TEDxPurdueU
Jonathan Wilker: What sticky sea creatures can teach us about making glue
乔纳森 · 威尔克: 分泌黏胶的海洋生物教我们如何制作胶水
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Readability: 3.3
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如果我们可以利用贻贝，牡蛎和藤壶产生的坚固黏附力，哪怕在潮湿，有暴风雨的海岸线上也不会移动，将会怎样呢？跟随科学家乔纳森 · 威尔克一起探寻动物们自己制作黏合剂的奇妙世界，并且预览一些通过研究它们，人们可做到的神奇事情。
Jonathan Wilker - Scientist, engineer
Jonathan Wilker explores the science and engineering happening within our oceans. He works to understand the ways that sea creatures survive and how we can adapt their technologies to create new materials. Full bio
Jonathan Wilker explores the science and engineering happening within our oceans. He works to understand the ways that sea creatures survive and how we can adapt their technologies to create new materials. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
So I'd like you to join me
on a field trip,
on a field trip,
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我想邀请你们加入这趟
野外实地考察，
野外实地考察，
我想去海边，
就带你们去海边，
就带你们去海边，
00:16
and I want to go to the beach,
and take you all to the beach
and take you all to the beach
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享受带有海水盐味的空气。
00:18
and so enjoy the sea air
and the salt spray.
and the salt spray.
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然后一直走到岸边，
00:21
And let's go down to the water's edge,
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你会发现我们正被海浪包围着，
00:23
and you're going to notice is
we're getting knocked around by the waves,
we're getting knocked around by the waves,
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所以我们很难站稳。
00:26
and it's really difficult
to stay in place.
to stay in place.
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00:28
But now, look down,
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但是现在，往下看，
00:30
and what you're going to see
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你将会看到
00:32
is that the rocks are covered
by all sorts of sea creatures
by all sorts of sea creatures
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各式各样的海洋生物
附着在岩石上
附着在岩石上
00:35
that are just staying
there in place, no problem.
there in place, no problem.
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他们就只是呆在原地，
一点也没问题。
一点也没问题。
这就证明如果你想要
00:37
And it turns out
that if you want to survive
that if you want to survive
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在这极为恶劣的环境中生存
00:40
in this really demanding environment,
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你的存亡取决于
你产生黏液的能力。
你产生黏液的能力。
00:41
your very existence is dependent
upon your ability to make glue, actually.
upon your ability to make glue, actually.
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00:46
So let me introduce you
to some of the heroes of our story,
to some of the heroes of our story,
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所以让我来向你们介绍
一下故事中的主角，
一下故事中的主角，
00:50
just a few of them.
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先讲几个好了。
00:51
So these are mussels,
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首先是一些贻贝，
00:52
and you'll notice
they're covering the rocks.
they're covering the rocks.
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你将会发现他们是
覆盖在岩石上的。
覆盖在岩石上的。
00:55
They've made adhesives,
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他们制造了黏液，
00:56
and they're sticking down on the rocks,
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并牢牢地粘在石头上，
00:58
and they're also sticking
to each other, actually.
to each other, actually.
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他们也相互粘着。
01:01
So they're hunkered down
together as a group.
together as a group.
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所以他们以群体的形式躲在一起，
01:03
This is a close-up photograph
of an oyster reef,
of an oyster reef,
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这就是牡蛎礁石的特写镜头，
01:06
and oysters, they're amazing.
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牡蛎也是奇妙的生物。
01:08
What they do is they cement to each other,
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他们彼此紧紧粘着，
01:11
and they build these huge,
extensive reef systems.
extensive reef systems.
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从而建造了这些数量多、
规模大的礁石系统。
规模大的礁石系统。
01:14
They can be kilometers long,
they can be meters deep,
they can be meters deep,
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有些礁石有数千米长，
数米深，
数米深，
01:17
and arguably, they're the most
dominant influence
dominant influence
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它们很有可能是
决定着任何海岸生物系统的健康
的主要因素，
的主要因素，
01:20
on how healthy any coastal
marine ecosystem is going to be,
marine ecosystem is going to be,
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01:23
because what they do
is they're filtering the water constantly,
is they're filtering the water constantly,
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因为它们正在不断地过滤海水，
把沙子和污垢留在岸上。
01:26
they're holding sand and dirt in place.
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01:28
Actually, other species live
inside of these reefs.
inside of these reefs.
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事实上，其他生物也
住在这些礁石里。
住在这些礁石里。
01:31
And then, if you think about
what happens when a storm comes in,
what happens when a storm comes in,
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你也许会想如果风暴
来临又会发生什么呢
来临又会发生什么呢
01:34
if the storm surge
first has to hit miles of these reefs,
first has to hit miles of these reefs,
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如果风暴突然来临，
它会先击打这些数英里长的礁石
它会先击打这些数英里长的礁石
01:38
the coast behind it
is going to be protected.
is going to be protected.
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在它后面的海岸将会被保护。
01:40
So they're really quite influential.
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所以它们真的非常重要。
01:43
If you've been to any rocky beach
pretty much anywhere in the world,
pretty much anywhere in the world,
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全世界有非常多的礁石海滩，
如果你有去过任何一个，
如果你有去过任何一个，
你可能很熟悉藤壶长什么样子
01:47
you're probably familiar
with what barnacles look like.
with what barnacles look like.
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这些动物确实
01:49
What these animals do --
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01:50
and there's many others,
these are just three of them --
these are just three of them --
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还有其他许多生物，
这里只是其中的三个
这里只是其中的三个
它们制造黏液，
01:53
is they make adhesives,
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01:54
they stick to each other,
they stick to the rocks
they stick to the rocks
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它们相互粘在一起，
粘在石头上，
粘在石头上，
建立群落，
01:57
and they build communities,
and by doing this,
and by doing this,
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它们通过这种方式获得
更多的生存优势。
更多的生存优势。
01:59
there's a lot of survival
advantages they get.
advantages they get.
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02:01
So one of them is that just any individual
is subjected to less of the turbulence
is subjected to less of the turbulence
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其中一个优势就是
任何个体受湍流及其他
环境损害的影响较小，
环境损害的影响较小，
02:07
and all the damaging features
that can happen from that environment.
that can happen from that environment.
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所以它们一起躲在那里。
02:11
So they're all hunkered down there.
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除此之外，安全也是
其中一个优势，
其中一个优势，
02:12
Then, also, there's a safety
in numbers thing,
in numbers thing,
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02:15
because it also helps you
keep away the predators,
keep away the predators,
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因为这也帮助它们远离捕食者，
因为，如果说，一只海鸥
想要把你叼起来吃掉，
想要把你叼起来吃掉，
02:19
because if, say, a seagull
wants to pick you up and eat you,
wants to pick you up and eat you,
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如果它们彼此紧紧地黏在一起，
那海鸥就很难抓它们。
那海鸥就很难抓它们。
02:22
it's more difficult for the seagull
if they're all stuck together.
if they're all stuck together.
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另外一点，
这也有助于它们有效繁衍。
这也有助于它们有效繁衍。
02:25
And then another thing is it also helps
with reproductive efficiency.
with reproductive efficiency.
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你可以想象一下，
当藤壶先生和藤壶小姐决定，
当藤壶先生和藤壶小姐决定，
02:28
So you can imagine
that when Mr. and Mrs. Barnacle decide,
that when Mr. and Mrs. Barnacle decide,
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02:31
"OK, it's time to have
little baby barnacles" --
little baby barnacles" --
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“好，是拥有小藤壶宝宝的时候了”
02:34
I won't tell you
how they do that just yet --
how they do that just yet --
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我先不告诉你们它们是如何做的，
但当它们觉得时机到了，
02:36
but when they decide it's time to do that,
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如果住得近，它们会更
简单、高效地繁衍。
简单、高效地繁衍。
02:39
it's a lot easier and their reproductive
efficiency is higher
efficiency is higher
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02:42
if they're all living close together.
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02:44
So we want to understand
how they do this, how do they stick,
how they do this, how do they stick,
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我们想要去了解它们
如何黏在一起的，
如何黏在一起的，
02:49
and I can't really tell you
all the details,
all the details,
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我无法告诉你全部的细节，
02:51
because it's something
we're still trying to figure out,
we're still trying to figure out,
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因为我们仍在试图弄清楚它们，
但我想让你们先了解一下
02:54
but let me give you a little flavor
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02:56
of some of the things
that we're trying to do.
that we're trying to do.
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我们正在做的事情。
这张图片是我们实验室里
其中一个水生系统，
其中一个水生系统，
02:58
This is a picture of one of the aquarium
systems we have in our lab,
systems we have in our lab,
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03:02
and everything in the image
is part of the system,
is part of the system,
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图中所呈现的是
这个系统的一部分，
这个系统的一部分，
03:05
and so what we do is we keep --
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我们要做的就是饲养
03:07
and you can see in the glass tank there
in the bottom, there's a bunch of mussels,
in the bottom, there's a bunch of mussels,
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你可以看到在玻璃水箱的
底部有一群贻贝，
底部有一群贻贝，
我们将水冷却，让光源循环，
03:11
we have the water chilled,
we have the lights cycled,
we have the lights cycled,
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事实上我们在系统里设置了湍流，
03:13
we actually have turbulence in the system
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因为这些动物可以为我们
产生更多的黏液，
产生更多的黏液，
03:15
because the animals make
more adhesives for us
more adhesives for us
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03:17
when the water is turbulent.
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当湍流产生时。
03:19
So we induce them to make the adhesive,
we collect it, we study it.
we collect it, we study it.
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我们引导它们产生黏液，
然后我们收集、学习它。
然后我们收集、学习它。
03:22
They're here in Indiana.
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它们现在在印第安纳州。
03:24
As far as they know,
they're in Maine in February,
they're in Maine in February,
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但对贻贝来说，
它们正在二月份的缅因海边，
它们正在二月份的缅因海边，
03:27
and they seem to be pretty happy,
as far as we can tell.
as far as we can tell.
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它们应该挺高兴的，就我所知。
03:30
And then we also work with oysters,
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我们也研究牡蛎，
上面那张图片是在
南卡罗来纳州的小礁石，
南卡罗来纳州的小礁石，
03:32
and up top, it's a photo
of a small reef in South Carolina,
of a small reef in South Carolina,
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03:37
and what we're most interested in
is seeing how they attach to each other,
is seeing how they attach to each other,
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我们最感兴趣的是它们
如何粘着彼此，
如何粘着彼此，
它们如何相互连接。
03:41
how they connect.
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你看下面这张图，
03:42
And so what you can see
in the bottom image
in the bottom image
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这是两个相互融在一起的牡蛎。
03:44
is there's two oysters
that are cementing to each other.
that are cementing to each other.
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我们想知道在这中间有什么，
03:46
And we want to know what's in between,
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所以很多次我们将他们
分开，然后观察，
分开，然后观察，
03:48
and so a lot of times,
we'll cut them and look down,
we'll cut them and look down,
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接下来的一组图片，
03:51
and in the next series
of images we have here,
of images we have here,
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03:53
you can see, on the bottom,
we'll have two shells,
we'll have two shells,
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在左下角的这张图片里有两个壳，
一个动物的壳和另一个动物的壳，
03:56
the shell of one animal
and the shell of another animal,
and the shell of another animal,
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黏合物在中间。
03:58
and the cement's in between.
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如果你看右边这张图，
04:00
And if you look at the image on the right,
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你可能看见
04:02
what you can maybe see
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04:03
is that there's structure
in the shell of each animal,
in the shell of each animal,
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每个动物壳里都有结构，
然而，黏合物看起来并不一样。
04:07
but then, the cement
actually looks different.
actually looks different.
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所以我们正用各种
生物和化学工具
生物和化学工具
04:09
And so we're using all sorts
of fancy biology and chemistry tools
of fancy biology and chemistry tools
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04:13
to understand what's going on in there,
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试图去了解这里面究竟有什么，
我们发现这些结构是不一样的
04:15
and what we're finding
is the structures are different
is the structures are different
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04:17
and the chemistry is actually different,
and it's quite interesting.
and it's quite interesting.
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并且化学成分也不一样，
这就十分的有趣。
这就十分的有趣。
04:22
And then this picture --
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这张图
04:24
I guess let me step back
before I tell you what this is.
before I tell you what this is.
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在我告诉你们这是什么前，
我想先回顾一下，
我想先回顾一下，
04:27
So do you know the cartoon
"The Magic School Bus"?
"The Magic School Bus"?
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你知道《神奇校车》这部动画片吗？
或者如果你年龄更大一点的话，
知道《神奇之旅》这部电影吗？
知道《神奇之旅》这部电影吗？
04:32
Or if you're a little bit older,
"Fantastic Voyage," right?
"Fantastic Voyage," right?
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04:35
And you remember,
they had these characters
they had these characters
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你记得这些动画片
他们把里面的角色
缩小到微粒大小，
缩小到微粒大小，
04:37
that they would shrink down
to these microscopic levels,
to these microscopic levels,
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然后
04:40
and then they would sort of swirl in
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一番天旋地转，
在这些生物构造旁游过飞过。
04:42
and swim around and fly around
all these biological structures?
all these biological structures?
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这里有点像卡通、电影里那样，
而我们真的在这样做。
而我们真的在这样做。
04:45
I think of this as like that,
except for it's real, in this case.
except for it's real, in this case.
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04:49
And so what we did is we have
two oysters that are stuck together,
two oysters that are stuck together,
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我们有两个粘在一起的牡蛎，
04:53
and this area used to be
completely filled in with the cement,
completely filled in with the cement,
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这块区域曾被填满黏合物，
04:57
and what we're finding is that the cement
has lots of different components in there,
has lots of different components in there,
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我们发现在这里黏合物
有许多不同的成份，
有许多不同的成份，
但一般来说，他们分为
很牢固却非黏性的部分，
很牢固却非黏性的部分，
05:01
but broadly speaking,
there are hard, non-sticky parts
there are hard, non-sticky parts
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05:04
and there are soft, sticky parts,
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和很柔软又有黏性的部分。
05:05
and what we did is we removed
the non-sticky parts selectively
the non-sticky parts selectively
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我们选择性地
移除非黏性部分，
移除非黏性部分，
05:09
to see what's left for what's actually
attaching the animals,
attaching the animals,
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由此观察究竟是
什么连接着动物，
什么连接着动物，
我们收获了这个，
05:12
and what we got is this, and we can see
there's this sticky adhesive
there's this sticky adhesive
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这些就是将它们粘在一起的黏合物。
05:16
that's holding them together.
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我认为这张图片真的很酷。
05:17
And I just think it's a really cool image,
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因为你可以想象自己
飞进去再回来。
飞进去再回来。
05:19
because you can imagine yourself flying in
and going back there.
and going back there.
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不管怎样，我们做这些是为了理解
05:22
Anyways, those are some of the things
we're doing to understand
we're doing to understand
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海洋生物是如何产生这些物质。
05:26
how marine biology
is making these materials.
is making these materials.
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05:28
And from a fundamental perspective,
it's really exciting to learn.
it's really exciting to learn.
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从根本上看，
学习这些真的很令人兴奋。
学习这些真的很令人兴奋。
05:32
But what we do want
to do with this information?
to do with this information?
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但是有了这些信息后
我们想要做什么呢？
我们想要做什么呢？
05:34
Well, there's a lot
of technological applications
of technological applications
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若我们可以学习利用
动物生产黏液的方式，
动物生产黏液的方式，
05:36
if we can harness
what the animals are doing.
what the animals are doing.
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我们可以将其应用在许多科技上。
05:39
So let me give you one example.
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我来举一个例子。
05:41
So imagine you're at home
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想象你在家里，
05:43
and you break your favorite figurine
or a mug or something like that?
or a mug or something like that?
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你打碎了最喜爱的小雕像
或杯子或类似的东西，
或杯子或类似的东西，
你想把它拼回去。
05:46
You want to put it back together.
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你会去哪里？
05:48
So where do you go?
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你会去镇上我最爱的地方，
05:49
You go to my favorite place in town,
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05:52
which is the glue aisle
of the hardware store.
of the hardware store.
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五金店里的胶水货架。
05:55
I know where you spend your nights,
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我知道你们是在哪里
度过你们的夜晚，
度过你们的夜晚，
05:57
because you're all hip,
cool people, because you're here,
cool people, because you're here,
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你们都是很时尚、很酷的人，
所以会在这里
所以会在这里
你们回去酒吧或者音乐会，
05:59
and you're going to the bars
and concerts --
and concerts --
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这是我每晚都会去闲晃的地方。
06:02
this is where I hang out every night.
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06:03
So anyways, so what I want you to do
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我想让你做的是，
把货架上的每一种胶水都拿一个，
06:05
is get one of every adhesive
that's on the shelf,
that's on the shelf,
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带回家，
06:08
bring it home,
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在你试图将碎片拼回去前，
06:09
but before you try
to put things back together,
to put things back together,
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06:12
I want you to try to do it
in a bucket of water.
in a bucket of water.
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我想要你先在水中试试。
06:15
It's not going to work, right?
We all know this.
We all know this.
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不起作用，对吗？
我们都知道。
我们都知道。
06:17
So obviously, marine biology
has solved this,
has solved this,
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显然，海洋生物解决了这个问题，
06:19
so what we need to do is figure out
ways to be able to copy this ourselves.
ways to be able to copy this ourselves.
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我们需要做的是找出复制
这个行为的解决方法。
这个行为的解决方法。
06:24
And one of the issues here is,
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其中有个问题是，
06:26
you can't just go and get
the materials from the beach,
the materials from the beach,
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你不能直接去海边
获得这些物质，
获得这些物质，
06:29
because if you get a bunch of mussels
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因为如果你有一群贻贝，
尝试挤出里面的黏液，
06:30
and try to milk them for their adhesive,
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你只能得到一点点，
06:32
you'll get a little bit of material,
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但这远不够满足你所做的事，
06:34
but you're never going to have enough
to do anything with,
to do anything with,
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只够看罢了。
06:37
just enough to see.
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我们需要扩大这个规模，
最好是一节火车厢的量。
最好是一节火车厢的量。
06:38
We need to scale this up,
ideally maybe train car scale.
ideally maybe train car scale.
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06:41
So on the top is an image
of one of the types of molecules
of one of the types of molecules
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上面的图片是
动物用来产生制造
胶体的一种分子，
胶体的一种分子，
06:46
that the animals are using
to make their glue,
to make their glue,
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它们是很长的分子，
叫做蛋白质，
叫做蛋白质，
06:48
and what they are is they're very long
molecules, they're called proteins,
molecules, they're called proteins,
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这些蛋白质有一些特殊的成份，
06:51
and these proteins happen to have
some fairly unique parts in them
some fairly unique parts in them
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这些成份可以产生
有黏性的物质。
有黏性的物质。
06:55
that bring about the adhesive properties.
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06:57
What we want to do is take
those little parts of that chemistry,
those little parts of that chemistry,
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我们想提取小部分化学成分，
放入我们所获的的其他长分子中，
07:00
and we want to put it
into other long molecules that we can get
into other long molecules that we can get
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07:04
but things that we can make
on a really large scale,
on a really large scale,
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我们可以真正大规模的生产，
07:06
so you might know them
as plastics or polymers,
as plastics or polymers,
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你可能会称它们“塑料”或
“聚合物”，
“聚合物”，
我们简化了它们所做的一切，
07:08
and so we're sort of
simplifying what they do,
simplifying what they do,
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然后把黏性的化学成分
放入这些大分子中，
放入这些大分子中，
07:11
but then putting that adhesion chemistry
into these large molecules.
into these large molecules.
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由此我们研制出许多
不同的黏性系统，
不同的黏性系统，
07:14
And we've developed many different
adhesive systems in doing this,
adhesive systems in doing this,
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当你制造出一个看起来
很不错的黏合剂时，
很不错的黏合剂时，
07:17
and when you make
a new adhesive that looks pretty good,
a new adhesive that looks pretty good,
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你会做什么呢？
07:20
what do you do?
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你会在实验室里到处乱窜，
到处粘东西。
到处粘东西。
07:21
You start running around the lab,
just sticking stuff together.
just sticking stuff together.
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我们取一点胶水，
把两片金属粘在一起，
把两片金属粘在一起，
07:24
We took a tiny bit of a glue
and glued together two pieces of metal
and glued together two pieces of metal
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我们想在上挂点东西，
07:27
and we wanted to hang something from it,
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所以我们用了一桶活的贻贝，
自认为很聪明。
自认为很聪明。
07:29
so we used a pot of live mussels
and thought we were very clever.
and thought we were very clever.
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07:33
(Laughs)
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1007
（笑声）
07:34
We're obviously much more
quantitative about this most often,
quantitative about this most often,
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当然我们常常把这个量化了，
07:37
and so we benchmark
against commercial adhesives,
against commercial adhesives,
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我们将其与市场上胶水进行比较，
事实上，我们现在有着比
超强力胶水更厉害的黏合物。
超强力胶水更厉害的黏合物。
07:40
and we actually have some materials now
that are stronger than superglue.
that are stronger than superglue.
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07:44
So to me, that's really cool.
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对我来说，这很酷。
那是在实验室里很美好的一天，
它们比强力胶更厉害！
它们比强力胶更厉害！
07:45
That's a good day in the lab.
It's stronger than superglue.
It's stronger than superglue.
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07:48
And here's something else that we can do.
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我们还做到了这个：
07:51
So this is a tank of seawater,
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这是一缸海水，
07:53
and then, in that syringe
is one of our adhesive formulations,
is one of our adhesive formulations,
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注射器里是其中一个黏液配方，
07:57
and what we're doing is
we're dispensing it completely underwater,
we're dispensing it completely underwater,
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我们正在做的是，
完全在水下的一块金属片上点胶。
08:00
on a piece of metal.
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08:01
And then, we want to make
an adhesive bond, or joint,
an adhesive bond, or joint,
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我们想要制作一个黏性
纽带或黏合点，
纽带或黏合点，
08:04
and so we take another piece of metal
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2288
所以我们取另一个金属片，
把它放在那里，只是调整位置。
08:06
and we put it on there
and just position it.
and just position it.
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08:09
And you want to let it set up
for a while, give it a chance,
for a while, give it a chance,
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让胶先干一会，给点时间，
08:13
so we'll just put a weight
on it, nothing fancy.
on it, nothing fancy.
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在上面增加点重量，
没什么复杂的。
没什么复杂的。
这是一个含铅的管子，
也没什么特别的
也没什么特别的
08:15
This is a tube with lead shot
in it, nothing fancy.
in it, nothing fancy.
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然后静置它一会。
08:18
And then you let it sit for a while.
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这从头至尾都没有接触空气，
完全在水下操作。
完全在水下操作。
08:20
So this has never seen air.
It's completely underwater.
It's completely underwater.
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把它拿起来。
08:23
And you pick it up.
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08:24
I never know what's going to happen.
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我不知道将会发生什么事，
所以到这里我很紧张。
08:26
I'm always very anxious here.
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08:28
Pick it up ...
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拿起来...
它粘住了。
08:29
and it's stuck.
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对我来说，这真的很棒。
08:31
To me, this is really cool.
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我们可以得到很强的
水下黏附力。
水下黏附力。
08:32
So we can actually get
very strong underwater adhesion.
very strong underwater adhesion.
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3775
08:36
Possibly, it's the strongest
or at least one of the strongest
or at least one of the strongest
191
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这可能前所未有最强或
至少是最强的水下黏合剂之一。
至少是最强的水下黏合剂之一。
08:39
underwater adhesives
that's ever been seen.
that's ever been seen.
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它比动物产生的物质还要牢固，
08:41
It's even stronger than the materials
that the animals produce,
that the animals produce,
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3435
对我们而言，这真的太让人激动，
太酷了。
太酷了。
08:45
so for us, it's pretty exciting.
It's pretty cool.
It's pretty cool.
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那我们拿这些东西来做什么呢？
08:47
So what do we want to do
with these things?
with these things?
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08:49
Well, here are some products
that you're probably really familiar with.
that you're probably really familiar with.
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这里有一些你可能
很熟悉的东西。
很熟悉的东西。
想想你的手机、笔记本电脑、
大多数结构用的胶合板，
大多数结构用的胶合板，
08:53
So think about your cell phone,
your laptop, plywood in most structures,
your laptop, plywood in most structures,
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你车里的内饰、
鞋子、电话本等等。
鞋子、电话本等等。
08:58
the interior of your car, shoes,
phone books, things like this.
phone books, things like this.
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它们都用黏合剂粘在一起，
09:01
They're all held together with adhesives,
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2234
09:03
and there's two main problems
with the adhesives
with the adhesives
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这些产品用的黏合剂有两个问题
09:06
used in these materials.
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第一，它们是有毒的。
09:07
The first one is that they're toxic.
202
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1819
09:09
So the worst offender here is plywood.
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2554
这里最糟糕的是胶合板。
胶合板或许多小雕塑
或复合地板，
或复合地板，
09:12
Plywood, or a lot of furniture,
or wood laminate in floors --
or wood laminate in floors --
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09:15
a main component of the adhesives
here is formaldehyde,
here is formaldehyde,
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543998
4487
这些黏合剂的最主要
成份是甲醛，
成份是甲醛，
09:20
and it's maybe a compound you've heard of.
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548509
2001
你可能听过这个化合物。
它是一种气体，也是
一种致癌物质。
一种致癌物质。
09:22
It's a gas, and it's also a carcinogen,
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2877
09:25
and so we're constructing
a lot of structures from these adhesives,
a lot of structures from these adhesives,
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3541
所以我们用这些黏合剂
来组建结构时，
来组建结构时，
我们也吸入了大量的致癌物质。
09:29
and we're also breathing
a lot of this carcinogen.
a lot of this carcinogen.
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2335
09:31
So not good, obviously. Right?
210
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1854
显然，这不好，对吧？
09:33
The other issue is that these adhesives
are all permanent.
are all permanent.
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3044
另一个问题是这些
黏合剂都是永久的。
黏合剂都是永久的。
09:36
And so what do you do with your shoes
or your car or even your laptop
or your car or even your laptop
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你会怎么处理期限快到的鞋子、车
甚至是你的笔记本电脑？
甚至是你的笔记本电脑？
09:39
at the end of life,
when you're done using it?
when you're done using it?
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09:41
For the most part,
they end up in landfills.
they end up in landfills.
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2064
这些东西的大多数
最后都进入了垃圾场。
最后都进入了垃圾场。
在那里有许多珍贵的材料，
09:43
And there's a lot
of precious materials in there
of precious materials in there
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2388
我们想把他们取出来回收利用。
09:46
we'd love to be able to get out
and recycle them.
and recycle them.
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2341
但这并不容易做到，
09:48
We can't do it so easily
217
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1151
因为它们永久地粘在了一起。
09:49
because they're all stuck
together permanently.
together permanently.
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2245
所以我们可以采用一种方法
尝试解决部分问题，
尝试解决部分问题，
09:52
So here's one approach we're taking
to try and solve some of these problems,
to try and solve some of these problems,
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3651
09:55
and what we've done here
is we've taken another long molecule
is we've taken another long molecule
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4887
我们做的就是
从玉米中提取另一个长分子，
从玉米中提取另一个长分子，
10:00
that we can actually get from corn,
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然后将贻贝的一些粘性化学成分
放入那条分子里。
放入那条分子里。
10:02
and then into that molecule,
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1475
10:04
we've put some of the adhesion
chemistry from the mussels.
chemistry from the mussels.
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2793
因为我们既用了玉米又用了贻贝，
10:06
So because we've got the corn
and we've got the mussels,
and we've got the mussels,
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2674
所以我们称它为海陆聚合物。
10:09
we call this our surf-and-turf polymer.
225
597538
2223
10:11
And it sticks. It sticks really well.
226
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2039
它黏性很好。
也十分牢固。
10:13
It's very strong.
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1270
10:15
It's also bio-based. That's nice.
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603142
1921
它是生物型材料，这点很棒。
但可能更重要的是，
它是可降解的。
它是可降解的。
10:17
But maybe more importantly, here,
it's also degradable,
it's also degradable,
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2825
我们可以在十分温和的
条件下，用水降解。
条件下，用水降解。
10:19
and we can degrade it
under very mild conditions, with water.
under very mild conditions, with water.
230
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3072
10:23
And so what we can do
is we can set things up
is we can set things up
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2112
所以我们将东西黏在一起
如果需要，可以将它们黏的很牢，
如果需要，可以将它们黏的很牢，
10:25
and we can bond them
strongly when we want,
strongly when we want,
232
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2745
10:27
but then we can also take them apart.
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2108
然后我们也可以拆开它们。
10:30
It's something we're thinking about.
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1716
这就是我们正在研究的东西。
10:31
And here is a place
where a lot of us want to be.
where a lot of us want to be.
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619809
3454
这是许多人都想要的。
但坦白来说，
我们都不想碰到这种情况，
我们都不想碰到这种情况，
10:35
Well, actually, in this specific case,
this is a place we do not want to be,
this is a place we do not want to be,
236
623287
3712
我们想将它们取而代之。
10:39
but we'd like to replace this.
237
627023
1641
10:40
So sutures, staples, screws:
238
628688
2003
缝合线、订钉、螺丝，
10:42
this is how we put you back together
if you've had some surgery or an injury.
if you've had some surgery or an injury.
239
630715
3621
当你们在做手术或受伤时，
医生用它们将伤口缝合
医生用它们将伤口缝合
这很可怕，也很痛。
10:46
It's just awful. It hurts.
240
634360
1946
10:48
In the case of the sutures,
look at how much you're making
look at how much you're making
241
636330
5151
以缝合线为例，
当你需要缝合伤口时，你要花
多少的精力和体力。
多少的精力和体力。
10:53
concentrated, mechanical stresses
as you pull things together.
as you pull things together.
242
641505
2905
你正在制造感染。
10:56
You're making sites for infection.
243
644434
1761
在健康组织里戳洞，
这很不好。
这很不好。
10:58
Poke holes in healthy tissue.
It's not so good.
It's not so good.
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2390
11:01
Or if you need a plate
to hold together your bones,
to hold together your bones,
245
649260
3238
或者你需要板子来
固定衔接骨头，
固定衔接骨头，
看看你要钻穿多少健康的骨头，
11:04
look at how much healthy bone
you have to drill out
you have to drill out
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652522
2391
只是为了放一块板子在那。
11:06
just to hold the plate in place.
247
654937
1550
所以这多么糟糕。
11:08
So this is awful.
248
656511
1151
对我来说，它看起来像中世纪
刑讯室发明的东西
刑讯室发明的东西
11:09
To me, it looks like these were things
devised in a medieval torture chamber,
devised in a medieval torture chamber,
249
657686
3739
而它确是现代外科医生的工具。
11:13
but it's our modern surgical joinery.
250
661449
1782
所以我非常期待可以用
黏合剂来取代这些系统。
黏合剂来取代这些系统。
11:15
So I'd love it if we could replace
systems like these with adhesives.
systems like these with adhesives.
251
663255
5208
11:20
We're working on this,
but this is not easy.
but this is not easy.
252
668487
2778
这不简单，我们正在做着研究。
11:23
So think about what you would need
for adhesives in these cases.
for adhesives in these cases.
253
671289
3055
想想看在这些情况下
你需要有怎样特性的黏合剂。
你需要有怎样特性的黏合剂。
11:26
So first of all, you would need
an adhesive that is going to set
an adhesive that is going to set
254
674368
3247
首先，它必须可以在潮湿环境中
起效，
起效，
11:29
in a wet environment.
255
677639
1557
11:31
And if you look at the silly
little picture there,
little picture there,
256
679220
2391
如果你看下这张
有点蠢的图片，
有点蠢的图片，
这张图说明了我们人体里
百分之六十都是水，
百分之六十都是水，
11:33
it's just to illustrate that our bodies
are about 60 percent water,
are about 60 percent water,
257
681635
4530
11:38
so it's a wet environment.
258
686189
1296
所以是一个潮湿的环境。
这张图也证明了
为什么我是科学家而不是画家。
为什么我是科学家而不是画家。
11:39
It's also to illustrate that this is why
I am a scientist and not an artist.
I am a scientist and not an artist.
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687509
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我完全没有选错职业。
11:43
I did not miss my calling at all.
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11:46
So then the other requirements
you need for a good biomedical adhesive:
you need for a good biomedical adhesive:
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还需要满足另一个要求
为了好的生物医学黏合剂，
为了好的生物医学黏合剂，
它需要很牢固地粘合在一起，
11:50
it needs to bond strongly, of course,
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并且它还是无毒的。
11:52
and it needs to not be toxic.
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11:54
You don't want to hurt the patients.
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你不想伤害你的病人。
11:56
And getting any two of those requirements
in a material is pretty easy.
in a material is pretty easy.
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一个物质满足任意两个
要求还是很容易的。
要求还是很容易的。
12:00
It's been done many times.
But getting all three hasn't been done.
But getting all three hasn't been done.
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它已经被试验很多次了。
但要满足全部三个条件，
但要满足全部三个条件，
还是很困难的。
12:03
It's very hard.
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如果你去咨询医生，
他们会对此挑剔，
他们会对此挑剔，
12:04
And if you start talking to surgeons,
they get picky --
they get picky --
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“事实上，我想要黏合剂
在手术就凝固。“
在手术就凝固。“
12:07
"Oh, actually I want the adhesive to set
on the same time frame as the surgery."
on the same time frame as the surgery."
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或者，“我想要黏合剂可以降解，
12:11
Or, "Oh, I want the adhesive to degrade
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这样患者的组织就可以重组。”
12:14
so the patient's tissues
can remodel the site."
can remodel the site."
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这着实很难，
但我们正在研究。
但我们正在研究。
12:16
So this is really hard.
We're working on it.
We're working on it.
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12:20
This is just one image we have.
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这只是我们拍摄的一张照片。
12:22
So what we're doing is we're getting
all sorts of bones and skin
all sorts of bones and skin
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我们正在用各种骨头、皮肤、软组织、
硬组织，
硬组织，
12:25
and soft and hard tissue, and sometimes
we'll whack it with a hammer.
we'll whack it with a hammer.
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有时候我们将会用锤子敲碎它们，
通常我们会将它切成精确的形状。
12:28
Usually, we're cutting it
in precise shapes.
in precise shapes.
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然后再把它们黏回去。
12:30
And then we glue them back together.
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我们已经得到一些
令人兴奋的成果，
令人兴奋的成果，
12:32
We've got some exciting results,
some strong materials,
some strong materials,
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一些强韧的物质，
一些看起来无毒、耐潮的东西。
一些看起来无毒、耐潮的东西。
12:35
some things that look
like they're not toxic,
like they're not toxic,
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12:37
they set wet,
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但是我不能说我们已经
解决了潮湿黏附力的问题，
解决了潮湿黏附力的问题，
12:38
but I'm not going to tell you
we've solved the wet adhesion problem,
we've solved the wet adhesion problem,
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因为我们还没完成，
12:41
because we haven't,
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但它肯定是我们未来的目标。
12:43
but it's certainly
in our sights for the future.
in our sights for the future.
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这是我们期待看到有
更多发展的领域之一。
更多发展的领域之一。
12:45
So that's one place that we'd like
to see things go farther down the road.
to see things go farther down the road.
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12:49
And there are a lot of other places, too,
you can imagine we might be better off
you can imagine we might be better off
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当然还有许多其他的领域，
你可以想象一下，
你可以想象一下，
我们的生活将会更好，
如果我们可以获得更多黏合剂。
如果我们可以获得更多黏合剂。
12:53
if we could get more adhesives in there.
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甚至是化妆品。
12:55
Even cosmetics.
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12:56
So if you think about people putting on
fake nails or eyelash extensions,
fake nails or eyelash extensions,
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有些人会美甲或带假睫毛，
13:01
what do they use?
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他们会用什么？
13:03
They use very toxic adhesives right now.
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现在用的都是毒性
很强的黏合剂。
很强的黏合剂。
是时候替换掉了。
13:05
So it's just ripe for replacement.
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这就是我们想做的事。
13:07
That's something we'd like to do.
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13:08
And then there are other places too.
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也有其他一些领域，
像车、飞机。
像车、飞机。
13:10
So think about cars and planes.
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它们制造得越轻就越省油。
13:12
The lighter you can make them,
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13:13
the more fuel-efficient
they're going to be.
they're going to be.
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所以如果我们可以用更多的黏合剂
来替代铆钉和焊接
来替代铆钉和焊接
13:15
And so if we can get away from rivets
and get away from welding
and get away from welding
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13:18
and put more adhesives in there,
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13:20
then we might be better off
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我们的生活也可能会更好
未来的交通会便利，
未来的交通会便利，
13:21
with our future generation
of transportation.
of transportation.
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13:24
So for us, this all
comes back to the beach.
comes back to the beach.
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我们回到海滩边。
13:28
So we look around and we wonder,
"How do these sea creatures stick?
"How do these sea creatures stick?
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环顾四周，我们想问
“这些海洋生物是如何粘起来的？
“这些海洋生物是如何粘起来的？
13:32
And what can we do with the technology?"
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我们可以用这个技术做什么？”
13:34
And I would argue that we have
really a lot of things we can still learn
really a lot of things we can still learn
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我认为我们还要从生物、
大自然学习很多。
大自然学习很多。
13:38
from biology and from nature.
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13:39
So what I would like to encourage
you all to do in the future
you all to do in the future
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我想鼓励各位在未来
放下不可回收的笔记本和手机，
放下不可回收的笔记本和手机，
13:43
is put down your nonrecyclable
laptops and cell phones
laptops and cell phones
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13:48
and go out and explore the natural world
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走到户外探索大自然，
然后提出一些你的问题。
13:50
and then start asking
some of your own questions.
some of your own questions.
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谢谢。
13:52
Thanks very much.
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（掌声）
13:54
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Wilker - Scientist, engineerJonathan Wilker explores the science and engineering happening within our oceans. He works to understand the ways that sea creatures survive and how we can adapt their technologies to create new materials.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Wilker is a professor of chemistry and materials engineering at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, US. Prior to arriving at Purdue in 1999, he received a bachelor's degree from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, a PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was a postdoctoral scholar at the California Institute of Technology. His research has been recognized with a Beckman Young Investigator Award, an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship and a National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award. His teaching has also received several awards at Purdue. He is always on the lookout for new projects when at the beach or while underwater scuba diving.
Jonathan Wilker | Speaker | TED.com