Jonathan Wilker: What sticky sea creatures can teach us about making glue
جوناثان ويلكر: ماذا يمكن أن تعلمنا المخلوقات البحرية اللزجة عن صنع الغراء
Jonathan Wilker explores the science and engineering happening within our oceans. He works to understand the ways that sea creatures survive and how we can adapt their technologies to create new materials. Full bio
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on a field trip,
and take you all to the beach
وأن آخذكم كلكم إلى الشاطئ
and the salt spray.
we're getting knocked around by the waves,
to stay in place.
by all sorts of sea creatures
بكل أنواع المخلوقات البحرية،
there in place, no problem.
that if you want to survive
upon your ability to make glue, actually.
على صنع الغراء، في الواقع.
to some of the heroes of our story,
they're covering the rocks.
to each other, actually.
together as a group.
of an oyster reef,
extensive reef systems.
they can be meters deep,
وأمتار عمقًا،
dominant influence
marine ecosystem is going to be,
is they're filtering the water constantly,
inside of these reefs.
داخل هذه الشعاب.
what happens when a storm comes in,
عندما تأتي العاصفة،
first has to hit miles of these reefs,
أن يصل إلى أميال من هذه الشعاب،
is going to be protected.
pretty much anywhere in the world,
في أي مكان في العالم،
with what barnacles look like.
these are just three of them --
they stick to the rocks
and by doing this,
من مزايا البقاء على قيد الحياة.
advantages they get.
is subjected to less of the turbulence
يتعرض إلى أقل قدر من الاضطراب
that can happen from that environment.
يمكن أن تحدث في تلك البيئة.
in numbers thing,
keep away the predators,
wants to pick you up and eat you,
طائر نورس أن يلتقطك ويأكلك،
if they're all stuck together.
إذا كانت عالقة معاً.
with reproductive efficiency.
في الكفاءة الإنجابية.
that when Mr. and Mrs. Barnacle decide,
عندما يقرر السيد والسيدة برنقيل،
little baby barnacles" --
how they do that just yet --
أن الوقت حان للقيام بذلك،
efficiency is higher
how they do this, how do they stick,
كيف تلتصق،
all the details,
we're still trying to figure out,
that we're trying to do.
systems we have in our lab,
التي لدينا في مختبرنا،
is part of the system,
in the bottom, there's a bunch of mussels,
هناك في الأسفل، توجد حفنة من بلح البحر،
we have the lights cycled,
more adhesives for us
من المواد اللاصقة
we collect it, we study it.
ونجمعها، وندرسها.
they're in Maine in February,
هي في ولاية (مين) في فبراير،
as far as we can tell.
بقدر ما نستطيع أن نقول.
of a small reef in South Carolina,
في ولاية (كارولينا) الجنوبية،
is seeing how they attach to each other,
كيفية تمسكها ببعضها البعض،
in the bottom image
that are cementing to each other.
we'll cut them and look down,
سنقطعهما وننظر إليهما،
of images we have here,
we'll have two shells,
سيكون لدينا صدفتين،
and the shell of another animal,
in the shell of each animal,
actually looks different.
of fancy biology and chemistry tools
من الأدوات البيولوجية والكيميائية
is the structures are different
and it's quite interesting.
وهذا مثير للاهتمام.
before I tell you what this is.
"The Magic School Bus"?
"باص المدرسة العجيب"؟
"Fantastic Voyage," right?
"رحلة رائعة،" أليس كذلك؟
they had these characters
to these microscopic levels,
all these biological structures?
حول كل هذه البنيات البيولوجية؟
except for it's real, in this case.
إلا أنه حقيقي، في هذه الحالة.
two oysters that are stuck together,
محارتين ملتصقتين ببعضهما،
completely filled in with the cement,
has lots of different components in there,
على الكثير من المكونات المختلفة،
there are hard, non-sticky parts
the non-sticky parts selectively
الأجزاء غير اللاصقة بشكل انتقائي
attaching the animals,
there's this sticky adhesive
ويمكننا أن نرى وجود اللاصق اللزج
and going back there.
وأنتم تحلقون وتعودون إلى هناك.
we're doing to understand
التي نفعلها لفهم
is making these materials.
it's really exciting to learn.
من المثير حقًا أن نتعلم عنها.
to do with this information?
of technological applications
من التطبيقات التكنولوجية
what the animals are doing.
or a mug or something like that?
أو شيئًا من هذا القبيل؟
of the hardware store.
cool people, because you're here,
and concerts --
that's on the shelf,
من كل مادة لاصقة على الرف،
to put things back together,
in a bucket of water.
في دلو من الماء.
We all know this.
has solved this,
ways to be able to copy this ourselves.
هو إيجاد طرق لنقلد ذلك بأنفسنا.
the materials from the beach,
على المواد من الشاطئ،
to do anything with,
لفعل أي شيء بها،
ideally maybe train car scale.
مثل مقياس عربة القطار.
of one of the types of molecules
to make their glue,
molecules, they're called proteins,
بعض الأجزاء الفريدة إلى حد ما
some fairly unique parts in them
those little parts of that chemistry,
الأجزاء الصغيرة من هذه التركيبة،
into other long molecules that we can get
يمكننا الحصول عليها
on a really large scale,
على نطاق واسع حقًا،
as plastics or polymers,
simplifying what they do,
into these large molecules.
في هذه الجزيئات الكبيرة.
adhesive systems in doing this,
أثناء القيام بذلك،
a new adhesive that looks pretty good,
just sticking stuff together.
and glued together two pieces of metal
وألصقنا قطعتين من المعدن
and thought we were very clever.
واعتقدنا أننا كنا أذكياء جدًا.
quantitative about this most often,
في هذا الأمر في أغلب الأحيان،
against commercial adhesives,
that are stronger than superglue.
أقوى من الغراء الفائق.
It's stronger than superglue.
إنها أقوى من الغراء الفائق.
is one of our adhesive formulations,
واحدة من تركيباتنا اللاصقة،
we're dispensing it completely underwater,
an adhesive bond, or joint,
رابطة لاصقة أو مشتركة،
and just position it.
for a while, give it a chance,
وأن تعطوها فرصة،
on it, nothing fancy.
in it, nothing fancy.
It's completely underwater.
إنها تحت الماء تماما.
very strong underwater adhesion.
قوي جدًا تحت الماء.
or at least one of the strongest
that's ever been seen.
that the animals produce,
التي تصنعها الحيوانات،
It's pretty cool.
إنها رائعة.
with these things?
that you're probably really familiar with.
التي ربما تعرفونها.
your laptop, plywood in most structures,
والخشب الرقائقي في معظم البنيات،
phone books, things like this.
وسجل الهاتف، وأشياء من هذا القبيل.
with the adhesives
or wood laminate in floors --
أو الأرضيات الخشبية...
here is formaldehyde,
هو الفورمالدهايد،
a lot of structures from these adhesives,
بهذه المواد اللاصقة،
a lot of this carcinogen.
الكثير من هذه المادة المسرطنة.
are all permanent.
كلها دائمة.
or your car or even your laptop
أو الحاسب المحمول
when you're done using it?
they end up in landfills.
of precious materials in there
and recycle them.
together permanently.
لمحاولة حل بعض من هذه المشاكل،
to try and solve some of these problems,
is we've taken another long molecule
chemistry from the mussels.
اللاصقة من بلح البحر.
and we've got the mussels,
it's also degradable,
أنها أيضًا قابلة للتحلل،
under very mild conditions, with water.
تحت ظروف معتدلة للغاية، بالماء.
is we can set things up
أنه يمكننا ضبط الأشياء
strongly when we want,
where a lot of us want to be.
this is a place we do not want to be,
هذا مكان لا نريد أن نكون فيه،
if you've had some surgery or an injury.
لو خضعت لجراحة أو إصابة.
look at how much you're making
as you pull things together.
عندما تجمع الأشياء معًا.
It's not so good.
إنها ليست جيدة جدًا.
to hold together your bones,
لتمسك عظامك معًا،
you have to drill out
الذي علينا ثقبه
devised in a medieval torture chamber,
في غرفة تعذيب من القرون الوسطى،
systems like these with adhesives.
مثل هذه بالمواد اللاصقة.
but this is not easy.
for adhesives in these cases.
من مواد لاصقة في هذه الحالات.
an adhesive that is going to set
مادة لاصقة يمكن إعدادها
little picture there,
الصغيرة هناك،
are about 60 percent water,
في المئة من أجسادنا مكون من الماء،
I am a scientist and not an artist.
كوني عالمًا وليس فنانًا.
you need for a good biomedical adhesive:
نحتاج إلى لاصق طبي حيوي جيد:
in a material is pretty easy.
في مادة سهل جدًا.
But getting all three hasn't been done.
ولكن الحصول على الثلاثة لم يتم.
من الصعب إرضاءهم -
they get picky --
في نفس الإطار الزمني للجراحة ."
on the same time frame as the surgery."
can remodel the site."
إعادة تصميم الموقع."
We're working on it.
all sorts of bones and skin
على كل أنواع العظام والجلد
we'll whack it with a hammer.
وأحيانًا نضربها بمطرقة.
in precise shapes.
وبعض المواد القوية،
some strong materials,
like they're not toxic,
بحل مشكلة الالتصاق الرطب،
we've solved the wet adhesion problem,
in our sights for the future.
to see things go farther down the road.
التي يمكنكم تخيل أننا قد نكون أفضل حالاً
you can imagine we might be better off
من المواد اللاصقة.
fake nails or eyelash extensions,
أظافر أو رموش صناعية،
في الوقت الحالي.
they're going to be.
والابتعاد عن اللحام
and get away from welding
of transportation.
comes back to the beach.
"How do these sea creatures stick?
"كيف تلتصق هذه الكائنات البحرية؟
really a lot of things we can still learn
من الأشياء التي لا يزال بإمكاننا تعلمها
you all to do in the future
laptops and cell phones
غير القابلة لإعادة التدوير ،
some of your own questions.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Wilker - Scientist, engineerJonathan Wilker explores the science and engineering happening within our oceans. He works to understand the ways that sea creatures survive and how we can adapt their technologies to create new materials.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Wilker is a professor of chemistry and materials engineering at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, US. Prior to arriving at Purdue in 1999, he received a bachelor's degree from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, a PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was a postdoctoral scholar at the California Institute of Technology. His research has been recognized with a Beckman Young Investigator Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship and a National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award. His teaching has also received several awards at Purdue. He is always on the lookout for new projects when at the beach or while underwater scuba diving.
Jonathan Wilker | Speaker | TED.com