TED@State
Jacqueline Novogratz: A third way to think about aid
Jacqueline Novogratz:提供援助的第三種方法
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
536,381 views
傳統慈善工作常爭議不休的辯論：一方主張要回歸市場機能，而一方主張要加碼援助。一種介於這兩者之間，Jacqueline Novogratz稱為「耐心資本」的公益創投，卻可以幫助貧民靠自己的力量站起來，並改變了上百萬、上千萬人的生命。
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadership
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
Clearly, we're living in a moment of crisis.
0
0
3000
很顯然地，我們現在的生活處處充滿危機
00:19
Arguably the financial markets have failed us
1
3000
3000
我們不但對金融體系失去信心
00:22
and the aid system is failing us,
2
6000
3000
連對援助系統也是。
00:25
and yet I stand firmly with the optimists
3
9000
3000
即使如此，我還是樂觀地認為
00:28
who believe that there has probably never been a more exciting moment to be alive.
4
12000
3000
再也沒有比現在更令人興奮的時刻了。
00:31
Because of some of technologies we've been talking about.
5
15000
3000
想想現在我們所談論的科技
00:34
Because of the resources, the skills,
6
18000
2000
想想我們有的這些資源，技能
00:36
and certainly the surge of talent we're seeing all around the world,
7
20000
3000
當然還有來自世界各地，不斷湧現的各式各樣的人才
00:39
with the mindset to create change.
8
23000
3000
和他們那顆勇於突破現狀的決心。
00:42
And we've got a president who sees himself as a global citizen,
9
26000
5000
我們還有個自許為世界公民的總統
00:47
who recognizes that no longer is there a single superpower,
10
31000
3000
他不只體認到單一強權的時代已不復存在
00:50
but that we've got to engage in a different way with the world.
11
34000
3000
和世界溝通的方式也必須改變。
00:53
And by definition, every one of you who is in this room
12
37000
4000
因此，在此的每一個人
00:57
must consider yourself a global soul,
13
41000
2000
一定要把自己當做全球的一份子
00:59
a global citizen.
14
43000
2000
視自己為世界的公民。
01:01
You work on the front lines. And you've seen the best and the worst
15
45000
2000
你們都是第一線的工作者，看盡了人性中
01:03
that human beings can do for one another and to one another.
16
47000
4000
最美好和最悲慘的事。
01:07
And no matter what country you live or work in,
17
51000
2000
不論你們在哪一個國家工作或是生活
01:09
you've also seen the extraordinary things that individuals are capable of,
18
53000
4000
你們都應該見識過，即使在最平凡的人身上
01:13
even in their most ordinariness.
19
57000
3000
也有成就不平凡事業的可能。
01:16
Today there is a raging debate
20
60000
3000
今時今日一個關於如何消弭貧窮的議題
01:19
as to how best we lift people out of poverty,
21
63000
4000
正被激烈的討論著
01:23
how best we release their energies.
22
67000
2000
究竟我們該如何幫助窮人發揮他們的潛能。
01:25
On the one hand, we have people that say
23
69000
2000
一方面，有人認為
01:27
the aid system is so broken we need to throw it out.
24
71000
3000
援助系統瀕臨崩潰，應該要放棄。
01:30
And on the other we have people who say
25
74000
2000
另一方面，也有人認為
01:32
the problem is that we need more aid.
26
76000
2000
還需要更多的援助。
01:34
And what I want to talk about is something that compliments both systems.
27
78000
4000
在這裡我想談的是一種能讓雙方都接受的方法
01:38
We call it patient capital.
28
82000
2000
我們稱之為＂耐心資本＂。
01:40
The critics point to the 500 billion dollars spent
29
84000
3000
有批評指出，從1970年開始，
01:43
in Africa since 1970
30
87000
3000
算算已有5000億資金投入非洲
01:46
and say, and what do we have but environmental degradation
31
90000
3000
結果呢？只造成當地環境惡化
01:49
and incredible levels of poverty, rampant corruption?
32
93000
4000
令人難以置信的貧困，和貪汙腐敗嗎？
01:53
They use Mobutu as metaphor.
33
97000
3000
他們拿蒙博托（剛果的獨裁者）做例子。
01:56
And their policy prescription is to
34
100000
4000
認為增強政府公信力
02:00
make government more accountable,
35
104000
2000
是最好的解決方法。
02:02
focus on the capital markets,
36
106000
2000
然後只把錢投資在資本市場
02:04
invest, don't give anything away.
37
108000
3000
純粹投資，而不做任何捐助。
02:07
On the other side, as I said, there are those who say
38
111000
2000
另一邊呢？像我之前提的，有人認為
02:09
the problem is that we need more money.
39
113000
2000
問題在於我們投入援助的錢還不夠。
02:11
That when it comes to the rich, we'll bail out
40
115000
3000
當服務的對象是有錢人時，
02:14
and we'll hand a lot of aid,
41
118000
2000
大家很樂意錦上添花，加碼提供贊助。
02:16
but when it comes to our poor brethren,
42
120000
2000
但當談到這些窮人時
02:18
we want little to do with it.
43
122000
2000
願意雪中送炭的人就非常有限。
02:20
They point to the successes of aid:
44
124000
2000
他們提到一個援助的成功案例：
02:22
the eradication of smallpox,
45
126000
2000
天花的消滅
02:24
and the distribution of tens of millions
46
128000
3000
還有透過運送數以千萬的
02:27
of malaria bed nets and antiretrovirals.
47
131000
4000
蚊帳及藥物才得到根除的瘧疾。
02:31
Both sides are right.
48
135000
2000
雙方說法都對
02:33
And the problem is that neither side is listening to the other.
49
137000
3000
但問題在於雙方都各持己見
02:36
Even more problematic, they're not listening to
50
140000
3000
更糟的是，根本沒人去了解
02:39
poor people themselves.
51
143000
2000
窮人的心聲。
02:41
After 25 years of working on issues of
52
145000
2000
25年來我一直專注於
02:43
poverty and innovation,
53
147000
2000
貧窮和創新的問題上
02:45
it's true that there are probably no more market-oriented
54
149000
4000
這是個事實：沒有任何人
02:49
individuals on the planet
55
153000
2000
會比低收入的窮人
02:51
than low-income people.
56
155000
2000
更受市場影響。
02:53
They must navigate markets daily,
57
157000
3000
他們每天被迫跟著市場環境
02:56
making micro-decisions, dozens and dozens,
58
160000
3000
為生活中的細節，做出一個又一個的決定
02:59
to move their way through society,
59
163000
2000
好讓日子能過下去。
03:01
and yet if a single catastrophic health problem
60
165000
3000
如果出現一個災難性的健康問題
03:04
impacts their family,
61
168000
2000
降臨到他們的家庭
03:06
they could be put back into poverty, sometimes for generations.
62
170000
4000
可能令好幾世代就此又陷入貧窮。
03:10
And so we need both the market
63
174000
2000
所以我們需要資本市場
03:12
and we need aid.
64
176000
3000
援助系統也不能少。
03:15
Patient capital works between,
65
179000
3000
耐心資本剛好在中間
03:18
and tries to take the best of both.
66
182000
2000
企圖擷取兩邊的優點。
03:20
It's money that's invested in entrepreneurs who know their communities
67
184000
3000
這資本用來投資熟知當地環境的創業家，
03:23
and are building solutions
68
187000
2000
使他們進而提出解決方案
03:25
to healthcare, water, housing, alternative energy,
69
189000
3000
致力於改善醫療品質，提昇水質及住房環境，以及能源替代方案等
03:28
thinking of low income people not as passive recipients of charity,
70
192000
5000
我們不該把窮人想成是只會被動地接受援助
03:33
but as individual customers, consumers, clients,
71
197000
3000
而是和一般獨立個體，消費者及客戶一樣
03:36
people who want to make decisions in their own lives.
72
200000
3000
該是掌控自己的命運的人。
03:39
Patient capital requires that we have
73
203000
2000
耐心資本需要的是
03:41
incredible tolerance for risk,
74
205000
3000
能高度承受風險
03:44
a long time horizon in terms of allowing those
75
208000
2000
並且給這些創業家們足夠的時間
03:46
entrepreneurs time to experiment,
76
210000
2000
實踐他們的計劃
03:48
to use the market as the best listening device that we have,
77
212000
4000
而且願意傾聽市場的聲音
03:52
and the expectation of below-market returns,
78
216000
3000
期待的並非是高額的投資回報
03:55
but outsized social impact.
79
219000
3000
而是擴大對社會的影響。
03:58
It recognizes that the market has its limitation,
80
222000
3000
意識到市場的侷限性，
04:01
and so patient capital also works
81
225000
3000
所以耐心資本也藉由更有效的補貼方案
04:04
with smart subsidy to extend the benefits of a global economy
82
228000
3000
擴大對全球經濟的效益
04:07
to include all people.
83
231000
2000
影響層面將擴及所有的人。
04:09
Now, entrepreneurs need patient capital
84
233000
2000
基於三個原因
04:11
for three reasons.
85
235000
2000
創業家需要耐心資本。
04:13
First, they tend to work in markets
86
237000
2000
第一，他們所運作的市場
04:15
where people make one, two, three dollars a day
87
239000
2000
人們每天收入不到3美元
04:17
and they are making all of their decisions within that income level.
88
241000
4000
所有生活中的決定受限於這微薄收入。
04:21
Second, the geographies in which they work
89
245000
2000
第二，他們所在的地理環境
04:23
have terrible infrastructure --
90
247000
2000
基礎建設嚴重缺乏
04:25
no roads to speak of, sporadic electricity
91
249000
2000
沒有可辨認的道路，也稱不上有電力系統
04:27
and high levels of corruption.
92
251000
4000
貪汙腐敗更是猖獗。
04:31
Third, they are often creating markets.
93
255000
2000
第三，那是個待創造開發的市場
04:33
Even if you're bringing clean water
94
257000
2000
像乾淨的水這麽平凡的東西
04:35
for the first time into rural villages, it is something new.
95
259000
3000
在偏僻村落，都還是前所未見的商品。
04:38
And so many low-income people
96
262000
2000
這些人
04:40
have seen so many failed promises broken
97
264000
4000
經歷過很多次＂狼來了＂
04:44
and seen so many quacks and sporadic medicines offered to them
98
268000
4000
也接受過許多庸醫的治療和零星藥品的援助
04:48
that building trust takes a lot of time,
99
272000
3000
所以要取得他們的信任需要很長的時間
04:51
takes a lot of patience.
100
275000
2000
很多的耐心。
04:53
It also requires being connected to a lot of management assistance.
101
277000
4000
後續的支援管理也很重要。
04:57
Not only to build the systems,
102
281000
2000
不是只有初期的系統架構
04:59
the business models that allow us
103
283000
2000
建立能深入窮人生活
05:01
to reach low income people in a sustainable way,
104
285000
2000
和長久持續的商業模式，
05:03
but to connect those business
105
287000
2000
還要進一步幫他們創造
05:05
to other markets, to governments, to corporations --
106
289000
3000
能與其他市場，政府機關，公司團體相互連結的環境
05:08
real partnerships if we want to get to scale.
107
292000
4000
唯有如此，才能達到我們預期的目標。
05:12
I want to share one story
108
296000
2000
在這，我想和大家分享一個案例
05:14
about an innovation called drip irrigation.
109
298000
2000
關於一個＂滴水灌概＂的創新計劃。
05:16
In 2002 I met this incredible entrepreneur
110
300000
3000
2002時我遇見這個了不起的創業家
05:19
named Amitabha Sadangi from India,
111
303000
3000
Amitabha Sadangi, 印度人
05:22
who'd been working for 20 years with some of the poorest farmers on the planet.
112
306000
4000
20年來他一直致力於幫助世界上最貧困的農民
05:26
And he was expressing his frustration
113
310000
2000
他不斷向我表達他的沮喪
05:28
that the aid market had bypassed low-income farmers altogether,
114
312000
3000
因為援助系統早已忘了這群窮苦的人
05:31
despite the fact that 200 million farmers
115
315000
2000
事實上，光在印度就有2億的農民
05:33
alone in India make under a dollar a day.
116
317000
3000
每天只靠1美元過活。
05:36
They were creating subsidies
117
320000
2000
有一些補助金額
05:38
either for large farms,
118
322000
2000
除了給大的農場使用
05:40
or they were giving inputs to the farmers
119
324000
2000
也直接給這些農民們
05:42
that they thought they should use, rather than
120
326000
2000
並規定這些農民該如何使用補助款
05:44
that the farmers wanted to use.
121
328000
2000
而沒有詢問農民們想怎麽用。
05:46
At the same time Amitabha was
122
330000
2000
同時Amitabha
05:48
obsessed with this drip irrigation technology
123
332000
3000
對來自以色列的＂滴水灌溉＂技術
05:51
that had been invented in Israel.
124
335000
3000
相當感興趣。
05:54
It was a way of bringing small amounts of water
125
338000
3000
它將少量的水
05:57
directly to the stalk of the plant.
126
341000
2000
直接灌溉在植物的根莖部
05:59
And it could transform
127
343000
2000
而且它可以
06:01
swaths of desert land into fields of emerald green.
128
345000
3000
把連綿的沙漠荒地變成滿地翠綠。
06:04
But the market also had bypassed low income farmers,
129
348000
4000
但這技術仍舊幫不上貧苦農夫的忙。
06:08
because these systems were both too expensive,
130
352000
2000
因為相關設施非常昂貴
06:10
and they were constructed for fields that were too large.
131
354000
3000
土地面積要達到相當的規模才適用。
06:13
The average small village farmer
132
357000
2000
而這些村落的農夫
06:15
works on two acres or less.
133
359000
3000
所耕種的土地面積也不過就一二畝罷了。
06:18
And so, Amitabha decided that he would take that innovation
134
362000
3000
所以Amitabha決定
06:21
and he would redesign it from the perspective
135
365000
2000
改造這個創新技術
06:23
of the poor farmers themselves,
136
367000
2000
重新設計一個符合這些農夫需求的灌溉系統。
06:25
because he spent so many years listening to what they needed
137
369000
3000
他花了很多年，了解他們真正所需
06:28
not what he thought that they should have.
138
372000
2000
而非憑自己一廂情願的想法
06:30
And he used three fundamental principles.
139
374000
2000
同時設定三個基本原則
06:32
The first one was miniaturization.
140
376000
3000
第一，小型化
06:35
The drip irrigation system
141
379000
2000
縮小滴水灌溉系統
06:37
had to be small enough that a farmer only had
142
381000
2000
要小到讓這些農民只需
06:39
to risk a quarter acre,
143
383000
3000
使用1/4畝的土地去試
06:42
even if he had two,
144
386000
2000
即使他有二畝地
06:44
because it was too frightening, given all that he had at stake.
145
388000
3000
如果必須使用所有的地，對農民來說風險太大了。
06:47
Second, it had to be extremely affordable.
146
391000
4000
第二，要農民負擔得起
06:51
In other words, that risk on the quarter acre
147
395000
3000
也就是說，如果不幸失敗
06:54
needed to be repaid in a single harvest,
148
398000
3000
只需一季收成就能回補損失
06:57
or else they wouldn't take the risk.
149
401000
2000
否則沒人會願意冒險的。
06:59
And third, it had to be what Amitabha calls
150
403000
2000
第三，Amitabha認為
07:01
infinitely expandable.
151
405000
2000
要能無限擴展
07:03
What I mean is with the profits from the first quarter acre,
152
407000
3000
意思是由第一個1/4畝地所賺到的利潤
07:06
the farmers could buy a second
153
410000
2000
能夠再買第二套設備
07:08
and a third and a fourth.
154
412000
2000
甚至第三套，第四套....
07:10
As of today, IDE India, Amitabha's organization,
155
414000
3000
直至今日，Amitabha成立的組織IDE
07:13
has sold over 300,000 farmers these systems
156
417000
3000
已售出30萬套這種系統
07:16
and has seen their yields and incomes
157
420000
2000
而且這些農民的收益報酬
07:18
double or triple on average,
158
422000
2000
都達以往的2倍，甚至3倍。
07:20
but this didn't happen overnight.
159
424000
3000
當然，這些成功並非一夕之間發生
07:23
In fact, when you go back to the beginning,
160
427000
2000
事實上，一開始時
07:25
there were no private investors
161
429000
2000
沒有任何一個私人投資者
07:27
who would be willing to take a risk on building a new technology
162
431000
3000
願意冒風險投資在
07:30
for a market class that made under a dollar a day,
163
434000
3000
日收入只有一美元的市場
07:33
that were known to be some of the most risk-averse people on the planet
164
437000
3000
而且這市場充斥著對風險亳無招架之力的一群人
07:36
and that were working in one of the riskiest sectors, agriculture.
165
440000
4000
更何況農業投資的風險本身已很高。
07:40
And so we needed grants. And he used significant grants
166
444000
3000
所以我們需要資金，讓他可以利用大量資金
07:43
to research, to experiment, to fail,
167
447000
3000
從事研究，做實驗，歷經失敗
07:46
to innovate and try again.
168
450000
2000
並且再接再厲。
07:48
And when he had a prototype
169
452000
3000
一旦具體計劃成形
07:51
and had a better understanding of how to market to farmers,
170
455000
3000
對於如何將系統賣給農民有好的方法時
07:54
that's when patient capital could come in.
171
458000
2000
也就是耐心資本投入的時點
07:56
And we helped him build a company, for profit,
172
460000
3000
這時我們幫助他成立公司，不但以獲利為目標
07:59
that would build on IDE's knowledge,
173
463000
3000
也藉由IDE的專業
08:02
and start looking at sales and exports,
174
466000
2000
尋求擴大營業規摸並增加產品出口的機會
08:04
and be able to tap into other kinds of capital.
175
468000
4000
進而引進其他資金管道。
08:08
Secondarily, we wanted to see if we could export
176
472000
3000
第二，我們也計劃
08:11
this drip irrigation and bring it into other countries.
177
475000
3000
將滴水灌溉系統出口至其他國家。
08:14
And so we met Dr. Sono Khangharani in Pakistan.
178
478000
4000
所以我們也拜訪了巴基斯坦的Sono Khangharani 博士
08:18
And while, again, you needed patience
179
482000
2000
一段時間後，同樣地，藉由耐心資本投入
08:20
to move a technology for the poor
180
484000
2000
我們有機會將這新技術
08:22
in India into Pakistan,
181
486000
2000
由印度引進巴基斯坦
08:24
just to get the permits,
182
488000
2000
只要取得許可
08:26
over time we were able to start a company
183
490000
3000
經過一段時間規劃
08:29
with Dr. Sono, who runs a large
184
493000
2000
我們得以和在塔爾沙漠
08:31
community development organization in the Thar Desert,
185
495000
3000
這個印度最偏僻最貧困的地區之一
08:34
which is one of the remote and poorest areas of the country.
186
498000
3000
擁有大型社區發展組織的Sono博士共同成立公司。
08:37
And though that company has just started,
187
501000
2000
雖然公司才剛成立
08:39
our assumption is that there too
188
503000
2000
但我們預測
08:41
we'll see the impact on millions.
189
505000
3000
它能影響千萬的窮苦人民。
08:44
But drip irrigation isn't the only innovation.
190
508000
2000
滴水灌溉並非唯一的創新發明
08:46
We're starting to see these happening all around the world.
191
510000
3000
後續效應不斷在全世界被擴散蔓延。
08:49
In Arusha, Tanzania, A to Z Textile Manufacturing
192
513000
5000
在坦桑尼亞的阿魯沙，A to Z 紡織廠
08:54
has worked in partnership with us,
193
518000
2000
也和我們一起
08:56
with UNICEF, with the Global Fund,
194
520000
2000
連同聯合國兒童基金會以及全球基金
08:58
to create a factory that now employs 7,000 people, mostly women.
195
522000
3000
創造了一個僱用7000名員工的工廠，而且大多是女性員工
09:01
And they produce 20 million lifesaving bednets
196
525000
2000
每年生產2千萬個防瘧疾的蚊帳
09:03
for Africans around the world.
197
527000
4000
給全世界的非洲人民。
09:07
Lifespring Hospital
198
531000
2000
源泉醫院
09:09
is a joint venture between Acumen and the government of India
199
533000
2000
由Acumen基金和印度政府合資成立
09:11
to bring quality, affordable maternal health care
200
535000
4000
目的是提供給低收入的產婦
09:15
to low-income women,
201
539000
2000
有品質，又能負擔得起的醫療照顧。
09:17
and it's been so successful that it's currently building
202
541000
2000
這醫院做得非當成功
09:19
a new hospital every 35 days.
203
543000
5000
平均每35天蓋一家新醫院。
09:24
And 1298 Ambulances decided that it was going to
204
548000
3000
"1298 救護車" 也計劃
09:27
reinvent a completely broken industry,
205
551000
3000
在這個瀕臨破產的行業重新投入資金
09:30
building an ambulance service in Bombay
206
554000
2000
他們在孟買設立救護車服務
09:32
that would use the technology of Google Earth,
207
556000
3000
利用Google Earth技術
09:35
a sliding scale pricing system
208
559000
2000
和彈性的訂價系統
09:37
so that all people could have access,
209
561000
2000
使所有人都能使用這項服務
09:39
and a severe and public decision
210
563000
3000
而且所有決策採嚴謹公開的過程
09:42
not to engage in any form of corruption.
211
566000
3000
杜絕任何貪瀆行為。
09:45
So that in the terrorist attacks of November
212
569000
2000
所以在去年11月孟買發生恐佈攻擊時
09:47
they were the first responder,
213
571000
2000
"1298救護車"是最先抵達災難現場的
09:49
and are now beginning to scale, because of partnership.
214
573000
2000
之後隨著新伙伴加入，逐步擴大規模。
09:51
They've just won four government contracts to build off their 100 ambulances,
215
575000
4000
他們才剛接受4個政府委託，建造100輛救護車的合約
09:55
and are one of the largest and most effective ambulance companies
216
579000
4000
現在已然成為印度最具規模
09:59
in India.
217
583000
2000
最有效率的救護車公司之一。
10:01
This idea of scale is critical.
218
585000
2000
擴大規模的想法非常重要
10:03
Because we're starting to see these enterprises
219
587000
2000
這些公司都有
10:05
reach hundreds of thousands of people. All of the ones I discussed
220
589000
3000
成千上百的員工，而我所提及的這些公司的員工總數
10:08
have reached at least a quarter million people.
221
592000
2000
超過二十五萬人。
10:10
But that's obviously not enough.
222
594000
2000
但這顯然不夠
10:12
And it's where the idea of partnership
223
596000
2000
所以藉由合作，結合外界資源
10:14
becomes so important.
224
598000
2000
變得十分重要。
10:16
Whether it's by finding those innovations
225
600000
2000
如果這些創新技術
10:18
that can access the capital markets,
226
602000
2000
能由資本市場取得資金
10:20
government itself, or partner with major corporations,
227
604000
3000
或和政府，大企業合作
10:23
there is unbelievable opportunity for innovation.
228
607000
4000
未來都能創造無限的可能。
10:27
President Obama understands that.
229
611000
2000
歐巴馬總統明白這個道理
10:29
He recently authorized the creation of a Social Innovation Fund
230
613000
3000
最近他授權創立了"社會創新基金"
10:32
to focus on what works in this country,
231
616000
2000
除了著眼於增進人民福址
10:34
and look at how we can scale it.
232
618000
2000
也追求世界福址。
10:36
And I would submit that it's time to consider
233
620000
3000
我認為現在是
10:39
a global innovation fund
234
623000
2000
推廣"全球創新基金"的好時機
10:41
that would find these entrepreneurs around the world
235
625000
3000
去資助這些散佈在全球的創業家
10:44
who really have innovations, not only for their country,
236
628000
2000
擁有對自己國家有貢獻的創新科技
10:46
but ones that we can use in the developed world as well.
237
630000
3000
若能藉由財務支援，甚至提供管理系統協助
10:49
Invest financial assistance, but also management assistance.
238
633000
4000
就能將這些創新科技推廣至世界各地
10:53
And then measure the returns,
239
637000
2000
那麼不只在財務方面
10:55
both from a financial perspective
240
639000
2000
甚至是社會影響力層面
10:57
and from a social impact perspective.
241
641000
3000
都能獲得可觀報酬。
11:00
When we think about new approaches to aid,
242
644000
3000
當我們談到新的援助方法時
11:03
it's impossible not to talk about Pakistan.
243
647000
4000
不可能不提到巴基斯坦。
11:07
We've had a rocky relationship with that country
244
651000
2000
巴基斯坦和美國關係一直不太穩定
11:09
and, in all fairness,
245
653000
2000
事實上
11:11
the United States has not always been a very reliable partner.
246
655000
3000
美國稱不上是個可以信賴的伙伴。
11:14
But again I would say that this is our moment
247
658000
4000
但是我想再一次強調
11:18
for extraordinary things to happen.
248
662000
2000
現在是個非常時刻。
11:20
And if we take that notion of a global innovation fund,
249
664000
3000
如果我們利用全球創新基金的概念
11:23
we could use this time to invest
250
667000
3000
不是直接投資政府
11:26
not directly in government, though we would have government's blessing,
251
670000
3000
雖然這麼做會少了當地政府的庇佑
11:29
nor in international experts,
252
673000
3000
也不是投資於國際貿易
11:32
but in the many existing entrepreneurs
253
676000
3000
而是投資現成的創業家
11:35
and civil society leaders
254
679000
2000
或社會各階層領導者
11:37
who already are building wonderful innovations
255
681000
4000
這些人有很棒的創新
11:41
that are reaching people all across the country.
256
685000
2000
而且能造福全國的人。
11:43
People like Rashani Zafar,
257
687000
2000
例如Rashnai Zafar
11:45
who created one of the largest microfinance banks in the country,
258
689000
3000
創辦世界上最大的小額信貸銀行
11:48
and is a real role model for women inside and outside the country.
259
692000
4000
也給全球女性樹立一個最好的榜樣
11:52
And Tasneem Siddiqui, who developed a way
260
696000
2000
還有Tasneem Siddiqui
11:54
called incremental housing,
261
698000
2000
提出"增量住房"概念
11:56
where he has moved 40,000 slum dwellers
262
700000
2000
同時他成功地讓4萬個貧民窟的居民
11:58
into safe, affordable community housing.
263
702000
3000
擁有安全，且負擔得起的住家。
12:01
Educational initiatives like DIL and The Citizen Foundation
264
705000
3000
還有教育倡導者像是DIL以及公民基金會
12:04
that are building schools across the country.
265
708000
3000
他們在全國各地創辦學校
12:07
It's not hyperbole
266
711000
2000
一點也不誇張的說
12:09
to say that these civil society institutions
267
713000
2000
這些公民社會組織
12:11
and these social entrepreneurs
268
715000
2000
以及社會創業家
12:13
are building real alternatives to the Taliban.
269
717000
3000
為當地人提供了塔利班以外的選擇。
12:16
I've invested in Pakistan for over seven years now,
270
720000
3000
我投資巴基斯坦已超過7年
12:19
and those of you who've also worked there
271
723000
2000
你們之中如果有人在那工作過
12:21
can attest that Pakistanis are an incredibly hard working population,
272
725000
4000
都可以證明巴基斯坦人工作是非常認真的。
12:25
and there is a fierce upward mobility in their very nature.
273
729000
5000
積極向上是他們的天性
12:30
President Kennedy said that
274
734000
2000
甘乃迪總統曾說過
12:32
those who make peaceful revolution impossible
275
736000
4000
那些阻止和平改革發生的人
12:36
make violent revolution inevitable.
276
740000
3000
往往促成暴力革命發生。
12:39
I would say that the converse is true.
277
743000
2000
我覺得這句話反過來說也很有道理
12:41
That these social leaders
278
745000
2000
這些社會領導者
12:43
who really are looking at innovation
279
747000
2000
創新求變
12:45
and extending opportunity
280
749000
2000
開拓機會
12:47
to the 70 percent of Pakistanis who make less than two dollars a day,
281
751000
3000
讓大部份收入微薄的巴基斯坦人
12:50
provide real pathways to hope.
282
754000
3000
對未來燃起了新的希望。
12:53
And as we think about how we construct aid for Pakistan,
283
757000
3000
當我們為巴基斯坦建造援助系統的同時
12:56
while we need to strengthen the judiciary,
284
760000
3000
我們還需要藉助司法力量
12:59
build greater stability,
285
763000
2000
建立穩固的體系
13:01
we also need to think about lifting those leaders
286
765000
3000
同時這些領導者
13:04
who can be role models for the rest of the world.
287
768000
4000
也可以將其影響力擴及世界其他地區。
13:08
On one of my last visits to Pakistan,
288
772000
2000
有次我去巴基斯坦時
13:10
I asked Dr. Sono if he would take me
289
774000
2000
要求Sono醫生帶我去塔爾沙漠
13:12
to see some of the drip irrigation in the Thar Desert.
290
776000
3000
我想看看滴水灌溉設備在那使用的狀況
13:15
And we left Karachi one morning before dawn.
291
779000
3000
天沒亮我們由Karachi出發
13:18
It was about 115 degrees.
292
782000
2000
氣溫高達華氏115度
13:20
And we drove for eight hours
293
784000
2000
開了8小時的車
13:22
along this moonscape-like landscape
294
786000
3000
沿途風景跟月球表面一樣
13:25
with very little color, lots of heat,
295
789000
3000
千篇一律，而且熱氣持續來襲
13:28
very little discussion, because we were exhausted.
296
792000
2000
一路上我們沒什麼交談，因為大家都累壞了
13:30
And finally, at the end of the journey,
297
794000
2000
最後終於抵達目的地
13:32
I could see this thin little yellow line across the horizon.
298
796000
4000
遠遠望去，我看到一條細小的黃線
13:36
And as we got closer, its significance became apparent.
299
800000
3000
靠近時才發現
13:39
That there in the desert
300
803000
2000
原來在這沙漠裡
13:41
was a field of sunflowers growing seven feet tall.
301
805000
3000
竟有一整片7呎高的向日葵
13:44
Because one of the poorest farmers on Earth
302
808000
2000
這令人驚豔的沙漠綠洲來自一個貧苦的農民
13:46
had gotten access to a technology
303
810000
3000
藉由科技的幫助
13:49
that had allowed him to change his own life.
304
813000
3000
讓他的生活從此得到改善
13:52
His name was Raja,
305
816000
2000
這個人叫Raja。
13:54
and he had kind, twinkly hazel eyes
306
818000
2000
淡褐色的雙眼，溫和但烱烱有神
13:56
and warm expressive hands
307
820000
3000
一雙溫暖的大手
13:59
that reminded me of my father.
308
823000
2000
讓我想到父親。
14:01
And he said it was the first dry season
309
825000
2000
他告訴我，這是有始以來第一個乾季
14:03
in his entire life that he hadn't taken
310
827000
3000
他不需要帶著
14:06
his 12 children and 50 grandchildren
311
830000
2000
12個孩子和50個孫子
14:08
on a two day journey across the desert
312
832000
3000
花2天時間橫渡沙漠
14:11
to work as day laborers at a commercial farm
313
835000
2000
為了換取一天50分的工錢
14:13
for about 50 cents a day.
314
837000
2000
到農場打零工。
14:15
Because he was building these crops.
315
839000
2000
這全是因為他所種植的這些作物
14:17
And with the money he earned he could stay this year.
316
841000
3000
加上賣了的錢，今年全家人不再需要奔波勞碌了。
14:20
And for the first time ever in three generations,
317
844000
3000
這也是自祖父輩以降
14:23
his children would go to school.
318
847000
3000
他的小孩終於有機會上學
14:26
We asked him if he would send his daughters as well as his sons.
319
850000
3000
我們問他對女兒會不會也一視同仁
14:29
And he said, "Of course I will.
320
853000
2000
他回答說＂當然
14:31
Because I don't want them discriminated against anymore."
321
855000
5000
因為我不希望他們任何一個再受到歧視＂
14:36
When we think about solutions to poverty,
322
860000
2000
當我們思考著如何擺脫貧窮時
14:38
we cannot deny individuals
323
862000
2000
我們不能忽略
14:40
their fundamental dignity.
324
864000
2000
個人的基本尊嚴。
14:42
Because at the end of the day,
325
866000
2000
終究到了最後
14:44
dignity is more important to the human spirit than wealth.
326
868000
3000
人的尊嚴還是勝過所擁有的財富。
14:47
And what's exciting is to see so many entrepreneurs across sectors
327
871000
4000
令人興奮的是這麼多的創業家
14:51
who are building innovations that recognize
328
875000
3000
致力於突破創新，是因為他們了解到
14:54
that what people want is freedom
329
878000
2000
人們對自由的渴望
14:56
and choice and opportunity.
330
880000
2000
對選擇及機會的渴求。
14:58
Because that is where dignity really starts.
331
882000
3000
這些都是人的基本尊嚴的要求。
15:01
Martin Luther King said that
332
885000
2000
馬丁路德曾經說過
15:03
love without power is anemic and sentimental,
333
887000
5000
失去力量的愛，脆弱無力，容易生悲
15:08
and that power without love
334
892000
2000
而失去愛的力量
15:10
is reckless and abusive.
335
894000
2000
則顯得蠻橫無忌。
15:12
Our generation has seen both approaches tried,
336
896000
3000
在我們這個世代，我們二種方法都嘗試過
15:15
and often fail.
337
899000
2000
多數以失敗告終
15:17
But I think our generation also might be the first
338
901000
3000
我們這一代也許
15:20
to have the courage to embrace both love and power.
339
904000
4000
俱備了同時擁抱愛和力量的勇氣
15:24
For that is what we'll need, as we move forward
340
908000
3000
俱備了邁向夢想中
15:27
to dream and imagine what it will really take
341
911000
3000
想要建立的
15:30
to build a global economy that includes all of us,
342
914000
3000
大公無私的全球經濟體系
15:33
and to finally extend that fundamental proposition
343
917000
3000
並且使＂人生而平等＂這一基礎民主思想
15:36
that all men are created equal to every human being on the planet.
344
920000
4000
得以拓展實現。
15:40
The time for us to begin innovating
345
924000
3000
現在是該展開行動的時候了
15:43
and looking for new solutions, a cross sector, is now.
346
927000
4000
不分國界，尋求創新解決方案。
15:47
I can only talk from my own experience,
347
931000
2000
在此我只能分享自身經驗
15:49
but in eight years of running Acumen fund,
348
933000
4000
但這八年來經營Acumen基金
15:53
I've seen the power of patient capital.
349
937000
2000
我深深感受到耐心資本的力量
15:55
Not only to inspire innovation and risk taking,
350
939000
5000
它不僅僅鼓勵創新和冒險
16:00
but to truly build systems that have created
351
944000
2000
事實上，它所建立起的系統
16:02
more than 25,000 jobs
352
946000
2000
創造了2萬5仟個工作機會
16:04
and delivered tens of millions of services and products
353
948000
3000
提供了數以萬計的服務及產品
16:07
to some of the poorest people on the planet.
354
951000
3000
給世界上最貧苦的一群人。
16:10
I know it works.
355
954000
2000
我知道這概念會成功
16:12
But I know that many other kinds of innovation also work.
356
956000
3000
還有很多其他的創新也會成功
16:15
And so I urge you, in whatever sector you work,
357
959000
3000
在此我懇請各位，不論你的專長領域
16:18
in whatever job you do,
358
962000
2000
也不論你做什麼工作
16:20
to start thinking about how we might
359
964000
2000
請開始思考
16:22
build solutions that start
360
966000
3000
我們能提供的協助
16:25
from the perspective of those we're trying to help.
361
969000
2000
是不是他們真正所需要的
16:27
Rather than what we think that they might need.
362
971000
5000
而不是我們認為他們需要的。
16:32
It will take embracing the world with both arms.
363
976000
3000
我願意用雙手擁抱這世界
16:35
And it will take living with the spirit of generosity and accountability,
364
979000
5000
使我們的生活充滿了慷慨和責任心
16:40
with a sense of integrity and perseverance.
365
984000
4000
以及誠信和毅力。
16:44
And yet these are the very qualities
366
988000
2000
這些好的信念
16:46
for which men and women have been honored
367
990000
2000
是我們代代相傳的
16:48
throughout the generations.
368
992000
2000
榮耀和驕傲。
16:50
And there is so much good that we can do.
369
994000
3000
但我們能做的事還有好多好多
16:53
Just think of all those sunflowers in the desert.
370
997000
3000
想想那些在沙漠裡盛開的向日葵吧！
16:56
Thank you.
371
1000000
2000
謝謝大家！
16:58
(Applause)
372
1002000
3000
(鼓掌)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadershipJacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty.
Why you should listen
Jacqueline Novogratz writes: "I want to build a movement in which we define success based on the amount of human energy we release in the world.
"I started my career on Wall Street and soon discovered that markets are efficient, but by themselves they too often overlook or exploit the poor. So I moved to Rwanda in 1986 to help found the country’s first micro-finance bank. There I saw the humanitarian ethos of philanthropy, and also how often top-down solutions too often create dependency, the opposite of dignity. Through 30 years of working on solutions to poverty, I have come to redefine it for myself, seeing it not as how much income a person earns, but how free they are to make their own choices and decisions, how much agency they have over their own lives.
Acumen was founded to change the way the world tackles poverty in 2001. Our mission was simple – to raise philanthropy and invest it as patient capital – long-term investment in intrepid entrepreneurs willing to go where markets and government had failed the poor. We enable companies to experiment and fail, never wavering from a commitment to stand with the poor, yet understanding that profitability is necessary for sustainable solutions. We’ve invested more than $110M across South Asia, Africa, Latin America and the US, and have seen entire sectors disrupted and hundreds of millions served.
The work also taught that it was critical to invest in talent. To date, we’ve supported nearly 400 Acumen Fellows across lines of race, class, ethnicity, religion and ideology. They are a beautiful group, full of vision and grit, and a determination to do what is right, not easy. The group itself enables individual leaders to endure the loneliness that is part of the work.
And then we measure what matters rather than just what we can count. Take this all together and you see our mission to do what it takes to build a world in which all of us have the chance to dream and to flourish, not from a place of easy sentimentality but through a commitment to using the tools of capitalism and the attributes of moral leadership to focus on doing what it takes, and no less.
Jacqueline Novogratz | Speaker | TED.com