something about this
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我們要對這個世界上
24:37
unacceptable, inhumane
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無法令人接受、
24:39
reality of nuclear weapons
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事實上不人道的核武器
24:41
in our world.
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做些什麼。
24:43
Now, this is my favorite civil defense slide, and I --
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這是我喜歡的民防組織幻燈片，我－
24:45
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
24:47
-- I don't want to be indelicate, but
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－我不想不文雅，但是－
24:49
this --
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這－
24:51
he's no longer in office. We don't really care, OK.
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他不再在位了，我們不在意，好。
24:54
This was sent to me by somebody
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這是某人寄給我的
24:56
who is an aficionado of civil defense procedures,
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他是民防組織過程的酷愛者，
24:59
but the fact of the matter is that
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事實上
25:01
America's gone through a very hard time.
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美國渡過了很困難的一段時間。
25:03
We've not been focused, we've not done what we had to do,
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我們沒有將注意力放在，我們要做的事，
25:06
and now we're facing the potential of
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而我們現在面對的是
25:09
bad, hell on Earth.
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地球上的潛在地獄。
25:11
Thank you.
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謝謝。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Irwin Redlener - Physician, disaster-preparedness activistDr. Irwin Redlener spends his days imagining the worst: He studies how humanity might survive natural or human-made disasters of unthinkable severity. He's been an outspoken critic of half-formed government recovery plans (especially after Katrina).
Why you should listen
After 9/11, Irwin Redlener emerged as a powerful voice in disaster medicine -- the discipline of medical care following natural and human-made catastrophes. He was a leading face of the relief effort after hurricanes Katrina and Rita, and is the author of Americans at Risk: Why We Are Not Prepared for Megadisasters and What We Can Do Now. He's the associate dean, professor of Clinical Public Health and director of the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health.
His parallel passion is addressing the American disaster that happens every day: millions of kids living without proper health care. He and Paul Simon are the co-founders of the Children's Health Fund, which raises money and awareness toward health care for homeless, neglected and poor children.
Irwin Redlener | Speaker | TED.com