Jonathan Wilker: What sticky sea creatures can teach us about making glue
Jonathan Wilker: I molluschi ci insegnano a fare una colla tutta naturale!
Jonathan Wilker explores the science and engineering happening within our oceans. He works to understand the ways that sea creatures survive and how we can adapt their technologies to create new materials. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
on a field trip,
in questo viaggio,
and take you all to the beach
e portarvi tutti con me,
and the salt spray.
we're getting knocked around by the waves,
to stay in place.
di vari tipi di creature marine
by all sorts of sea creatures
there in place, no problem.
that if you want to survive
dalla capacità di produrre colla.
upon your ability to make glue, actually.
alcuni eroi della nostra storia,
to some of the heroes of our story,
they're covering the rocks.
to each other, actually.
together as a group.
di una barriera di ostriche.
of an oyster reef,
extensive reef systems.
they can be meters deep,
e immergersi per parecchi metri
dominant influence
la principale influenza
dell'ecosistema marino costiero,
marine ecosystem is going to be,
è filtrare costantemente l'acqua
is they're filtering the water constantly,
vivono all'interno di queste barriere.
inside of these reefs.
quando c'è una tempesta,
what happens when a storm comes in,
prima colpiscono miglia di barriera
first has to hit miles of these reefs,
is going to be protected.
pretty much anywhere in the world,
più o meno ovunque,
l'aspetto dei cirripedi.
with what barnacles look like.
questi sono solo tre --
these are just three of them --
they stick to the rocks
si incollano agli scogli,
and by doing this,
per la sopravvivenza.
advantages they get.
è meno soggetto alla turbolenza
is subjected to less of the turbulence
che potrebbero verificarsi.
that can happen from that environment.
in numbers thing,
keep away the predators,
vuole mangiarne uno,
wants to pick you up and eat you,
incollati tra di loro.
if they're all stuck together.
with reproductive efficiency.
l'efficienza riproduttiva.
e la signora Cirripede si dicono
that when Mr. and Mrs. Barnacle decide,
di fare un Cirripedino" --
little baby barnacles" --
how they do that just yet --
capacità riproduttiva è più alta
efficiency is higher
come si incollano tra loro,
how they do this, how do they stick,
all the details,
we're still trying to figure out,
cercando di venirne a capo,
that we're trying to do.
che stiamo facendo.
systems we have in our lab,
che abbiamo in laboratorio
is part of the system,
fa parte del sistema.
in the bottom, there's a bunch of mussels,
un gruppo di cozze
we have the lights cycled,
alterniamo cicli di luce,
more adhesives for us
we collect it, we study it.
lo raccogliamo e lo studiamo.
they're in Maine in February,
si trovano nel Maine a febbraio
as far as we can tell.
almeno crediamo.
of a small reef in South Carolina,
di una piccola barriera nel Sud Carolina
is seeing how they attach to each other,
è vedere come si attaccano tra loro,
in the bottom image
that are cementing to each other.
che si stanno incollando tra loro.
we'll cut them and look down,
e le osserviamo.
of images we have here,
we'll have two shells,
and the shell of another animal,
quella di un altro
in the shell of each animal,
nella conchiglia di ogni animale
actually looks different.
of fancy biology and chemistry tools
ricercati di biologia e chimica
is the structures are different
che le strutture sono diverse
and it's quite interesting.
è che anche la chimica è diversa.
before I tell you what this is.
prima di spiegarvi che cos'è.
"The Magic School Bus"?
"Allacciate le cinture!"?
"Fantastic Voyage," right?
they had these characters
to these microscopic levels,
all these biological structures?
a quelle strutture biologiche?
except for it's real, in this case.
ma in questo caso è reale.
two oysters that are stuck together,
completely filled in with the cement,
coperta di colla.
has lots of different components in there,
è che la colla ha tantissimi componenti.
there are hard, non-sticky parts
e non appiccicose
the non-sticky parts selectively
e tolto le parti non collose
attaching the animals,
attaccato agli animali
there's this sticky adhesive
un adesivo appiccicoso
and going back there.
a tornare lì, volando.
we're doing to understand
che stiamo facendo per capire
is making these materials.
produca questi materiali.
it's really exciting to learn.
to do with this information?
di queste informazioni?
of technological applications
what the animals are doing.
ciò che fanno questi animali.
or a mug or something like that?
preferita, una tazza o qualcos'altro
of the hardware store.
nella corsia della colla.
cool people, because you're here,
perché siete qui
and concerts --
that's on the shelf,
che c'è sullo scaffale
to put things back together,
in a bucket of water.
in un secchio d'acqua.
Lo sappiamo tutti.
We all know this.
ha risolto il problema,
has solved this,
per copiarne i meccanismi.
ways to be able to copy this ourselves.
tutto il necessario in spiaggia,
the materials from the beach,
to do anything with,
per farci qualcosa,
ideally maybe train car scale.
di un vagone del treno.
of one of the types of molecules
di un tipo di molecole
to make their glue,
per produrre la colla.
molecules, they're called proteins,
chiamate proteine.
some fairly unique parts in them
those little parts of that chemistry,
parti di quella composizione
into other long molecules that we can get
on a really large scale,
as plastics or polymers,
simplifying what they do,
into these large molecules.
a queste molecole lunghe.
adhesive systems in doing this,
diversi sistemi adesivi
a new adhesive that looks pretty good,
che ha un bell'aspetto,
just sticking stuff together.
incollando cose tra loro.
and glued together two pieces of metal
e incollato due pezzi di metallo,
pensando di essere molto intelligenti.
and thought we were very clever.
quantitative about this most often,
siamo più quantitativi,
against commercial adhesives,
con le colle commerciali
that are stronger than superglue.
più forti della supercolla.
se è più forte della supercolla.
It's stronger than superglue.
una delle nostre formulazioni adesive.
is one of our adhesive formulations,
completamente sott'acqua
we're dispensing it completely underwater,
an adhesive bond, or joint,
un legame adesivo, un'unione:
and just position it.
for a while, give it a chance,
on it, nothing fancy.
niente di che.
in it, nothing fancy.
It's completely underwater.
è del tutto sott'acqua.
very strong underwater adhesion.
un'adesione forte sott'acqua.
or at least one of the strongest
that's ever been seen.
that the animals produce,
dei materiali prodotti dagli animali.
It's pretty cool.
with these things?
that you're probably really familiar with.
che forse conoscerete.
al compensato in molte strutture
your laptop, plywood in most structures,
agende telefoniche, cose così.
phone books, things like this.
with the adhesives
o i pavimenti in legno --
or wood laminate in floors --
here is formaldehyde,
è la formaldeide
in tantissime strutture
a lot of structures from these adhesives,
a lot of this carcinogen.
sono tutte permanenti.
are all permanent.
or your car or even your laptop
scarpe, le auto o i computer
when you're done using it?
they end up in landfills.
of precious materials in there
and recycle them.
essere estratti e riciclati.
together permanently.
in modo permanente.
to try and solve some of these problems,
per risolvere alcuni di questi problemi
is we've taken another long molecule
prendere un'altra molecola lunga
chemistry from the mussels.
chimica prodotta dalle cozze.
and we've got the mussels,
it's also degradable,
è anche degradabile,
under very mild conditions, with water.
semplicemente con l'acqua.
is we can set things up
quando vogliamo,
strongly when we want,
vorrebbero arrivare.
where a lot of us want to be.
non vorrebbero esserci,
this is a place we do not want to be,
dopo un intervento o una ferita.
if you've had some surgery or an injury.
look at how much you're making
stressandolo meccanicamente
as you pull things together.
It's not so good.
to hold together your bones,
per tenere insieme le ossa
you have to drill out
dovete trapanare
la placca in posizione.
devised in a medieval torture chamber,
in una stanza delle torture medievale.
systems like these with adhesives.
dei sistemi simili con degli adesivi.
but this is not easy.
for adhesives in these cases.
gli adesivi in questi casi.
un adesivo che si assestasse
an adhesive that is going to set
little picture there,
è composto da circa il 60% da acqua,
are about 60 percent water,
I am a scientist and not an artist.
sono uno scienziato e non un artista.
you need for a good biomedical adhesive:
per un buon adesivo biomedico sono:
in a material is pretty easy.
elementi in un materiale è semplice.
But getting all three hasn't been done.
ma mai tutti e tre.
they get picky --
diventano esigenti --
on the same time frame as the surgery."
nello stesso momento dell'operazione"
can remodel the site."
possano ricostruire l'area".
We're working on it.
ma ci stiamo lavorando.
all sorts of bones and skin
è prelevare ossa e pelle
we'll whack it with a hammer.
e a volte li colpiamo con un martello.
in precise shapes.
some strong materials,
dei materiali forti,
like they're not toxic,
we've solved the wet adhesion problem,
che abbiamo risolto il problema
è uno degli obiettivi futuri.
in our sights for the future.
che vorremmo sviluppare con il tempo.
to see things go farther down the road.
che potremmo migliorare
you can imagine we might be better off
fake nails or eyelash extensions,
o le extension alle ciglia,
they're going to be.
dai rivetti e dalla saldatura
and get away from welding
of transportation.
comes back to the beach.
"How do these sea creatures stick?
"Come stanno attaccate queste creature?
really a lot of things we can still learn
tanto da imparare
incoraggiarvi a fare in futuro
you all to do in the future
e i cellulari non riciclabili
laptops and cell phones
some of your own questions.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Wilker - Scientist, engineerJonathan Wilker explores the science and engineering happening within our oceans. He works to understand the ways that sea creatures survive and how we can adapt their technologies to create new materials.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Wilker is a professor of chemistry and materials engineering at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, US. Prior to arriving at Purdue in 1999, he received a bachelor's degree from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, a PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was a postdoctoral scholar at the California Institute of Technology. His research has been recognized with a Beckman Young Investigator Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship and a National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award. His teaching has also received several awards at Purdue. He is always on the lookout for new projects when at the beach or while underwater scuba diving.
Jonathan Wilker | Speaker | TED.com