TEDGlobal 2009
Loretta Napoleoni: The intricate economics of terrorism
Loretta Napoleoni: Den indviklede økonomi bag terrorisme
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Loretta Napoleoni beskriver hendes sjældne mulighed for at tale med den hemmeligsfulde italienske "Røde Brigade" - en oplevelse som udløste en livslang interesse i terrorisme. Hun giver et backstage indblik i en kompleks økonomi, afslører en overraskende forbindelse mellem hvidvaskning og den amerikanske "Patriot Act."
Loretta Napoleoni - Macroeconomist
She made her name following the dollars in terrorist networks, but now Loretta Napoleoni is on the trail of something far more sinister -- the gray zone where crime and unregulated credit meet. Full bio
She made her name following the dollars in terrorist networks, but now Loretta Napoleoni is on the trail of something far more sinister -- the gray zone where crime and unregulated credit meet. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'm going to show you how terrorism
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Jeg vil vise jer hvordan terrorisme
00:18
actually interacts with our daily life.
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virkelig interagerer med vores daglige liv.
00:21
15 years ago I received a phone call from a friend.
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For 15 år siden modtog jeg et opkald,
fra en ven.
fra en ven.
00:25
At the time he was looking after the rights of political prisoners
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Han holdte han øje med
rettighederne for politiske fangere
rettighederne for politiske fangere
00:28
in Italian jails.
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i italienske fængsler.
00:31
He asked me if I wanted to interview the Red Brigades.
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Han spurgte mig, om jeg ville lave et
interview med "Den Røde Brigade."
interview med "Den Røde Brigade."
00:35
Now, as many of you may remember,
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Som mange af jer måske husker,
00:37
the Red Brigades was a terrorist, Marxist organization
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så var "Den Røde Brigade" en terroristisk
og marxistisk organisation
og marxistisk organisation
00:41
which was very active in Italy
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som var meget oppe i Italien
00:43
from the 1960s until the mid-1980s.
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fra 1960erne til midt i 1980erne.
00:47
As part of their strategy
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Som del af deres strategi
00:49
the Red Brigades never spoke with anybody, not even with their lawyers.
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talte "Den Røde Brigade" aldrig med nogen,
end ikke deres egne advokater.
end ikke deres egne advokater.
00:53
They sat in silence through their trails,
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De sad tavse igennem deres retsag,
00:57
waving occasionally at family and friends.
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med lejlighedsvise vink
til familie og venner.
til familie og venner.
01:01
In 1993 they declared the end of the armed struggle.
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I 1993 erklærede de afslutningen
på væbnet kamp.
på væbnet kamp.
01:07
And they drew a list of people with whom they would talk,
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Og de lavede en liste af folk
de ville tale
de ville tale
01:09
and tell their story.
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og fortælle deres historie til.
01:11
And I was one of those people.
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Og jeg var en af de mennesker.
01:14
When I asked my friend why the Red Brigades want to talk to me,
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Da jeg spurgte min ven, om hvorfor
de ville tale med mig,
de ville tale med mig,
01:17
he said that the female members of the organization
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svarede han, at de kvindelige medlemmer
af denne organisation
af denne organisation
01:21
had actually supported my name.
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faktisk havde understøtte mit navn.
01:24
In particular, one person had put it forward.
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Særdeles én person, havde fået den frem.
01:27
She was my childhood friend.
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Hun var min barndomsven.
01:30
She had joined the Red Brigades
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Hun havde tilsluttet sig
"Den Røde Brigade"
"Den Røde Brigade"
01:32
and became a leader of the organization.
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og blevet en leder i organisationen.
01:35
Naturally, I didn't know that
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Naturligvis vidste jeg ikke det
01:37
until the day she was arrested.
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før den dag hun blev arresteret.
01:39
In fact, I read it in the newspaper.
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Faktisk så læste jeg det i avisen.
01:43
At the time of the phone call
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På det tidspunkt opkaldet kom
01:45
I just had a baby,
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havde jeg lige fået en baby.
01:47
I successfully completed a management buyout
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Jeg gennemførte en erhvervelse
01:49
to the company I was working with,
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af det firma som jeg arbejdede med,
01:52
and the last thing I wanted to do was to go back home
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og det sidste jeg havde lyst til, var at
gå hjem igen
gå hjem igen
01:55
and touring the high-security prisons.
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og gå rundt i højsikkerheds-fængsler.
01:58
But this is exactly what I did
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Men det var præcis hvad jeg gjorde
02:01
because I wanted to know
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fordi jeg ville vide
02:03
what had turned my best friend
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hvad der havde fået min bedste veninde
02:05
into a terrorist,
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til at blive terrorist
02:07
and why she'd never tried to recruit me.
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og hvorfor hun aldrig prøvede,
at rekrutere mig.
at rekrutere mig.
02:11
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:13
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
02:16
So, this is exactly what I did.
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Så, det gjorde jeg.
02:21
Now, I found the answer very quickly.
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Jeg fandt hurtigt svaret.
02:25
I actually had failed
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Jeg havde faktisk fejlet
02:27
the psychological profiling of a terrorist.
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den psykologiske profilering
af en terrorist.
af en terrorist.
02:30
The center committee of the Red Brigades
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Hovedudvalget af "Den Røde Brigade"
02:32
had judged me too single-minded
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havde vurderet mig værende
for målbevidst
for målbevidst
02:34
and too opinionated to become a good terrorist.
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og for påståelig til at blive
en god terrorist.
en god terrorist.
02:38
My friend, on the other hand, she was a good terrorist
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Min veninde, på den anden side,
hun var en god terrorist
hun var en god terrorist
02:41
because she was very good at following orders.
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fordi hun var meget god
til at følge ordre.
til at følge ordre.
02:44
She also embraced violence.
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Hun omfavnede også vold.
02:47
Because she believed that the only way
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Fordi hun troede at den eneste måde
02:49
to unblock what, at the time,
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at fjerne blokeringen, som på tidspunktet,
02:52
was known as a blocked democracy,
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var kendt for at være
et blokeret demokrati
et blokeret demokrati
02:54
Italy, a country run by the same party for 35 years
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Italien, et land styret af
det samme parti i 35 år
det samme parti i 35 år
02:58
was the arms struggle.
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var gruppens konflikt.
03:02
At the same time, while I was interviewing the Red Brigades,
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På samme tid, mens jeg interviewede
"Den Røde Brigade",
"Den Røde Brigade",
03:05
I also discovered that their life was not ruled
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opdagede jeg, at deres liv ikke var styret
03:08
by politics or ideology,
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af politik eller ideologier,
03:11
but actually was ruled by economics.
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men faktisk var styret af økonomi.
03:14
They were constantly short of cash.
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De var hele tiden i pengenød.
03:17
They were constantly searching for cash.
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De søgte konstant efter penge.
03:20
Now, contrary to what many people believe,
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I modsætning til hvad mange folk tror,
03:22
terrorism is actually a very expensive business.
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så er terror faktisk
en meget dyr forrretning.
en meget dyr forrretning.
03:26
I'll give you an idea.
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Lad mig give jeg en fornemmelse.
03:28
In the 1970s, the turnover of the Red Brigades
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I 1970erne, var omsætningen
for "Den Røde Brigade"
for "Den Røde Brigade"
03:33
on a yearly basis
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på årsbasis
03:35
was seven million dollars.
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syv millioner dollars.
03:37
This is roughly between 100
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Det er rundt regnet mellem 100
03:39
and 150 million, today.
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og 150 millioner idag.
03:41
Now, you know, if you live underground
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Som I nok ved,
hvis I lever under jorden
hvis I lever under jorden
03:44
it's really hard to produce this amount of money.
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så er det meget svært at producere
den mængde penge.
den mængde penge.
03:49
But this also explains why, when I was interviewing the Red Brigades,
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Men det forklarer også hvorfor,
at da jeg interviewede "Den Røde Brigade"
at da jeg interviewede "Den Røde Brigade"
03:53
and then, later on, other arms organizations,
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og senere, andre væbnede organisationer,
03:56
including members of al-Zarqawi group in the Middle East,
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inklusiv medlemmer af al-Zarqawi gruppen
i Mellemøsten,
i Mellemøsten,
04:01
everybody was extremely reluctant
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var alle ekstremt modstræbende
04:04
to talk about ideology, or politics.
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for at tale om ideologier eller politik.
04:07
Because they had no idea.
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Fordi de ingen anelse havde derom.
04:09
The political vision of a terrorist organization
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Den politiske holdning
i en terrororganisation
i en terrororganisation
04:13
is decided by the leadership,
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er valgt af lederne,
04:16
which, generally, is never more than five to seven people.
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hvilket, generelt,
ikke er mere end fem til syv personer.
ikke er mere end fem til syv personer.
04:19
All the others do, day in and day out,
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Alt hvad de andre laver, dag ud og dag ind
04:22
is search for money.
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er at lede efter penge.
04:24
Once, for example, I was interviewing
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For eksempel, engang jeg interviewede
04:26
this part-timer from the Red Brigades.
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en deltidsarbejder i "Den Røde Brigade."
04:29
It was a psychiatrist. He loved sailing.
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Det var en psykiater.
Han elskede at sejle.
Han elskede at sejle.
04:31
He was a really keen sailor. And he had this beautiful boat.
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Han var allerede en ivrig sejler.
Og han havde denne smukke båd.
Og han havde denne smukke båd.
04:35
And he told me that the best time of his life
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Han fortalte,
at den bedste tid i hans liv
at den bedste tid i hans liv
04:37
was when he was a member of the Red Brigades
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var da han var medlem af "Den Røde Brigade"
04:40
and he went sailing, every summer, back and forth
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og sejlede, hver sommer, frem og tilbage
04:42
from Lebanon, where he would pick up
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fra Libanon, hvor han skulle samle
04:44
Soviet weapons from the PLO,
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sovjetiske våben op fra PLO
04:46
and then carry them all the way to Sardinia
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og sejle dem hele vejen til Sardinien,
04:49
where the other arms organization from Europe would go
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hvor de andre væbnede organisationer
fra Europa, ville tage hen
fra Europa, ville tage hen
04:52
and take their share of the arms.
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og tage deres del af våbene.
04:55
For that service the Red Brigades were actually paid a fee,
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For den ydelse fik "Den Røde Brigade"
faktisk en betaling
faktisk en betaling
04:59
which went to fund their organization.
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hvilket gik til at støtte organisationen.
05:02
So, because I am a trained economist
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Fordi jeg er en erfaren økonom
05:05
and I think in economic terms,
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og tænker i økonomiske baner,
05:07
all of the sudden I thought,
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tænkte jeg lige pludselig:
05:09
maybe there is something here.
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måske er der noget her.
05:11
Maybe there is a link, a commercial link,
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Måske er der en kommerciel
forbindelse,
forbindelse,
05:13
between one organization and another one.
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mellem en organisation og en anden.
05:17
But it was only when I interviewed
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Men det var kun da jeg interviewede
05:20
Mario Moretti, the head of the Red Brigades,
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Mario Moretti, leder af "Den Røde Brigade"
05:24
the man who kidnapped and killed Aldo Moro,
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manden som kidnappede og dræbte Aldo Moro,
05:27
Italian former prime minister,
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Italiens forhenværende statsminister,
05:30
that I finally realized
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at jeg endeligt opdagede
05:32
that terrorism is actually business.
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at terrorisme faktisk er en forretning.
05:35
I was having lunch with him
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Jeg spiste forkost med ham
05:37
in a high-security prison in Italy.
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i et højsikkerhedsfængsel i Italien.
05:39
And as we were eating,
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Og mens vi spiste,
05:42
I had the distinct feeling
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havde jeg en særskilt følelse
05:44
that I was back in the city of London,
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af at jeg var tilbage i London
05:47
having lunch with a fellow banker or an economist.
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hvor jeg spiste frokost med en
kollega eller en økonom.
kollega eller en økonom.
05:51
This guy thought in the same way I did.
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Denne fyr tænkte på samme måde som mig.
05:55
So, I decided that I wanted to investigate the economics of terrorism.
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Så jeg besluttede, at jeg ville undersøge
økonomien bag terrorisme.
økonomien bag terrorisme.
06:01
Naturally, nobody wanted to fund my research.
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Naturligvis ville ingen betale for min
undersøgelse.
undersøgelse.
06:05
In fact, I think many people thought that I was a bit crazy.
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Jeg tror faktisk mange troede jeg var skør.
06:07
You know, that woman that goes around to foundations
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Kvinden der går rundt til fonde
06:10
asking for money, thinking about the economics of terrorism.
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og spørger om penge, mens hun tænker
på økonomien bag terrorisme.
på økonomien bag terrorisme.
06:14
So, in the end, I took a decision
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Til sidst tog jeg en beslutning,
06:17
that, in retrospect, did change my life.
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som, set i bakspejlet, ændrede mit liv.
06:20
I sold my company,
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Jeg solgte mit firma
06:22
and funded the research myself.
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og finansierede undersøgelsen selv.
06:25
And what I discovered
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Og hvad jeg opdagede
06:27
is this parallel reality,
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var denne parallelle virkelighed,
06:29
another international economic system,
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et andet internationalt økonomisk system,
06:33
which runs parallel to our own,
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som fungere parallelt til vores eget,
06:36
which has been created by arms organizations
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hvilket er blevet lavet af organisationer
06:38
since the end of World War II.
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siden slutningen af 2. verdenskrig.
06:40
And what is even more shocking
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Og endnu mere chokerende
06:42
is that this system
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er at dette system,
06:46
has followed, step by step, the evolution
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skridt efter skridt,
har fulgt udviklingen
har fulgt udviklingen
06:49
of our own system,
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af vores eget system,
06:51
of our Western capitalism.
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af vores vestlige kapitalisme.
06:53
And there are three main stages.
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Og der er tre hovedfaser.
06:56
The first one is the state sponsor of terrorism.
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Den første er at staten sponsorerer terror.
06:59
The second one is the privatization of terrorism.
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Det andet er privatisering af terrorisme.
07:02
And the third, of course, is the globalization of terrorism.
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Og det tredje er, selvfølgelig,
globaliseringen af terrorisme.
globaliseringen af terrorisme.
07:06
So, state sponsor of terrorism,
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Statsstøtte til terrorisme
07:09
feature of the Cold War.
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var en funktion i den kolde krig.
07:11
This is when the two superpowers were fighting
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Det var da to supermagter kæmpede
07:13
a war by proxy,
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en stedfortræderkrig
07:15
along the periphery of the sphere of influence,
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langs periferien af deres indflydelsessfære,
07:18
fully funding arms organizations.
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fuldt støttende væbnede organisationer.
07:21
A mix of legal and illegal activities is used.
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En blanding af lovlig og ulovlig aktivitet
blev brugt.
blev brugt.
07:24
So, the link between crime and terror
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Forbindelsen mellem forbrydelse og terror
07:27
is established very early on.
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etableres meget tidligt.
07:30
And here is the best example,
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Her er et af det bedste eksempel,
07:32
the Contras in Nicaragua, created by the CIA,
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"Contras" i Nicaragua, oprettet af CIA,
07:35
legally funded by the U.S. Congress,
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lovligt støttet af den amerikanske kongres
07:38
illegally funded by the Reagan administration
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ulovligt støttet af Reagan-administrationen
07:41
via covert operation, for example, the Iran-Contra Affair.
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via dækoperationer, f.eks.
Iran-Contra-skandalen.
Iran-Contra-skandalen.
07:47
Then comes the late 1970s, early '80s,
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Så kommer de sene 1970ere, tidlig '80ere,
07:50
and some groups successfully carry out
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og nogle grupper udfører, succesfuldt,
07:53
the privatization of terrorism.
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privatisering af terrorisme.
07:55
So, they gain independence from the sponsor,
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Så de opnår uafhængighed fra sponsorerne
07:58
and start funding themselves.
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og begynder at finansierer sig selv.
08:02
Now, again we see a mix of legal and illegal activities.
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Igen ser man en blanding af lovlig
og ulovlig aktiviteter.
og ulovlig aktiviteter.
08:07
So, Arafat used to get a percentage
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Arafat plejede at få en procentdel
08:10
of the smuggling of hashish
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af hashsmuglingen
08:13
from Bekáa Valley, which is the valley between Lebanon and Syria.
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fra Bekáa dalen, som er en dal
mellem Libanon og Syrien.
mellem Libanon og Syrien.
08:17
And the IRA, which control the private transportation system
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Og IRA, som styrede det private
transportsystem
transportsystem
08:21
in Northern Ireland, did exactly the same thing.
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i Nordirland, gjorde præcis det samme.
08:24
So, every single time
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Så hver eneste gang
08:26
that somebody got into a taxi in Belfast
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at nogen tog en taxi i Belfast,
08:29
without knowing, actually,
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uden at vide det,
støttede faktisk IRA.
08:31
was funding the IRA.
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08:34
But the great change came, of course,
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Men den store forandring kom,
selvfølgelig,
selvfølgelig,
08:36
with globalization and deregulation.
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med globalisering og deregulering.
08:39
This is when arms organization were able to link up,
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Det er, når de væbnede organisationerne
er i stand til at knytte,
er i stand til at knytte,
08:42
also financially, with each other.
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også finansielt, sig med hinanden.
08:44
But above all, they started to do
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Men frem for alt, begyndte de at lave
08:46
serious business with the world of crime.
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seriøs foretning med verdens kriminalitet.
08:49
And together they money-laundered
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Og sammen hvidvaskede de
08:51
their dirty business through the same channel.
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deres beskidte foretning igennem
den samme kanal.
den samme kanal.
08:55
This is when we see the birth of the transnational
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Det er her vi ser fødslen
af den tværnationale
af den tværnationale
08:58
arms organization Al Qaeda.
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væbnet organisation Al-Qaeda.
09:01
This is an organization that can raise money across border.
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Det er en organisation som kan rejse
penge på tværs af grænserne.
penge på tværs af grænserne.
09:04
But also that is able to carry out attacks
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Men som også er i stand til
at udføre angreb
at udføre angreb
09:07
in more than one country.
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i mere end et land.
09:10
Now, deregulation also brought back
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Deregulering bragte også
09:13
rogue economics.
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slyngeløkonomien tilbage.
09:15
So what is rogue economics?
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Had er slyngeløkonomi?
09:17
Rogue economics is a force which is constantly
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Slyngeløkonomi er
en kraft som konstant
en kraft som konstant
09:19
lurking in the background of history.
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lurer i baggrunden i historien.
09:23
It comes back at times of great transformation,
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Det kommer tilbage på tidspunkter
med stor forandring,
med stor forandring,
09:26
globalization being one of those transformations.
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globalisering er en af de forandringer.
09:29
It is at this times in which
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Det er på disse tidspunkter, at
09:32
politics actually loses control of the economy,
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politikere faktisk mister kontrollen
over økonomien
over økonomien
09:35
and the economy becomes a rogue force
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og økonomien bliver en uberegnelig kraft
09:38
working against us.
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som modarbejder os.
09:40
It has happened before in history.
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Det er sket før.
09:41
It has happened with the fall of the Roman Empire.
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Det skete ved faldet af det romerske rige.
09:45
It has happened with Industrial Revolution.
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Det skete med industrialiseringen.
09:47
And it actually happened again, with the fall of the Berlin wall.
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Og det skete faktisk igen,
ved faldet af muren i Berlin.
ved faldet af muren i Berlin.
09:52
Now, I calculated how big was this international
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Jeg har regnet på hvor stort
dette internationale
dette internationale
09:57
economic system composed by crime,
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økonomiske system,
etableret af kriminalitet,
etableret af kriminalitet,
09:59
terror, and illegal economy,
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terror og ulovlig økonomi, var,
10:02
before 9-11.
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før 9/11.
10:04
And it is a staggering 1.5 trillion dollars.
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Og det er svimlende 1,5 billioner dollars.
10:09
It is trillions, it's not billions.
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Det er billioner, ikke milliarder.
10:11
This is about twice the GDP of the United Kingdom,
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Det er omkring det dobbelte af
Storbritaniens BNP,
Storbritaniens BNP,
10:14
soon will be more,
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snart vil det være mere,
10:16
considering where this country is going.
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i betragtning af hvor landet
er på vej hen.
er på vej hen.
10:18
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
10:21
Now, until 9-11,
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Indtil 9-11
10:23
the bulk of all this money
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fløj hovedparten af de penge
10:25
flew into the U.S. economy
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ind i den amerikanske økonomi
10:27
because the bulk of the money was denominated in U.S. dollars
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fordi størstedelen af pengene var
denomineret i amerikanske dollars
denomineret i amerikanske dollars
10:31
and the money laundering was taking place
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og hvidvaskningen tog sted
10:34
inside the United States.
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i USA.
10:36
The entry point, of course, of most of this money
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Den fleste penge kom selvfølgelig
10:39
were the off-shore facilities.
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fra aktiviteter udenfor USA.
10:41
So, this was a vital injection of cash
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Det var en vital indsprøjtning af penge
10:45
into the U.S. economy.
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direkte ind i den amerikanske økonomi.
10:48
Now, when I went to look at the figures of the U.S. money supply,
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Da jeg så ville se på talene
af den amerikanske pengemængde,
af den amerikanske pengemængde,
10:53
the U.S. money supply is the amount
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den amerikanske pengemængde
er den mængde
er den mængde
10:55
of dollars that the Federal Reserve
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dollars som centralbanksystemet
10:58
prints every year
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printer hvert år
11:00
in order to satisfy
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med henblik på at opfylde
11:02
the increase in the demand for dollars,
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den øgede efterspørgsel på dollars,
11:05
which, of course, reflects the growth
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hvilket, selvfølgelig, afspejler væksten
11:07
of the economy.
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af økonomien.
11:09
So, when I went to look at those figures, I noted that since the late 1960s
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Da jeg ville se på disse tal,
lod jeg mærke til at siden de sene 1960ere
lod jeg mærke til at siden de sene 1960ere
11:13
a growing number of these dollars
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havde et stigenede antal dollars
11:17
was actually leaving the United States,
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faktisk forladt USA
11:19
never to come back.
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og aldrig kommet tilbage.
11:22
These were money taken out
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De er penge, som blev taget ud
11:24
in suitcases or in containers, in cash of course.
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i kufferter eller containers,
kontanter selvfølgelig.
kontanter selvfølgelig.
11:28
These were money taken out by criminals and money launderers.
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Det var penge som var taget ud,
af kriminelle og hvidvaskere.
af kriminelle og hvidvaskere.
11:31
These were money taken out to fund
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De penge var taget ud, for at støtte
11:34
the growth of the terror,
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væksten af terror,
11:36
illegal and criminal economy.
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ulovlig og kriminel økonomi.
11:40
So, you see, what is the relationship?
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Kan du se hvordan det forholder sig?
11:44
The United States actually is a country
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USA er i virkeligheden et land
11:48
that is the reserve currency of the world.
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som er reservevaluta for verden.
11:52
What does it mean? That means that
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Hvad betyder det? Det betyder, at
11:54
it has a privilege that other countries do not have.
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det har et privilegium som
ingen andre lande har.
ingen andre lande har.
11:57
It can borrow against the total amount of dollars
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Det kan låne imod den totale
mængde dollars
mængde dollars
12:01
in circulation in the world.
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der cirkulerer i verdenen.
12:03
This privilege is called seigniorage.
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Dette privilegie kaldes møntningsgevinst.
12:06
No other country can do that.
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Ingen andre lande kan gøre det.
12:09
All the other countries, for example the United Kingdom,
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Alle andre lande, f.eks. England,
12:11
can borrow only against the amount of money
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4000
kan kun låne penge op imod
den mængde penge
den mængde penge
12:15
in circulation inside its own borders.
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4000
som cirkulerer indenfor egne grænser.
12:19
So, here is the implication of the relationship
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Her er så konsekvenserne af forholdet
12:21
between the worlds of crime, terror, and illegal economy, and our economy.
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mellem verdens kriminelle, terrorister og
ulovlig økonomi, og vores økonomi.
ulovlig økonomi, og vores økonomi.
12:26
The U.S. in the 1990s
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I 1990erne lånte USA
12:29
was borrowing against the growth
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imod væksten
12:31
of the terror, illegal and criminal economy.
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4000
af terror, ulovlig og kriminel økonomi.
12:35
This is how close we are with this world.
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Det er så tæt vi er med denne verden.
12:40
Now, this situation changed, of course, after 9-11,
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Selvfølgelig ændrede det sig efter 9/11
12:42
because George Bush launched the War on Terror.
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fordi George Bush lancerede kampagnen
"Kampen mod Terror."
"Kampen mod Terror."
12:45
Part of the War on Terror
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En del af "Kampen mod Terror"
12:47
was the introduction of the Patriot Act.
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var introduktionen af "Patriot Act."
12:50
Now, many of you know that the Patriot Act
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Som mange af jer ved, er "Patriot Act"
12:52
is a legislation that greatly reduces
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en lovgivning som reducerer
12:55
the liberties of Americans in order to protect them
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friheden for amerikanerne,
med henblik på at beskytte dem
med henblik på at beskytte dem
12:58
against terrorism.
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mod terrorisme.
13:00
But there is a section of the Patriot Act
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Men der er et afsnit i "Patriot Act"
13:02
which refers specifically to finance.
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som refererer specifikt til finans.
13:04
And it is, in fact, an anti-money-laundering legislation.
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4000
Og det er, faktisk,
en anti-hvidvasknings lov.
en anti-hvidvasknings lov.
13:08
What the Patriot Act did was
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Hvad "Patriot Act" gjorde, var
13:10
to prohibit U.S. bank,
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at forbyde banker i USA
13:12
and U.S.-registered foreign banks
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2000
og USA-registrerede udlandske banker
13:14
from doing any businesses with off-shore facilities.
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4000
i at lave foretning
med offshore faciliteter.
med offshore faciliteter.
13:18
It closed that door between the money laundering
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Det lukkede den dør mellem
hvidvaskningen
hvidvaskningen
13:21
in dollars, and the U.S. economy.
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3000
af dollars og den amerikanske økonomi.
13:24
It also gave the U.S. monetary authorities
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5000
Det gav også USAs pengepolitiske
myndigheder
myndigheder
13:29
the right to monitor any dollar transaction
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3000
ret til at overvåge alle dollars
transaktioner
transaktioner
13:32
taking place anywhere in the world.
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4000
hvor som helst i verdenen.
13:36
Now, you can imagine what was the reaction of the international
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Du kan vel forestille dig reaktionen fra
13:38
finance and banking.
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2000
den internationale finans- og bankverden.
13:40
All the bankers said to their clients,
275
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3000
Alle bankmænd sagde til deres kunder:
13:43
"Get out of the dollars and go and invest somewhere else."
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3000
"Kom ud af dollaren,
og invester i noget andet."
og invester i noget andet."
13:46
Now, the Euro was a newly born currency
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3000
Nu var euroen en nyfødt valuta,
13:49
of great opportunity for business, and, of course, for investment.
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4000
en glimrende mulighed for foretning,
og selvfølgelig, investering.
og selvfølgelig, investering.
13:53
And this is what people did.
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2000
Og det var hvad folk gjorde.
13:55
Nobody wants the U.S. monetary authority
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Ingen ville have USAs pengepolitiske
myndighed
myndighed
13:57
to check their relationship,
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2000
til at se deres forhold,
13:59
to monitor their relationship with their clientele.
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4000
overvåge deres forhold med deres klienter.
14:03
The same thing happened, of course,
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Det samme skete, selvfølgelig,
14:05
in the world of crime and terror.
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i verdenen af kriminalitet og terror.
14:09
People simply moved their money-laundering activities
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Folk flyttede simpelthen deres
hvisvasknings aktiviteter
hvisvasknings aktiviteter
14:14
away from the United States
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3000
væk fra USA
14:17
into Europe.
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3000
og ind i Europa.
14:20
Why did this happen? This happened because
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2000
Hvorfor skete det? Det skete fordi
14:22
the Patriot Act was a unilateral legislation.
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"Patriot Act" er en ensidig lovgivning.
14:25
It was introduced only in the United States.
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2000
Det blev kun introduceret i USA.
14:27
And it was introduced only for the U.S. dollars.
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Og den blev kun
indført på amerikanske dollars.
indført på amerikanske dollars.
14:30
In Europe, a similar legislation
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2000
I Europa, blev en lignende lovgivning
14:32
was not introduced.
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ikke indført.
14:34
So, within six months
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Så, indenfor seks måneder
14:36
Europe became the epicenter
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var Europa blevet epicenter
14:38
of the money-laundering activities
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af hvidvaskningsaktiviteter
14:41
of the world.
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3000
fra hele verdenen.
14:44
So, this is how incredible are the relationship
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Det er så utroligt forholdet er
14:48
between the world of crime
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2000
mellem verdenen af kriminalitet,
14:50
and the world of terror,
300
875000
2000
verdenen af terror
14:52
and our own life.
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3000
og vores eget liv.
14:55
So, why did I tell you this story?
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Hvorfor fortæller jeg jer denne historie?
14:57
I told you this story because you
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Jeg fortalte denne historie, for I
14:59
must understand that there is a world
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må forstå, at der er en verden
15:02
that goes well beyond the headlines of the newspapers,
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som går langt ud over
overskifterne på aviserne,
overskifterne på aviserne,
15:06
including the personal relationship that you have
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inklusiv de personlige forhold du har
15:08
with friends and family.
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med venner og familie.
15:11
You got to question everything that is told to you,
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Du skal stille spørgsmål,
ved alt du bliver fortalt
ved alt du bliver fortalt
15:14
including what I just told you today.
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2000
også hvad jeg har fortalt jer i dag.
15:16
(Laughter)
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2000
(Latter)
15:18
This is the only way for you
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Det er den eneste måde for jer
15:20
to step into the dark side, and have a look at it.
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3000
til at træde ind i mørket og se på det.
15:23
And believe me,
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2000
Og tro mig,
15:25
it's going to be scary.
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2000
det bliver meget skræmmende.
15:27
It's going to be frightful, but it's going to enlighten you.
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Det bliver frygteligt,
men det kommer til at oplyse dig.
men det kommer til at oplyse dig.
15:30
And, above all, it's not going to be boring.
316
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3000
Og frem for alt,
så bliver det ikke kedeligt.
så bliver det ikke kedeligt.
15:33
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
15:35
(Applause)
318
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(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Loretta Napoleoni - MacroeconomistShe made her name following the dollars in terrorist networks, but now Loretta Napoleoni is on the trail of something far more sinister -- the gray zone where crime and unregulated credit meet.
Why you should listen
Once it was easy to know where our money was going. Now we live under a system Loretta Napoleoni has dubbed "rogue economics," where the blurry histories of the products we consume and the cash we invest make us complicit in financing barely legal credit schemes -- and even crime, if it's the slavery producing the beans for our lattes or the guts of our mobile phones.
The reach of the newly global market, as Napoleoni argues in her new book, Rogue Economics: Capitalism's New Reality, connects us all to the dark side, regardless of our intentions to be responsible -- and, she says, our deep connection to fishy credit and unregulated finance has laid the groundwork for the current economic crisis. Her previous book, Terror Incorporated, dives into the true economic impact of terrorism.
Loretta Napoleoni | Speaker | TED.com