TEDYouth 2013
Henry Lin: What we can learn from galaxies far, far away
Henry Lin: Šta možemo naučiti od dalekih galaksija
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U zabavnom, uzbudljivom govoru, tinejdžer Henry Lin posmatra nešto neočekivano na nebu: daleke skupine galaksija. Proučavajući osobine najvećih dijelova galaksije, kaže ovaj dobitnik nagrade Intelovog sajma nauke, možemo dosta naučiti o naučnim misterijama u našem svijetu i našoj galaksiji.
Henry Lin - Student scientist
At 17, Henry Lin won an Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award for his mathematical models of distant galaxy clusters. Full bio
At 17, Henry Lin won an Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award for his mathematical models of distant galaxy clusters. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Here are some images of clusters of galaxies.
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Evo nekoliko slika skupina galaksija.
00:16
They're exactly what they sound like.
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I one su upravo to.
00:18
They are these huge collections of galaxies,
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One su ogromni zbirovi galaksija,
00:20
bound together by their mutual gravity.
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povezani zajedničkom gravitacijom.
00:22
So most of the points that you see on the screen
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Većina tačaka koje vidite na ekranu
00:25
are not individual stars,
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nisu pojedinačne zvijezde,
00:28
but collections of stars, or galaxies.
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već zbirovi zvijezda ili galaksija.
00:30
Now, by showing you some of these images,
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Pokazujući vam neke od ovih slika,
00:33
I hope that you will quickly see that
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nadam se da ćete brzo uvidjeti da su
00:35
galaxy clusters are these beautiful objects,
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zbirovi galaksija ovi prelijepi objekti,
00:37
but more than that,
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ali i više od toga.
00:39
I think galaxy clusters are mysterious,
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Lično mislim da su skupine sazviježđa misteriozne,
00:41
they are surprising,
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da su iznenađujuće
00:43
and they're useful.
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i da su korisne.
00:44
Useful as the universe's most massive laboratories.
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Korisne kao najveće laboratorije univerzuma.
00:48
And as laboratories, to describe galaxy clusters
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I kao kada opisujete laboratorije,
opisati skupine galaksija
opisati skupine galaksija
00:51
is to describe the experiments
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znači opisati eksperimente
00:53
that you can do with them.
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koje s njima možete raditi.
00:55
And I think there are four major types,
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A ja mislim da postoje četiri
glavne vrste eksperimenata,
glavne vrste eksperimenata,
00:57
and the first type that I want to describe
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a prva vrsta koju želim da opišem
01:00
is probing the very big.
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je ispitivanje jako velikog.
01:02
So, how big?
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Koliko velikog?
01:04
Well, here is an image of a particular galaxy cluster.
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Evo slike određene skupine galaksija.
01:08
It is so massive that the light passing through it
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Ova je skupina toliko velika
da se svjetlo koje kroz nju prolazi
da se svjetlo koje kroz nju prolazi
01:11
is being bent, it's being distorted
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savija, deformira
01:14
by the extreme gravity of this cluster.
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zbog ekstremne gravitacije ovog zbira sazviježđa.
01:16
And, in fact, if you look very carefully
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I, zapravo, ako dobro pogledate
01:18
you'll be able to see rings around this cluster.
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vidjet ćete prstenove oko ove skupine.
01:21
Now, to give you a number,
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Da biste dobili predstavu,
01:22
this particular galaxy cluster
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ova konkretna skupina galaksija
01:24
has a mass of over one million billion suns.
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ima masu veću od jednog miliona milijardi sunaca.
01:28
It's just mind-boggling how
massive these systems can get.
massive these systems can get.
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Jednostavno je nepojmljivo
koliko mogu biti veliki ovi sistemi.
koliko mogu biti veliki ovi sistemi.
01:31
But more than their mass,
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Ali, važnija od njihove mase
01:33
they have this additional feature.
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je njihova dodatna osobina.
01:35
They are essentially isolated systems,
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One su u osnovi izolovani sistemi,
01:37
so if we like, we can think of them
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tako da, ako želimo, o njima možemo razmišljati
01:39
as a scaled-down version of the entire universe.
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kao o umanjenim verzijama cijelog svemira.
01:43
And many of the questions that we might have
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Mnoga pitanja koja možda imamo
01:45
about the universe at large scales,
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o svemiru, u širem smislu,
01:47
such as, how does gravity work?
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kao na primjer "kako djeluje gravitacija?"
01:49
might be answered by studying these systems.
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mogu biti odgovorena proučavanjem ovih sistema.
01:52
So that was very big.
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To je, dakle, jako veliko.
01:53
The second things is very hot.
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Druga stvar je - vrelo.
01:55
Okay, if I take an image of a galaxy cluster,
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Ako uzmem sliku skupine galaksija
01:58
and I subtract away all of the starlight,
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i s nje uklonim svjetlost zvijezda
02:01
what I'm left with is this big, blue blob.
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ostaje mi ova velika, plava mrlja.
02:03
This is in false color.
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Ovo nije prava boja.
02:05
It's actually X-ray light that we're seeing.
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Ovo što vidimo je zapravo
svjetlo rendgenskog zraka.
svjetlo rendgenskog zraka.
02:07
And the question is, if it's not galaxies,
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Sada je pitanje, ako to nisu galaksije,
02:10
what is emitting this light?
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šta onda emituje ovu svjetlost?
02:12
The answer is hot gas,
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Odgovor je vreli gas,
02:14
million-degree gas --
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gas od milion stepeni -
02:16
in fact, it's plasma.
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zapravo, to je plazma.
02:17
And the reason why it's so hot
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A razlog zašto je tako vrelo
02:19
goes back to the previous slide.
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je na prethodnom slajdu.
02:21
The extreme gravity of these systems
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Ekstremna gravitacija ovih sistema
02:24
is accelerating particles of gas to great speeds,
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ubrzava čestice gasa do velikih brzina,
02:27
and great speeds means great temperatures.
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a velike brzine znače i velike temperature.
02:29
So this is the main idea,
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Ovo je, dakle, osnovna ideja,
02:31
but science is a rough draft.
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ali nauka je grubi nacrt.
02:33
There are many basic properties about this plasma
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Mnoge osnovne osobine plazme
02:36
that still confuse us,
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nas još uvijek zbunjuju,
02:38
still puzzle us,
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tjeraju na razmišljanje
02:39
and still push our understanding
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i pomijeraju granice našeg razumijevanja
02:41
of the physics of the very hot.
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fizike vrelog.
02:43
Third thing: probing the very small.
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Treća stvar: ispitivanje jako malog.
02:47
Now, to explain this, I need to tell you
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Da bih vam ovo objasnio, moram vam reći
02:49
a very disturbing fact.
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vrlo uznemirujuću činjenicu.
02:51
Most of the universe's matter
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Najveći dio materije svemira
02:54
is not made up of atoms.
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nije sačinjen od atoma.
02:56
You were lied to.
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Lagali su vam.
02:58
Most of it is made up of something
very, very mysterious,
very, very mysterious,
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Najveći dio je sačinjen od nečeg jako,
jako misterioznog,
jako misterioznog,
03:01
which we call dark matter.
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što se zove tamna materija.
03:03
Dark matter is something that
doesn't like to interact very much,
doesn't like to interact very much,
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Tamna materija je nešto što ne voli interakciju,
03:07
except through gravity,
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osim kroz gravitaciju,
03:09
and of course we would like to learn more about it.
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i, naravno, želimo znati više o njoj.
03:10
If you're a particle physicist,
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Ako se bavite fizikom čestica,
03:12
you want to know what happens
when we smash things together.
when we smash things together.
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želite znati šta se dešava
kada sudarimo dvije stvari.
kada sudarimo dvije stvari.
03:14
And dark matter is no exception.
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A tamna materija nije izuzetak.
03:16
Well, how do we do this?
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I kako onda to radimo?
03:18
To answer that question,
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Da bih odgovorio na to pitanje
03:19
I'm going to have to ask another one,
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moram postaviti drugo,
03:21
which is, what happens when galaxy clusters collide?
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a to je "šta se dešava kada se sudare dvije skupine galaksija?"
03:24
Here is an image.
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Evo slike.
03:26
Since galaxy clusters are representative
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Skupine galaksija predstavljaju
03:29
slices of the universe, scaled-down versions.
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isječke univerzuma, njegove umanjene verzije.
03:33
They are mostly made up of dark matter,
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Sačinjene su uglavnom od tamne materije,
03:35
and that's what you see in this bluish purple.
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i to je ono što vidite u plavo-ljubičastoj boji.
03:37
The red represents the hot gas,
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Crvena predstavlja vreli gas,
03:39
and, of course, you can see many galaxies.
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i naravno, vidite mnogo galaksija.
03:41
What's happened is a particle accelerator
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Ono što se desilo je ubrzivač čestica
03:43
at a huge, huge scale.
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na ogromnom, ogromnom nivou.
03:45
And this is very important,
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Ovo je jako važno
03:47
because what it means is that very, very small
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jer znači da bi se jako, jako mali
03:49
effects that might be difficult to detect in the lab,
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efekti koje bi bilo teško detektovati u laboratoriji
03:52
might be compounded and compounded
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mogli jediniti i jediniti
03:54
into something that we could
possibly observe in nature.
possibly observe in nature.
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u nešto što bismo mogli primijetiti u prirodi.
03:58
So, it's very funny.
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Smiješno je.
03:59
The reason why galaxy clusters
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Razlog zašto preko skupine galaksija
04:01
can teach us about dark matter,
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možemo učiti o tamnoj materiji,
04:03
the reason why galaxy clusters
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razlog zašto kroz skupine galaksija
04:05
can teach us about the physics of the very small,
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možemo učiti o fizici jako malog,
04:07
is precisely because they are so very big.
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je upravo zato što su tako velike.
04:10
Fourth thing: the physics of the very strange.
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Četvrta stvar: fizika jako neobičnog.
04:14
Certainly what I've said so far is crazy.
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Naravno da je sve što sam do sada rekao ludo.
04:17
Okay, if there's anything stranger
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Uredu, ako postoji išta neobičnije
04:20
I think it has to be dark energy.
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mislim da to onda mora biti tamna energija.
04:22
If I throw a ball into the air,
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Ako bacim loptu u zrak,
04:24
I expect it to go up.
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očekujem da će ići gore.
04:26
What I don't expect is that it go up
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Ono što ne očekujem je da ide gore
04:28
at an ever-increasing rate.
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sve brže i brže.
04:30
Similarly, cosmologists understand why
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Slično tome, kozmolozi razumiju zašto
04:33
the universe is expanding.
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se svemir širi.
04:34
They don't understand why it's expanding
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Ne razumiju zašto se širi
04:36
at an ever-increasing rate.
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sve brže i brže.
04:38
They give the cause of this
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Razlog ovog
04:40
accelerated expansion a name,
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ubrzanog širenja ima ime,
04:42
and they call it dark energy.
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i zovu ga tamna energija.
04:44
And, again, we want to learn more about it.
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I opet želimo znati više o njoj.
04:46
So, one particular question that we have is,
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Jedno određeno pitanje koje imamo je
04:49
how does dark energy affect the universe
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kako tamna energija utječe na svemir
04:51
at the largest scales?
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na većem planu?
04:53
Depending on how strong it is,
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Zavisno od toga koliko je jaka,
04:54
maybe structure forms faster or slower.
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možda se strukture formiraju brže ili sporije.
04:58
Well, the problem with the large-scale structure
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Problem sa velikom strukturom
05:00
of the universe is that it's horribly complicated.
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svemira je taj što je užasno komplikovana.
05:03
Here is a computer simulation.
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Pogledajte kompjutersku simulaciju.
05:05
And we need a way to simplify it.
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Potreban nam je način da je pojednostavimo.
05:07
Well, I like to think about this using an analogy.
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O ovome volim razmišljati koristeći analogiju.
05:11
If I want to understand the sinking of the Titanic,
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Ako želim razumjeti kako je potonuo Titanik
05:13
the most important thing to do
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nije najvažnije
05:15
is not to model the little positions
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tačno postaviti svaki djelić
05:17
of every single little piece of the boat that broke off.
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koji se odvojio s broda.
05:20
The most important thing to do is
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Najvažnije je
05:21
to track the two biggest parts.
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pronaći dva najveća dijela.
05:23
Similarly, I can learn a lot about the universe
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Na sličan način mogu mnogo naučiti o svemiru
05:27
at the largest scales
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na širem planu
05:29
by tracking its biggest pieces
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prateći njegove najveće dijelove,
05:30
and those biggest pieces are clusters of galaxies.
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a najveći dijelovi su skupine galaksija.
05:34
So, as I come to a close,
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Kako se bližim završetku
05:37
you might feel slightly cheated.
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možda se osjećate malo prevarenima.
05:39
I mean, I began by talking about
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Mislim, počeo sam govorom o tome
05:42
how galaxy clusters are useful,
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kako su skupine galaksija korisne
05:44
and I've given some reasons,
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i naveo sam neke razloge,
05:45
but what is their use really?
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ali koja je njihova stvarna korist?
05:48
Well, to answer this,
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Da bih odgovorio na ovo,
05:50
I want to give you a quote by Henry Ford
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želim citirati Henrya Forda
05:52
when he was asked about cars.
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kada su ga pitali o autima.
05:54
He had this to say:
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On je rekao ovo:
05:55
"If I had asked people what they wanted,
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"Da sam pitao ljude šta žele,
05:58
they would have said faster horses."
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tražili bi brže konje".
06:00
Today, we as a society are faced
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Danas smo kao društvo suočeni
06:03
with many, many difficult problems.
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sa jako mnogo teških problema.
06:05
And the solutions to these
problems are not obvious.
problems are not obvious.
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A rješenja ovih problema nisu očigledna.
06:09
They are not faster horses.
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Ona nisu "brži konji".
06:11
They will require an enormous amount of
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Ta će rješenja zahtijevati ogromnu količinu
06:13
scientific ingenuity.
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naučne genijalnosti.
06:15
So, yes, we need to focus,
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Dakle, da, moramo se fokusirati,
06:17
yes, we need to concentrate,
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da, moramo se koncentrisati,
06:18
but we also need to remember that
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Ali isto tako moramo upamtiti da
06:20
innovation, ingenuity, inspiration --
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inovacija, genijalnost, inspiracija -
06:23
these things come
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ove stvari dolaze
06:25
when we broaden our field of vision
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kada proširimo svoje vidike,
06:26
when we step back
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kada zakoračimo unazad,
06:28
when we zoom out.
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kada sagledamo veću sliku.
06:29
And I can't think of a better way to do this than
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A ja ne mogu da zamislim
bolji način da se ovo uradi
bolji način da se ovo uradi
06:31
by studying the universe around us. Thanks.
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nego posmatranjem svemira oko nas. Hvala.
06:34
(Applause)
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Aplauz
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Henry Lin - Student scientistAt 17, Henry Lin won an Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award for his mathematical models of distant galaxy clusters.
Why you should listen
Henry Lin studies the very hot, very large and very strange -- that is, distant galaxy clusters. (Obviously.) Lin, who matriculated at Harvard University in the fall of 2013, thinks we can learn a lot about astrophysics by studying these giant celestial bodies. In early 2013 he won the Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award, the second-highest award at the Intel Science Fair, for his models of far-away galaxies. Lin is a graduate of Caddo Magnet High School in Shreveport, Louisiana.
Henry Lin | Speaker | TED.com