TEDGlobal 2010
Ethan Zuckerman: Listening to global voices
Ethan Zuckerman: 聆聽全球之聲
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無庸置疑的，網路將世界各地連結起來，但我們多數人最終只會聽見與自己相仿人群的聲音。 Ethan Zuckerman作為部落客和技術專家，希望能協助將世界各地的故事分享給眾人。他提出了一些妙計，幫助你開闊你的Twitter天地，以及如何讀懂以陌生語言寫成的新聞。
Ethan Zuckerman - Blogger, digital visionary
Ethan Zuckerman studies how the world -- the whole world -- uses new media to share information and moods across cultures, languages and platforms. Full bio
Ethan Zuckerman studies how the world -- the whole world -- uses new media to share information and moods across cultures, languages and platforms. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm an American, which means, generally,
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身為美國人，意味著一般而言，
00:18
I ignore football unless it involves
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我不關心足球，除非涉及到
00:20
guys my size or Bruno's size
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和我或Bruno身材相當的人
00:22
running into each other at extremely high speeds.
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用飛快的速度朝對方奔去
00:25
That said, it's been really hard
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也就是說，到目前為止非常難
00:27
to ignore football
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不關注足球
00:29
for the last couple of weeks.
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在過去的幾週時間
00:31
I go onto Twitter, there are all these strange words that I've never heard before:
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我上了Twitter，看到好多我從來沒見過的字
00:34
FIFA, vuvuzela,
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FIFA, vuvuzela,
00:36
weird jokes about octopi.
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關於章魚的奇怪笑話
00:38
But the one that's really been sort of stressing me out,
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但是其中真正讓我感到壓力的
00:40
that I haven't been able to figure out,
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我沒辦法了解意思的
00:42
is this phrase "Cala a boca, Galvao."
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是這個詞："Cala a boca, Galvao."
00:44
If you've gone onto Twitter in the last couple of weeks,
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如果你在過去幾週上過Twitter
00:46
you've probably seen this.
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你應該看過這個詞
00:48
It's been a major trending topic.
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這個詞已經變成主要的流行話題
00:50
Being a monolingual American, I obviously don't know what the phrase means.
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身為一個只會講英文的美國人，我當然不了解這個詞的涵意
00:53
So I went onto Twitter,
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所以我上了Twitter
00:55
and I asked some people if they could explain to me "Cala a boca, Galvao."
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請人向我解釋"Cala a boca, Galvao."的意思
00:58
And fortunately, my Brazilian friends
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很幸運地，我的巴西朋友們
01:00
were more than ready to help.
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非常樂意幫忙
01:02
They explained that the Galvao bird
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他們向我解釋，高爾文鳥
01:05
is a rare and endangered parrot
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是一種稀有且瀕臨絕種的鸚鵡
01:07
that's in terrible, terrible danger.
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正處於非常非常危急的境地
01:09
In fact, I'll let them tell you a bit more about it.
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我讓他們來向你們更詳細的說明
01:11
Narrator: A word about Galvao, a very rare kind of bird
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旁白：用一句話來描述高爾文鳥，就是這是一種即為稀少的鳥類
01:14
native to Brazil.
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原生於巴西
01:16
Every year, more than 300,000 Galvao birds
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每年，有超過三十萬隻的的高爾文鳥
01:19
are killed during Carnival parades.
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在嘉年華會的遊行中被殺害
01:21
Ethan Zuckerman: Obviously, this is a tragic situation,
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顯然，這是一個悲慘的局面
01:23
and it actually gets worse.
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而且還正在惡化當中
01:25
It turns out that, not only is the Galvao parrot
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事實證明，高爾文鸚鵡不僅是
01:27
very attractive, useful for headdresses,
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非常迷人，可以用做頭飾
01:30
it evidently has certain hallucinogenic properties,
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它顯然還具有讓人產生幻覺的特質
01:33
which means that there's a terrible problem
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這意味著產生了一個嚴重的問題
01:35
with Galvao abuse.
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就是高爾文的濫用
01:37
Some sick and twisted people have found themselves snorting Galvao.
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有些病態扭曲的人會吸食高爾文鳥
01:40
And it's terribly endangered.
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而這樣非常危險
01:42
The good news about this is that the global community --
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好消息是全球的社群
01:44
again, my Brazilian friends tell me --
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我的巴西朋友們接著告訴我
01:46
is pitching in to help out.
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正在設法對此伸出援手
01:48
It turns out that Lady Gaga
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而且Lady Gaga
01:50
has released a new single --
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已經發行了一首新單曲
01:52
actually five or six new singles, as near as I can tell --
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實際上，就我所知是五到六首新單曲
01:55
titled "Cala a boca, Galvao."
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以"Cala a boca, Galvao."作為歌名
01:57
And my Brazilian friends tell me that
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接著我的巴西朋友們告訴我
01:59
if I just tweet the phrase "Cala a boca, Galvao,"
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只要我在Twitter上發佈 "Cala a boca, Galvao,"
02:01
10 cents will be given
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就會有十分美金捐贈
02:03
to a global campaign
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給一個全球的活動
02:05
to save this rare and beautiful bird.
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以協助拯救這些稀少且美麗的鳥類
02:08
Now, most of you have figured out that this was a prank,
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現在，你們多數已經發現這是一個騙局
02:10
and actually a very, very good one.
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而且是非常非常好的一個騙局
02:12
"Cala a boca, Galvao" actually means something very different.
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"Cala a boca, Galvao"實際上是有著完全不同的意思
02:14
In Portugese, it means "Shut your mouth, Galvao."
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在葡萄文中，意謂著「Galvao，閉上你的嘴！」
02:17
And it specifically refers to this guy, Galvao Bueno,
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而且特指這個人，Galvao Bueno
02:20
who's the lead soccer commentator
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巴西環球電視台
02:22
for Rede Globo.
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的體育主持人
02:24
And what I understand from my Brazilian friends
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而就我從我巴西朋友們的了解
02:26
is that this guy is just a cliche machine.
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這個人就只會講些陳腔爛調
02:29
He can ruin the most interesting match
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能把比賽的樂趣完全抹煞掉
02:32
by just spouting cliche again and again and again.
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只會不斷地說著一樣的東西
02:34
So Brazilians went to that first match
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所以巴西人去看了他們的第一場
02:36
against North Korea,
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對戰北韓的球賽
02:38
put up this banner, started a Twitter campaign
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拉起了這面旗幟，開始了Twitter的活動
02:40
and tried to convince the rest of us
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然後試著說服其他的人
02:42
to tweet the phrase: "Cala a boca, Galvao."
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去Twitter上發"Cala a boca, Galvao."
02:44
And in fact, were so successful at this
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而且，這個活動非常成功
02:47
that it topped Twitter for two weeks.
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甚至在Twitter上稱霸了兩個禮拜
02:49
Now there's a couple --
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現在，這裡有一些
02:51
there's a couple of lessons that you can take from this.
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有一些我們可以從中學習的啟示
02:54
And the first lesson, which I think is a worthwhile one,
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首先，我覺得值得學習的是
02:57
is that you cannot go wrong
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呼籲人們在網路上活躍
02:59
asking people to be active online,
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是不會錯的
03:01
so long as activism just means retweeting a phrase.
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只要活躍意指著僅需要在Twitter上轉發
03:04
So as long as activism is that simple,
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只要所要求的活躍程度這麼的簡單
03:06
it's pretty easy to get away with.
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就很容易成功
03:08
The other thing you can take from this, by the way,
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另外一件我們可以學到的
03:10
is that there are a lot of Brazilians on Twitter.
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是Twitter上有很多巴西人
03:13
There's more than five million of them.
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有超過五百萬的巴西人在上面
03:15
As far as national representation,
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就國家的總人口來算
03:17
11 percent of Brazilian internet users are on Twitter.
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有百分之十一有上網的巴西人在使用Twitter
03:20
That's a much higher number than in the U.S. or U.K.
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這個數字比美國或英國都高得多
03:23
Next to Japan,
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僅次於日本
03:25
it's the second most represented by population.
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是人口比例第二高的
03:28
Now if you're using Twitter or other social networks,
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現在你可能正在使用Twitter或其他的社群網絡
03:30
and you didn't realize
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但你可能從未意識到
03:32
this was a space with a lot of Brazilians in it,
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巴西人在其中佔了一席之地
03:34
you're like most of us.
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就像大多數的我們都沒有意識到一樣
03:36
Because what happens on a social network
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因為在社群網站裡
03:38
is you interact with the people
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你所互動的這些人
03:40
that you have chosen to interact with.
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是你選擇要和他們互動的人
03:42
And if you are like me, a big, geeky, white, American guy,
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如果你和我一樣，是個魁武熱愛科技、美國的白人
03:45
you tend to interact with a lot of other geeky, white, American guys.
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偏好和一群一樣熱愛科技的美國白人進行互動
03:48
And you don't necessarily have the sense
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那麼你就不會發現
03:50
that Twitter is in fact a very heavily Brazilian space.
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Twitter其實是個充斥著巴西人的地方
03:52
It's also extremely surprising to many Americans,
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另外也讓很多美國人感到吃驚的是
03:55
a heavily African-American space.
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Twitter也是個充斥著美國黑人的地方
03:58
Twitter recently did some research.
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Twitter最近做了一些調查
04:00
They looked at their local population.
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研究使用者的地域分布情況
04:02
They believe that 24 percent
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調查結果表示，24%的
04:04
of American Twitter users are African-American.
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美國Twitter使用者是黑人
04:06
That's about twice as high as African-Americans
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以黑人在美國總人口數的比例來看
04:08
are represented in the population.
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這個數字是其比例的兩倍
04:10
And again, that was very shocking to many Twitter users,
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又一次的，這對多數Twitter使用者來說非常震驚
04:12
but it shouldn't be.
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但其實不該如此的
04:14
And the reason it shouldn't be is that on any day
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而不該感到震驚的原因，是因為每一天
04:16
you can go into Trending Topics.
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你都可以在熱門話題排行榜中
04:18
And you tend to find topics
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找到排行在前的話題
04:20
that are almost entirely African-American conversations.
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幾乎都是黑人的對話
04:24
This was a visualization done by Fernando Viegas
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這是Fernando Viegas和Martin Wattenberg
04:26
and Martin Wattenberg,
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所做數據視覺化
04:28
two amazing visualization designers,
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兩個優秀的視覺化設計家
04:30
who looked at
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針對
04:32
a weekend's worth of Twitter traffic
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一週的Twitter流量所做的研究
04:34
and essentially found that a lot of these trending topics
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發現了很多排行榜中的熱門話題
04:36
were basically segregated conversations --
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都是種族區隔類的話題
04:39
and in ways that you wouldn't expect.
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你應該想不到
04:41
It turns out that oil spill is a mostly white conversation,
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像是「石油外洩」就是偏白人的對話內容
04:44
that cookout
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而「野炊」
04:46
is a mostly black conversation.
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則是偏黑人的對話內容
04:48
And what's crazy about this is that
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其中最瘋狂的是
04:50
if you wanted to mix up who you were seeing on Twitter,
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如果你想在Twitter參與不同的討論
04:53
it's literally a quick click away.
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只要點一下滑鼠就能做到
04:56
You click on that cookout tag, there an entirely different conversation
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你點「野炊」的標籤，然後就會出現一個完全不同的對話系列
04:58
with different people participating in it.
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包括有很多不同的人參與討論
05:01
But generally speaking, most of us don't.
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但一般而言，我們多數人都不會這麼做
05:03
We end up within these filter bubbles, as my friend Eli Pariser calls them,
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我們會用一個個的過濾泡泡（我朋友Eli Pariser取的）
05:06
where we see the people we already know
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我們只和已認識的人互動
05:08
and the people who are similar to the people we already know.
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或是有相同話題的朋友的朋友
05:11
And we tend not to see that wider picture.
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我們的視野常被侷限住
05:14
Now for me, I'm surprised by this,
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我對這種現象感到吃驚
05:17
because this wasn't how the internet was supposed to be.
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因為這不應該是網路
05:20
If you go back into the early days of the internet,
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如果回到過去網路剛興起的時代
05:22
when cyber-utopians like Nick Negroponte
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當像是Nick Negroponte這樣的網路烏托邦者
05:25
were writing big books like "Being Digital,"
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撰寫像是《數位革命》這樣的大作
05:27
the prediction was that the internet
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預測網路會成為
05:29
was going to be an incredibly powerful force
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不可限量的強大力量
05:31
to smooth out cultural differences,
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來化解文化間的隔閡
05:34
to put us all on a common field of one fashion or another.
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讓所有人處在一個共同的平台
05:37
Negroponte started his book with a story
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Negroponte以一個故事作為書的開頭
05:40
about how hard it is to build connections
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講述在一個原子構成的世界中
05:42
in the world of atoms.
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建立彼此的連接是多麼地困難
05:44
He's at a technology conference in Florida.
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他在佛羅里達參加一個關於科技的會議
05:46
And he's looking at something really, truly absurd,
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然後他發現了
05:49
which is bottles of Evian water on the table.
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放在桌上的Evian礦泉水
05:52
And Negroponte says this is crazy.
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接著Negroponte說這實在是太瘋狂了
05:54
This is the old economy.
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這根本是舊經濟體系
05:56
It's the economy of moving these
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這種經濟體系是把這些沈重又緩慢的原子
05:58
heavy, slow atoms over long distances that's very difficult to do.
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在遙遠的距離下，非常困難地進行運輸
06:01
We're heading to the future of bits,
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我們正邁向位元時代
06:03
where everything is speedy, it's weightless.
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所有的東西會變得很快速、沒有重量
06:05
It can be anywhere in the world at any time.
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可以在任何時間出現在世界的任何地方
06:07
And it's going to change the world as we know it.
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像我們所知的，將改變整個世界
06:10
Now, Negroponte has been right about a lot of things.
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現在來看，很多Negroponte的預測都實現了
06:12
He's totally wrong about this one.
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但在一件事上他完全錯了
06:14
It turns out that in many cases
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實際上在很多情況下
06:16
atoms are much more mobile than bits.
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原子其實比位元的移動性更好
06:19
If I walk into a store in the United States,
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當我走進美國的一家商店
06:21
it's very, very easy for me to buy water
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要買一瓶水非常容易
06:24
that's bottled in Fiji,
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這瓶水是在斐濟裝瓶的
06:26
shipped at great expense to the United States.
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以極高的運費運到了美國
06:28
It's actually surprisingly hard
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相對的，要我去看斐濟拍製的電影
06:31
for me to see a Fijian feature film.
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卻非常地難
06:33
It's really difficult for me to listen to Fijian music.
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要我聽斐濟的音樂，也很困難
06:36
It's extremely difficult for me to get Fijian news,
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要看到斐濟的新聞，對我來說就更難了
06:39
which is strange, because actually there's an enormous amount going on in Fiji.
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但這是很奇怪的，因為斐濟其實發生了很多事件
06:42
There's a coup government. There's a military government.
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有政府政變、有軍事政府
06:44
There's crackdowns on the press.
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有對媒體的掃蕩行動
06:46
It's actually a place that we probably should
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斐濟其實是一個
06:48
be paying attention to at the moment.
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我們現在應該關注的地方
06:50
Here's what I think is going on.
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我覺得是這麼回事
06:52
I think that we tend to look a lot
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但我們通常只看見
06:54
at the infrastructure
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全球化的
06:56
of globalization.
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大架構
06:58
We look at the framework that makes it possible
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我們看見在這個相互連接的世界中
07:00
to live in this connected world.
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讓連接成為可能的大架構
07:02
And that's a framework that includes things like airline routes.
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這個架構包括像是飛機航線
07:05
It includes things like the Internet cables.
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包括網路電纜
07:07
We look at a map like this one,
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我們用這種方式看地圖
07:09
and it looks like the entire world is flat
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看起來世界好像是平的
07:12
because everything is a hop or two away.
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因為每個點只要跳個一、兩次
07:14
You can get on a flight in London,
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你可以從倫敦搭飛機
07:16
you can end up in Bangalore later today.
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當晚的就能到印度
07:18
Two hops, you're in Suva, the capitol of Fiji.
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再跳一次，你就到了斐濟的首都蘇瓦
07:20
It's all right there.
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就是這麼的近
07:22
When you start looking at what actually
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但當你再仔細看
07:24
flows on top of these networks,
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究竟這些網絡如何流動的
07:26
you get a very different picture.
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會發現非常不一樣的情況
07:28
You start looking at how
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從觀察
07:30
the global plane flights move,
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全球班機的移動路線開始
07:32
and you suddenly discover that the world isn't even close to flat.
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你會突然發現，世界根本談不上是平的
07:34
It's extremely lumpy.
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而是極端集中分布的
07:36
There are parts of the world that are very, very well connected.
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世界的有些地方的連接是非常方便的
07:38
There's basically a giant pathway in the sky
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像倫敦跟紐約之間
07:40
between London and New York.
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基本上就是有一個在空中的巨大通道
07:42
but look at this map, and you can watch this
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但再看這個地圖
07:44
for, you know, two or three minutes.
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你可以看它個兩三分鐘
07:46
You won't see very many planes
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你會發現從南美洲到非洲
07:48
go from South America to Africa.
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並沒有很多班機
07:50
And you'll discover that there are parts of the globe
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而且你會發現，世界上有些地方
07:52
that are systematically cut off.
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被切斷了連結
07:54
When we stop looking at the infrastructure that makes connection possible,
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當我們將眼光從促使連結發生的大架構
07:57
and we look at what actually happens,
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轉移到實際發生的情況
08:00
we start realizing that the world doesn't work quite the same way
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我們會開始發現，世界其實並不是
08:02
that we think it does.
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以我們想像的方式在運作
08:04
So here's the problem that I've been interested in
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所以這就是我在過去的近十年
08:06
in the last decade or so.
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很感興趣的問題
08:09
The world is, in fact, getting more global.
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世界其實變得更加全球化
08:11
It's getting more connected.
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更緊密地連接
08:13
More of problems are global in scale.
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更多問題以全球的規模出現
08:15
More of our economics is global in scale.
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我們的經濟更加全球化
08:17
And our media is less global by the day.
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我們的媒體則越來越不全球化
08:20
If you watched a television broadcast in the United States in the 1970s,
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當你看1970年代的美國電視節目
08:23
35 to 40 percent of it would have been international news
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晚間新聞裡，會有35%-40%的內容
08:26
on a nightly new broadcast.
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會是國際新聞
08:28
That's down to about 12 to 15 percent.
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現在則降到百分之12到15了
08:31
And this tends to give us a very distorted view of the world.
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而這扭曲了我們的世界觀
08:34
Here's a slide that Alisa Miller showed at a previous TED Talk.
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這裡有一張Alisa Miller在TED Talk用的投影片
08:37
Alisa's the president of Public Radio International.
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Alisa是國際公共廣播的執行長
08:40
And she made a cartogram, which is basically a distorted map
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她做了一個示意圖，基本上就是
08:43
based on what American
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根據美國電視新聞
08:45
television news casts
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一個月內所播報的內容
08:47
looked at for a month.
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做的變形地圖
08:49
And you see that when you distort a map based on attention,
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然後你可以發現，當根據新聞內容量來調整地圖
08:52
the world within American television news
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美國電視新聞的世界
08:54
is basically reduced to
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基本上可以簡略成
08:56
this giant bloated U.S.
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這個巨大膨脹的美國
08:58
and a couple of other countries which we've invaded.
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還有一些我們侵略的國家
09:00
And that's basically what our media is about.
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這基本上就是我們媒體的現狀
09:03
And before you conclude that this is just a function of American TV news --
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這大概就是美國電視新聞的作用
09:06
which is dreadful, and I agree that it's dreadful --
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這很可怕，我同意，下結論前
09:09
I've been mapping elite media like the New York Times,
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我也做了像是紐約時報這種主流媒體的地圖
09:11
and I get the same thing.
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然後我發現一樣的結論
09:13
When you look at the New York Times, you look at other elite media,
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在你看紐約時報或其他主流媒體時
09:15
what you largely get are pictures of very wealthy nations
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大部分能看見的就是非常富有國家的部分
09:18
and the nations we've invaded.
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還有我們所侵略的國家
09:20
It turns out that new media
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而這些新媒體
09:22
isn't necessarily helping us all that much.
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並沒有幫忙什麼忙
09:24
Here's a map made by Mark Graham
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這是Mark Graham做的地圖
09:26
who's down the street at the Oxford Internet Institute.
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他就在這附近的牛津網際網路研究中心
09:28
A this is a map of articles in Wikipedia
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這是維基百科中文章的地域分類
09:30
that have been geo-coded.
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所得的地圖
09:32
And you'll notice that there's a very heavy bias
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然後你會發現，有很大的比重
09:34
towards North America and Western Europe.
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都是在北美和西歐
09:37
Even within Wikipedias,
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現在維基百科
09:39
where we're creating their own content online,
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已經可以讓我們上網自行編輯內容
09:41
there's a heavy bias towards the place where
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但維基百科的作者國籍
09:43
a lot of the Wikipedia authors are based,
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還是有嚴重的偏向
09:45
rather than to the rest of the world.
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而不是全世界平均分布
09:47
In the U.K., you can get up,
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在英國，我們可以站起來
09:49
you can pick up your computer when you get out of this session,
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你可以在演講結束後，打開你的電腦
09:51
you could read a newspaper from India or from Australia,
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你可以讀印度、澳洲或加拿大的新聞
09:53
from Canada, God forbid from the U.S.
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美國的報紙就不用說了
09:56
You probably won't.
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但你應該也不會讀的
09:58
If you look at online media consumption --
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如果來看網路媒體的使用習慣
10:00
in this case, in the top 10 users of the internet --
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在網路使用率最高的十國裡
10:03
more than 95 percent of the news readership
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有超過95%的新聞閱讀
10:05
is on domestic news sites.
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都是讀取自己國家的網站
10:07
It's one of these rare cases where the U.S. is actually slightly better than [the U.K.],
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這是少數美國比英國略好之處
10:10
because we actually like reading your media,
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因為我們的確喜歡讀你們的媒體
10:12
rather than vice versa.
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而不是我們自己的
10:14
So all of this starts leading me
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而這些現象讓我開始思考
10:16
to think that we're in a state that I refer to
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我們現在所處的狀況其實是我所說的
10:18
as imaginary cosmopolitanism.
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假想的世界主義
10:20
We look at the internet.
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我們上網
10:22
We think we're getting this wide view of the globe.
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認為我們有廣闊的全球觀
10:25
We occasionally stumble onto a page in Chinese,
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我們偶爾會看見一個中國的網頁
10:27
and we decide that we do in fact have the greatest technology ever built
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然後覺得我們的確有最先進的科技
10:30
to connect us to the rest of the world.
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來把我們連接到世界的其他地方
10:32
And we forget that most of the time
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但我們通常上網都是
10:34
we're checking Boston Red Sox scores.
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看波士頓紅襪隊的比分
10:37
So this is a real problem --
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所以，這是個實際的問題
10:39
not just because the Red Sox are having a bad year --
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不只是紅襪隊今年賽績不佳
10:42
but it's a real problem because,
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這是個實際的問題，因為
10:44
as we're discussing here at TED,
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當我們在TED上討論的時候
10:46
the real problems in the world
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世界上實際的問題
10:48
the interesting problems to solve
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需要去解決的有趣問題
10:50
are global in scale and scope,
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是在全球的規模和範圍上
10:52
they require global conversations
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需要有全球性的對話
10:54
to get to global solutions.
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來找出全球性的解決之道
10:56
This is a problem we have to solve.
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這是我們必須去解決的問題
10:58
So here's the good news.
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因此，好消息來了
11:00
For six years, I've been hanging out with these guys.
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六年來，我一直和這些傢伙混在一起
11:02
This is a group called Global Voices.
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這是個叫做全球之聲的組織
11:04
This is a team of bloggers from around the world.
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包括了世界各地的部落客
11:06
Our mission was to fix the world's media.
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我們的目標是要整頓世界的媒體
11:09
We started in 2004.
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從2004年開始
11:11
You might have noticed, we haven't done all that well so far.
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你可能有注意到，我們至今沒有做的太好
11:13
Nor do I think we are by ourselves,
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我們自己也不這麼覺得
11:15
actually going to solve the problem.
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我們真能解決這問題
11:17
But the more that I think about it, the more that I think
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我思考的越多，越覺得
11:19
that a few things that we have learned along the way
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有幾件我們在過程中學到的事
11:22
are interesting lessons for how we would rewire
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是為我們要重新接通世界的有趣學習
11:25
if we we wanted to use the web to have a wider world.
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如果我們想要以網路來看到更廣闊的世界
11:28
The first thing you have to consider
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首先需要去思考的
11:30
is that there are parts of the world
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是世界上的這個部份
11:32
that are dark spots in terms of attention.
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從關注度來說的黑點
11:34
In this case -- the map of the world at night by NASA --
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就此來看，美國太空總署做的夜間世界地圖
11:37
they're dark literally because of lack of electricity.
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這部份因為缺少電力，從字面來說就是黑的
11:40
And I used to think that a dark spot on this map
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而我以前總認為這些在地圖上的黑點
11:42
basically meant you're not going to get media from there
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代表在那個地方，你不會看見媒體的存在
11:44
because there are more basic needs.
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因為他們有基礎的需求需要被滿足
11:46
What I'm starting to realize is that
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我慢慢開始了解
11:48
you can get media, it's just an enormous amount of work,
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其實你可以獲取媒體，只是很費工夫
11:51
and you need an enormous amount of encouragement.
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而且你需要很大的鼓勵
11:53
One of those dark spots is Madagascar,
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黑點之一是馬達加斯加
11:55
a country which is generally better known for the Dreamworks film
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一個因為夢工廠電影而被熟知的國家
11:58
than it is actually known for
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而不是因為它真正的特色--
12:00
the lovely people who live there.
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可愛的居民
12:02
And so the people who founded
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所以在馬達加斯加的
12:04
Foko Club in Madagascar
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Foko俱樂部裡的人
12:06
weren't actually concerned with trying to change the image of their country.
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並沒有想要改變他們國家的形象
12:09
They were doing something much simpler.
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他們要做的事非常簡單
12:11
It was a club to learn English
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就是一個學習英文的俱樂部
12:13
and to learn computers and the internet.
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並學習使用電腦和網路
12:15
but what happened was that Madagascar
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但馬達加斯加當時
12:18
went through a violent coup.
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發生了政治暴動
12:20
Most independent media was shut down.
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多數的獨立媒體都關閉了
12:22
And the high school students
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而透過Foko俱樂部
12:24
who were learning to blog through Foko Club
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學習使用部落格的高中生
12:26
suddenly found themselves talking to an international audience
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突然發現他們正面對國際讀者
12:28
about the demonstrations, the violence,
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談論關於示威、暴力
12:30
everything that was going on within this country.
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這個國家正在發生的所有事件
12:33
So a very, very small program
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因此，一個非常小型的計畫
12:35
designed to get people in front of computers,
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讓人們坐在電腦前
12:38
publishing their own thoughts, publishing independent media,
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發表自己的想法、發表獨立的媒體
12:41
ended up having a huge impact
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結果產生了巨大的影響
12:43
on what we know about this country.
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讓我們更了解了這個國家
12:45
Now the trick with this is that I'm guessing
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現在，這個詭計在於，我推測
12:47
most people here don't speak Malagasy.
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在座的大多數人都不說馬達加斯加語
12:50
I'm also guessing that most of you don't even speak Chinese --
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我也推測你們大多數甚至不說中文
12:52
which is sort of sad if you think about it,
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想想其實有點悲哀
12:54
as it's now the most represented language on the internet.
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因為中文是現在網路上最具代表性的語言
12:56
Fortunately people are trying to figure out how to fix this.
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好在人們正在試著去解決這個問題
12:59
If you're using Google Chrome and you go to a Chinese language site,
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如果你用Google Chrome瀏覽一個中文網站
13:02
you notice this really cute box at the top,
335
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你會發現在上方有個很可愛的小框
13:05
which automatically detects that the page is in Chinese
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可以自動偵測到這個網頁是中文的
13:08
and very quickly at a mouse click
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然後只要點一下滑鼠
13:10
will give you a translation of the page.
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就能很快的幫你翻譯這個網頁
13:12
Unfortunately, it's a machine translation of the page.
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很遺憾的，這是個機器翻譯
13:15
And while Google is very, very good with some languages,
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當Google非常精通某些語言的同時
13:17
it's actually pretty dreadful with Chinese.
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它對中文的翻譯卻很糟糕
13:19
And the results can be pretty funny.
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所以翻譯的結果可能相當滑稽
13:21
What you really want -- what I really want,
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你真正想要的，也是我真正希望的
13:24
is eventually the ability to push a button
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是最終可以按下一個按鈕
13:26
and have this queued
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讓這個頁面進行排序
13:28
so a human being can translate this.
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然後讓一個真正的人來進行翻譯
13:30
And if you think this is absurd, it's not.
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如果你認為這很荒謬，其實並不是
13:32
There's a group right now in China called Yeeyan.
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現在中國有個組織叫譯言
13:35
And Yeeyan is a group
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譯言是個擁有15萬義工
13:37
of 150,000 volunteers
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的組織
13:39
who get online every day.
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他們天天上網
13:41
They look for the most interesting content in the English language.
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尋找最有趣的英文內容
13:44
They translate roughly 100 articles a day
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他們每天大概翻譯一百篇文章
13:47
from major newspapers, major websites.
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來源有主要的報紙和網站
13:49
They put it online for free.
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他們免費發佈翻譯的作品
13:51
It's the project of a guy named Zhang Lei,
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這是個名叫張雷所開始的專案
13:53
who was living in the United States during the Lhasa riots
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他在拉薩暴動期間住在美國
13:56
and who couldn't believe how biased
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對於美國媒體的偏差報導
13:58
American media coverage was.
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感到難以置信
14:00
And he said, "If there's one thing I can do, I can start translating,
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然後他說「我能做的，就是開始翻譯
14:03
so that people between these countries
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讓國與國之間
14:05
start understanding each other a little bit better."
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能開始對彼此有更深的了解」
14:07
And my question to you is:
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而我想問各位的是
14:09
if Yeeyan can line up 150,000 people
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譯言可以聚集15萬人
14:11
to translate the English internet into Chinese,
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一起把英文的網頁翻譯成中文
14:13
where's the English language Yeeyan?
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那麼英文版的譯言在哪裡？
14:16
Who's going after Chinese,
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現在中國已有四億的網路用戶
14:18
which now has 400 million internet users out there?
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誰來翻譯中文的網頁
14:21
My guess is at least one of them has something interesting to say.
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我想在他們之中，至少有一個人能分享有趣的故事
14:24
So even if we can find a way to translate from Chinese,
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因此，即使我們能找到翻譯中文的方法
14:27
there's no guarantee that we're going to find it.
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並無法保證我們能找到那個有趣的內容
14:29
When we look for information online,
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當我們在網路上尋找資訊時
14:31
we basically have two strategies.
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我們通常有兩個策略
14:34
We use a lot of search.
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我們用很多的搜尋
14:36
And search is terrific if you know what you're looking for.
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如果你知道你在找什麼，搜尋是非常棒的
14:39
But if what you're looking for is serendipity,
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但如果你正在找的是意外的新發現
14:41
if you want to stumble onto something
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如果你沒有特別想找的
14:43
that you didn't know you needed,
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或並不知道你其實需要的東西
14:45
our main philosophy is to look to our social networks,
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我們的指導原則是去看我們的社群網路
14:47
to look for our friends.
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去找我們的朋友
14:49
What are they looking at? Maybe we should be looking at it.
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他們在看什麼？也許我們也應該看一下
14:52
The problem with this is that essentially
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這個問題在於
14:54
what you end up getting after a while is the wisdom of the flock.
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你最後所得到的是眾人之智
14:56
You end up flocking with a lot of people
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你最終就是跟隨一大群
14:58
who are probably similar to you,
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跟你相似、有相同興趣的人
15:00
who have similar interests.
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討論你們共同的興趣
15:02
And it's very, very hard to get information
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所以當其他的群體、世界其他角落的人
15:04
from the other flocks, from the other parts of the world
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聚在一起討論他們的興趣時
15:07
where people getting together and talking about their own interests.
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我們卻很難加入他們的話題
15:10
To do this, at a certain point,
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要做到這點，
15:12
you need someone to bump you out of your flock and into another flock.
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你需要另一個人來帶領你走出原本的群落
15:15
You need a guide.
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你需要一個嚮導
15:17
So this is Amira Al Hussaini. She is the Middle East editor for Global Voices.
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Amira Al Hussaini就是這樣的一個嚮導。她是全球之聲的中東編輯
15:20
She has one of the hardest jobs in the world.
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她有世界上最難的工作之一
15:22
Not only does she have to keep our Israeli and Palestinian contributors
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她不僅要避免以色列和巴勒斯坦成員
15:24
from killing each other,
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互相廝殺
15:26
she has to figure out
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她還要知道
15:28
what is going to interest you
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你對中東的什麼議題
15:30
about the Middle East.
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感興趣
15:32
And in that sense of trying to get you
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才能將身為聽眾的你
15:34
out of your normal orbit,
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拉出你的群落
15:36
and to try to get you to pay attention
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並試著讓你關注一個
15:38
to a story about someone who's
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在回教齋月期間
15:40
given up smoking for the month of Ramadan,
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一個回民戒煙的故事
15:42
she has to know something about a global audience.
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她必須了解全球的聽眾
15:45
She has to know something about what stories are available.
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她必須了解有什麼故事題材是可用的
15:47
Basically, she's a deejay.
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基本上，她就是一個DJ
15:49
She's a skilled human curator
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她是個厲害的人類策展人
15:51
who knows what material is available to her,
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知道能討論什麼題材、
15:53
who's able to listen to the audience,
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能夠傾聽觀眾的聲音、
15:55
and who's able to make a selection
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並且能夠做出篩選
15:57
and push people forward in one fashion or another.
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然後促使人們前進
15:59
I don't think this is necessarily an algorithmic process.
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我不覺得這需要一個演算的過程
16:02
I think what's great about the internet
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我覺得網絡最棒的地方
16:04
is that it actually makes it much easier
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就是它真的能讓DJ
16:06
for deejays to reach a wider audience.
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能更容易地去接觸到更廣的聽眾
16:08
I know Amira.
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我認識Amira
16:10
I can ask her what to read.
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我可以請她推薦我
16:12
But with the internet, she's in a position where she can
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但有了網路，她就可以主動的
16:14
tell a lot of people what to read.
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推薦更多人要讀什麼內容
16:16
And you can listen to her as well,
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如果你對這樣的方法感興趣
16:18
if this is a way that you're interested in having your web widened.
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你也可以聽她的，擴展你的人際網路
16:21
So once you start widening like this,
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當你開始像這樣拓展
16:23
once you start lighting up voices in the dark spots,
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當你開始點亮這些黑點的聲音
16:25
once you start translating, once you start curating,
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當你開始翻譯、當你開始策劃
16:28
you end up in some really weird places.
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你最終會到一些非常美妙的地方
16:31
This is an image from pretty much my favorite blog,
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這是一張從AfriGadget找來的圖片
16:33
which is AfriGadget.
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我最喜歡的部落格之一
16:35
And AfriGadget is a blog that looks
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這個部落格是
16:37
at technology in an Africa context.
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從非洲的角度來看科技
16:39
And specifically, it's looking at a blacksmith
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更詳細的說，照片這個人是肯亞
16:42
in Kibera in Nairobi,
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2000
的一個鐵匠
16:44
who is turning the shaft of a Landrover
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他把Landrover的車軸
16:46
into a cold chisel.
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打造成一個鑿子
16:48
And when you look at this image, you might find yourself going,
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當你看到這個圖片，你可能會想
16:50
"Why would I conceivably care about this?"
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「我為什麼要關心這個？」
16:53
And the truth is, this guy can probably explain this to you.
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實際上，這傢伙可以為你做出解釋
16:55
This is Erik Hersman. You guys may have seen him around the conference.
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這是Erik Hersman。你們可能在會議中見過他
16:58
He goes by the moniker White African.
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他綽號是白非洲人
17:00
He's both a very well known American geek,
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非常有名的美籍科技狂熱者
17:03
but he's also Kenyan; he was born in Sudan, grew up in Kenya.
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但他同時也是肯亞人；在蘇丹出生，肯亞長大
17:06
He is a bridge figure.
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他是一個橋樑式的人物
17:09
He is someone who literally has feet in both worlds --
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他是真正涉足在兩個世界的人
17:11
one in the world of the African technology community,
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一個是非洲的科技社群世界
17:14
one in the world of the American technology community.
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一個是美國的科技社群世界
17:16
And so he's able to tell a story
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所以他能夠告訴你
17:19
about this blacksmith in Kibera
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肯亞鐵匠的故事
17:21
and turn it into a story about repurposing technology,
448
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並且將其轉化為一個關於再利用技術的故事
17:24
about innovating from constraint,
449
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關於從限制中創新
17:26
about looking for inspiration based on reusing materials.
450
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關於從再利用的材料中尋找靈感
17:29
He knows one world,
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他了解一個世界
17:31
and he's finding a way to communicate it to another world,
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並尋求和另一個世界溝通的方式
17:34
both of which he has deep connections to.
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兩個他都有很深聯繫的世界
17:37
These bridge figures, I'm pretty well convinced,
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我很相信，這些橋樑式的人物
17:40
are the future of how we try to make the world wider
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是透過網路
17:42
through using the web.
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讓世界變得更寬廣的希望
17:44
But the trick with bridges is, ultimately,
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但在根本上，橋樑的關鍵在於
17:46
you need someone to cross them.
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你需要一個人去跨越它們
17:48
And that's where we start talking about xenophiles.
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這裡我們開始來談喜歡國外事物的人
17:50
So if I found myself in the NFL,
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如果我在美式足球聯盟打球
17:53
I suspect I would spend my off-season
461
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我想我在休賽期間
17:55
nursing my wounds, enjoying my house, so on and so forth --
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會養傷、在家享受子之類的
17:58
possibly recording a hip-hop album.
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也許錄製一張嘻哈專輯
18:00
Dhani Jones,
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Dhani Jones
18:02
who is the middle linebacker for the Cincinnati Bengals,
465
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是(辛辛那提)孟加拉虎隊的中線衛
18:05
has a slightly different approach to the off-season.
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他在休賽期間有著不太一樣的計畫
18:08
Dhani has a television show.
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Dhani負責一個電視節目
18:10
It's called "Dhani Tackles the Globe."
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叫做「Dhani跑地球」
18:12
And every week on this television show,
469
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每週的節目中
18:14
Dhani travels to a different nation of the world.
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3000
Dhani會到世界上的不同國家旅行
18:17
He finds a local sporting team.
471
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他參加當地的運動隊
18:19
He trains with them for a week, and he plays a match with them.
472
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3000
參加為期一週的訓練，然後和他們一起競賽
18:22
And his reason for this
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而他這麼做的原因
18:24
is not just that he wants to master Muay Thai boxing.
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並不只是因為他想要學會泰國拳
18:27
It's because, for him,
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而是因為對他來說
18:29
sport is the language
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運動是一種語言
18:31
that allows him to encounter
477
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讓他可以體驗
18:33
the full width and wonder of the world.
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世界上的廣度和奇蹟
18:36
For some of us it might be music. For some of us it might be food.
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對有些人而言，這語言可能是透過音樂、透過食物
18:38
For a lot of us it might be literature or writing.
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對大多數人而言，可能是文學或寫作
18:41
But there are all these different techniques
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但是有這麼多種不同的方法
18:43
that allow you to go out and look at the world
482
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可以讓你走出去，看這個世界
18:46
and find your place within it.
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並找到自己在這個世界的位置
18:48
The goal of my Talk here
484
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我今天演講的目標
18:50
is not to persuade the people in this room
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並不是要說服在在場的各位
18:52
to embrace your xenophilia.
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去擁抱你心中喜歡國外事物的因子
18:54
My guess -- given that you're at a conference called TEDGlobal --
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我想既然你們都來了TED全球論壇
18:57
is that most of you are xenophiles,
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各位大多數都是喜歡國外事物的人
18:59
whether or not you use that term.
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不管你們是不是用這個詞
19:02
My challenge instead is this.
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我的挑戰是
19:04
It's not enough to make the personal decision
491
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一個人決定想要一個更廣闊的世界
19:07
that you want a wider world.
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是不足夠的
19:09
We have to figure out how to rewire
493
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我們需要設法找出
19:11
the systems that we have.
494
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重整現有的系統的方法
19:13
We have to fix our media.
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我們必須校正我們的媒體
19:15
We have to fix the internet. We have to fix our education.
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我們需要校正網路，我們需要校正教育
19:18
We have to fix our immigration policy.
497
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我們需要校正我們的移民政策
19:20
We need to look at ways
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我們需要著眼於
19:22
of creating serendipity,
499
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能創造新發現的方法
19:24
of making translation pervasive,
500
1149000
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讓翻譯唾手可得的方法
19:26
and we need to find ways to embrace
501
1151000
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我們需要找到
19:28
and celebrate these bridge figures.
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擁抱、歡慶這些橋樑性人物的方式
19:30
And we need to figure out how to cultivate xenophiles.
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然後還需要找出，培養我們喜歡國外事物的因子
19:32
That's what I'm trying to do. I need your help.
504
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這就是我希望要做的，而我需要你的幫忙
19:35
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ethan Zuckerman - Blogger, digital visionaryEthan Zuckerman studies how the world -- the whole world -- uses new media to share information and moods across cultures, languages and platforms.
Why you should listen
Ethan Zuckerman is a senior researcher at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University. His research focuses on the distribution of attention in mainstream and new media, the use of technology for international development, and the use of new media technologies by activists. He and his team recently launched Media Cloud, an open-source platform for studying online media that enables quantitative analysis of media attention.
With Rebecca MacKinnon, Ethan co-founded international blogging community Global Voices, sharing news and opinions from citizen media in over 150 nations, translating content from over 30 languages, and publishing editions in 20 languages. With support from foundation funders and media partners, Global Voices supports dozens of smaller citizen media projects in developing nations, and is a leading voice for free speech online. In 2000, Zuckerman founded Geekcorps, a technology volunteer corps that sends IT specialists to work on projects in developing nations, with a focus on West Africa. Geekcorps sent over 100 volunteers to projects throughout the developing world, working on projects that ranged from bringing internet connectivity to Malian radio stations to digitizing databases to manage Rwanda's Gacaca trials. In an earlier life, Zuckerman was a founder of Tripod.com. He's a legendarily dedicated blogger at ... My heart's in Accra.
Ethan Zuckerman | Speaker | TED.com