TED Senior Fellows at TEDGlobal 2010
Peter Haas: When bad engineering makes a natural disaster even worse
Peter Haas談論海地的工程災難
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「海地大地震不是一場天然災難，而是一場工程災難。」Peter Haas如是說。當這個國家在一月的致命地震後進行重建工作時，糟糕的舊式建築方式是不是埋下了另一顆定時炸彈？Haas的組織「適當基礎見識發展組織（AIDG）」正在幫助海地的建築工人學習現代建築及工程技術，一磚一瓦建立起一個堅固的國家。
Peter Haas - Building activist
Inveterate tinkerer Peter Haas is the co-founder of AIDG, the Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group, which connect people to electricity, sanitation and clean water through a combination of business incubation, education, and outreach. Full bio
Inveterate tinkerer Peter Haas is the co-founder of AIDG, the Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group, which connect people to electricity, sanitation and clean water through a combination of business incubation, education, and outreach. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I learned about the Haiti earthquake by Skype.
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我是從Skype上得知海地大地震
00:19
My wife sent me a message,
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我妻子傳了訊息給我：
00:22
"Whoa, earthquake,"
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「哎呀，地震。」
00:24
and then disappeared for 25 minutes.
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然後消失了25分鐘
00:28
It was 25 minutes of absolute terror
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這是極為恐怖的25分鐘
00:31
that thousands of people across the U.S. felt.
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在美國成千上萬個人有這種感覺
00:36
I was afraid of a tsunami;
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我很擔心會有海嘯
00:39
what I didn't realize
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但當時我沒有意識到
00:41
was there was a greater terror in Haiti,
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在海地所感受到的恐懼是更強烈的
00:44
and that was building collapse.
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那就是建築物倒塌了
00:47
We've all seen the photos
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我們都看過
00:49
of the collapsed buildings in Haiti.
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海地倒塌的建築物照片
00:52
These are shots my wife took
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這些是我妻子
00:54
a couple days after the quake,
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在地震之後幾天拍的
00:56
while I was making my way through the D.R. into the country.
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那時我正在穿越邊界進入該國的路上
01:00
This is the national palace --
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這是皇宮
01:02
the equivalent of the White House.
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相當於白宮的地位
01:05
This is the largest supermarket in the Caribbean
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這是加勒比最大的超市
01:08
at peak shopping time.
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是在購物的尖峰時間
01:13
This is a nurses' college --
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這是一所護士學校
01:15
there are 300 nurses studying.
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裡面有300個護士正在學習
01:19
The general hospital right next door
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隔壁的綜合醫院
01:21
emerged largely unscathed.
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大部份都還完好
01:24
This is the Ministry of Economics and Finance.
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這是財政部
01:30
We have all heard
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我們都聽說了
01:32
about the tremendous human loss
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在這場海地的地震中
01:35
in the earthquake in Haiti,
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喪生的人數之多
01:37
but we haven't heard enough
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但是我們對於這些人
01:40
about why all those lives were lost.
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為什麼會喪生的原因卻聽說的不夠多
01:43
We haven't heard about
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我們沒有聽說過
01:45
why the buildings failed.
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為何建築物會倒塌
01:48
After all, it was the buildings,
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追根究底，是建築物
01:50
not the earthquake,
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而非地震
01:52
that killed 220,000 people,
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帶走了二十二萬條人命
01:55
that injured 330,000,
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傷害了三十三萬個人
01:58
that displaced 1.3 million people,
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讓一千三百萬人流離失所
02:04
that cut off food
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並且切斷整個國家的
02:06
and water and supplies
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食物、水源和物資
02:08
for an entire nation.
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的來源
02:11
This is the largest metropolitan-area disaster
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這是幾十年來發生在都會區域
02:16
in decades,
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最大的災難
02:19
and it was not a natural disaster --
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而這並不是天災
02:22
it was a disaster of engineering.
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這是工程疏失造成的災難
02:25
AIDG has worked in Haiti
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「適當基礎建設發展組織（AIDG）」從2007年
02:27
since 2007,
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開始在海地工作
02:29
providing engineering and business support
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提供工程和商業協助
02:31
to small businesses.
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給小型企業
02:33
And after the quake, we started bringing in earthquake engineers
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地震之後我們開始引進地震工程師
02:37
to figure out why the buildings collapsed,
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來探究為何建築物會倒塌
02:39
to examine what was safe and what wasn't.
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還有來檢查看看哪些建築物是安全的而哪些不安全
02:42
Working with MINUSTAH,
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聯合國在海地的任務
02:45
which is the U.N. mission in Haiti,
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是和聯合國海地穩定特派組織（MINUSTAH）合作
02:47
with the Ministry of Public Works,
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在工務部
02:49
with different NGOs,
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及其他非政府組織的合作之下
02:51
we inspected over 1,500 buildings.
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我們檢查了超過1500棟建築
02:55
We inspected schools
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我們檢查了學校
02:57
and private residencies.
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和民宅
02:59
We inspected medical centers
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我們檢查了醫療中心
03:01
and food warehouses.
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和糧倉
03:03
We inspected government buildings.
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我們檢查了政府大樓
03:05
This is the Ministry of Justice.
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這是法務部
03:07
Behind that door
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在門後面是
03:09
is the National Judicial Archives.
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國家司法檔案庫
03:12
The fellow in the door, Andre Filitrault --
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那個在門裡的人Andre Filitrault
03:14
who's the director
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是巴佛羅大學
03:16
of the Center for Interdisciplinary Earthquake Engineering Research
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跨學科地震工程研究中心
03:20
at the University of Buffalo --
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的主任
03:23
was examining it to see if it was safe
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他為了修復檔案庫
03:25
to recover the archives.
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正在檢查門是否安全
03:27
Andre told me,
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Andre告訴我
03:29
after seeing these buildings fail
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在看見那些建築
03:31
again and again in the same way,
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一次又一次崩塌後
03:34
that there is no new research here.
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並沒有出現任何新的研究
03:37
There is nothing here that we don't know.
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根本沒有什麼是我們不知道的
03:40
The failure points were the same:
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失敗點都一樣：
03:43
walls and slabs not tied properly into columns --
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牆和天花板沒有好好的固定在柱子上
03:46
that's a roof slab hanging off the building --
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那是一片懸在建築物上的屋頂
03:51
cantilevered structures,
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懸壁構造
03:53
or structures that were asymmetric,
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或者不對稱的構造
03:55
that shook violently and came down,
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歷經劇烈的晃動之後倒塌
03:59
poor building materials,
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糟糕的建築材料、
04:01
not enough concrete,
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水泥不足、
04:03
not enough compression in the blocks,
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磚塊砌得不夠密、
04:07
rebar that was smooth,
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光滑的鋼筋、
04:09
rebar that was exposed to the weather and had rusted away.
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暴露在外鏽蝕的鋼筋
04:12
Now there's a solution
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所有這些問題
04:15
to all these problems.
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都有個解決辦法
04:17
And we know how to build properly.
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我們知道如何把房子蓋好
04:20
The proof of this came in Chile,
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智利就是一個證明
04:23
almost a month later,
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約莫一個月之後
04:26
when 8.8 magnitude earthquake
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智利發生
04:30
hit Chile.
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規模8.8的地震
04:32
That is 500 times
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那是規模7.0的
04:34
the power of the 7.0
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500倍強
04:36
that hit Port-au-Prince --
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是發生在王子港的地震
04:39
500 times the power,
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的500倍
04:41
yet only under a thousand casualties.
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但是只有不到一千的人員傷亡
04:46
Adjusted for population density,
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以人口密度來看，
04:48
that is less than one percent
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其影響程度
04:50
of the impact of the Haitian quake.
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小於海地大地震百分之一
04:54
What was the difference
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智利和海地的
04:56
between Chile and Haiti?
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差別何在？
04:59
Seismic standards
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建築物的抗震標準
05:01
and confined masonry,
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和「加強磚造」
05:04
where the building acts as a whole --
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其作用是一體的
05:06
walls and columns
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牆、柱子、
05:08
and roofs and slabs
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屋頂和瓦片
05:10
tied together to support each other --
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結合在一起來彼此支撐
05:13
instead of breaking off into separate members and failing.
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不會分崩離析而倒塌
05:18
If you look at this building in Chile,
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來看看智利的建築
05:21
it's ripped in half,
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它從中間裂開了
05:23
but it's not a pile of rubble.
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但是它不是一堆斷垣殘壁
05:27
Chileans have been building with confined masonry
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智利人幾十年來都在建築上運用
05:29
for decades.
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加強磚造技術
05:32
Right now, AIDG is working with KPFF Consulting Engineers,
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現在，「基礎建設發展組織」正與「KPFF工程顧問公司」
05:36
Architecture for Humanity,
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以及「人性建築組織」合作
05:38
to bring more confined masonry training
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來引進更多關於加強磚造技術的訓練
05:41
into Haiti.
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到海地
05:45
This is Xantus Daniel;
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這位是Xantus Daniel
05:47
he's a mason,
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他是個泥水匠
05:49
just a general construction worker, not a foreman,
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只是個普通的建築工人，不是工頭
05:52
who took one of our trainings.
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他接受了我們的一項訓練
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On his last job he was working with his boss,
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在他上一份工作，他和他的老闆一起做事
05:57
and they started pouring the columns wrong.
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他們使用錯的方式灌漿
06:00
He took his boss aside,
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他把老闆帶到一邊
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and he showed him the materials on confined masonry.
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並給他看加強磚造的材料
06:05
He showed him, "You know, we don't have to do this wrong.
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他說：「我們不需要做錯的事，
06:08
It won't cost us any more
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用正確的方式，
06:10
to do it the right way."
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成本也不會比較高。」
06:13
And they redid that building.
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後來他們就重蓋了那棟房子
06:15
They tied the rebar right,
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他們用對的方法綁鋼筋
06:17
they poured the columns right,
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他們用對的方式灌漿
06:19
and that building will be safe.
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因此那棟房子便會是安全的
06:21
And every building
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而往後他們
06:23
that they build going forward
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所造的每棟建築物
06:25
will be safe.
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都將會是安全的
06:28
To make sure these buildings are safe,
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為了確保這些建築物的安全
06:30
it's not going to take policy --
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需要的不是政策
06:33
it's going to take reaching out
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而是要對在工地工作的泥水匠
06:35
to the masons on the ground
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伸出援手
06:38
and helping them learn the proper techniques.
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並幫助他們學習較好的技術
06:43
Now there are many groups doing this.
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現在有很多組織都在做這件事
06:45
And the fellow in the vest there,
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那個穿背心的傢伙
06:47
Craig Toten,
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他叫Craig Toten
06:49
he has pushed forward
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他更進一步的
06:51
to get documentation out to all the groups that are doing this.
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把文件傳送給所有從事這工作的組織
06:55
Through Haiti Rewired,
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藉由海地發送電報
06:57
through Build Change, Architecture for Humanity,
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及藉由「建造變革組織（Build Change）」、「人性建築組織」、
07:00
AIDG,
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「適當基礎建設發展組織」
07:02
there is the possibility
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而有了
07:04
to reach out
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能接觸到
07:07
to 30,000 -- 40,000 masons
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全國三、四萬泥水匠
07:10
across the country
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的機會
07:12
and create a movement of proper building.
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並且推動使用正確建造方式的運動
07:17
If you reach out to the people on the ground
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如果用合作的方式
07:19
in this collaborative way
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和那些工人接觸
07:21
it's extremely affordable.
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是完完全全負擔得起的
07:24
For the billions spent on reconstruction,
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花費在重建的數億元經費
07:28
you can train masons
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可以用來訓練泥水匠
07:30
for dollars on every house
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來讓每一塊錢都投注到
07:32
that they end up building over their lifetime.
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他們一生所要建造的每一棟房子上
07:37
Ultimately, there are two ways
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最後，有兩個方法
07:39
that you can rebuild Haiti;
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可以重建海地
07:41
the way at the top
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上面那個方法
07:43
is the way that Haiti's been building for decades.
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就是海地數十年來所用的建造方式
07:46
The way at the top
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上面那個方法
07:48
is a poorly constructed building
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是用糟糕方式建造的
07:50
that will fail.
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將會倒塌的建築
07:52
The way at the bottom is a confined masonry building,
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下面那個方法
07:55
where the walls are tied together,
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牆都被緊緊結合在一起
07:57
the building is symmetric,
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建築物是對稱的
07:59
and it will stand up to an earthquake.
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並且能夠抵擋地震
08:02
For all the disaster,
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對於所有的災難
08:04
there is an opportunity here
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現在有一個機會
08:07
to build better houses
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可以建造更好的房子
08:09
for the next generation,
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給下一個世代
08:11
so that when the next earthquake hits,
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如此，則當下一次地震發生的時候
08:14
it is a disaster --
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雖會是一場災難
08:16
but not a tragedy.
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但不會是悲劇
08:19
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Haas - Building activistInveterate tinkerer Peter Haas is the co-founder of AIDG, the Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group, which connect people to electricity, sanitation and clean water through a combination of business incubation, education, and outreach.
Why you should listen
In 2005, Peter Haas co-founded AIDG -- the Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group -- an organization helping individuals and communities get affordable and environmentally sound access to electricity, sanitation and clean water through a combination of business incubation, education, and outreach. (Also on the board: TED Best-of-the-Web star Cat Laine.) Since co-founding AIDG, Haas has become an active voice for poverty issues, speaking at the World Bank, Harvard, MIT and other forums on technology, entrepreneurship and SME finance. He was named a TEDGlobal Fellow in 2009 and is now part of the three-year TED Senior Fellows program.
Before founding AIDG, Haas worked both in the information technology field and on an organic farm and horse ranch doing infrastructure improvement work. He tinkers in water systems, electrical systems, electronic systems, masonry, plumbing, biogas, irrigation, welding, metal casting and sustainable building.
Peter Haas | Speaker | TED.com