TED2011
Aaron O'Connell: Making sense of a visible quantum object
Aaron O'Connell: Shvatiti vidljivi kvantni predmet
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Fizičari su naviknuti na ideju da se subatomske čestice ponašaju prema bizarnim pravilima kvantne mehanike, za razliku od predmeta u čovjekovim razmjerima veličine. U velikom istraživanju, Aaron O'Connell je tu razliku učinio upitnom stvorivši predmet koji je i vidljiv golom oku, ali i dokazano na dva mjesta u isto vrijeme. U ovom govoru predlaže intrigantan način razmišljanja o ovom rezultatu.
Aaron O'Connell - Physicist
Aaron O'Connell is the first person to experimentally induce and measure quantum effects in the motion of a humanmade object, bridging the quantum and classical worlds. Full bio
Aaron O'Connell is the first person to experimentally induce and measure quantum effects in the motion of a humanmade object, bridging the quantum and classical worlds. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
This is a representation of your brain,
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Ovo je prikaz vašeg mozga.
00:18
and your brain can be broken into two parts.
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Vaš se mozak može podijeliti na dva dijela.
00:21
There's the left half, which is the logical side,
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Tu je lijeva polovica, koja predstavlja logički dio,
00:23
and then the right half,
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zatim i desna polovica,
00:25
which is the intuitive.
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intuitivni dio.
00:27
And so if we had a scale to measure the aptitude of each hemisphere,
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Ako bismo imali ljestvicu za izmjeriti raspon sposobnosti svake od polovica,
00:30
then we can plot our brain.
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mogli bismo grafički prikazati svoj mozak.
00:32
And for example, this would be somebody who's completely logical.
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Na primjer, ovo bi bio netko tko je u potpunosti logičan.
00:35
This would be someone who's entirely intuitive.
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Ovo bi bio netko u cijelosti intuitivan.
00:39
So where would you put your brain on this scale?
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Dakle, gdje biste postavili svoj mozak na ovoj ljestvici?
00:42
Some of us may have opted for one of these extremes,
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Neki od nas su se možda odlučili za jednu od krajnosti,
00:45
but I think for most people in the audience,
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ali mislim da za većinu ljudi u publici vrijedi,
00:47
your brain is something like this --
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da vam je mozak otprilike ovakav --
00:49
with a high aptitude in both hemispheres at the same time.
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s velikim rasponom sposobnosti obiju polovica u isto vrijeme.
00:52
It's not like they're mutually exclusive or anything.
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Nije tako da se međusobno poništavaju ili nešto slično.
00:54
You can be logical and intuitive.
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Možete biti i logični i intuitivni.
00:56
And so I consider myself one of these people,
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Smatram se kao jednim od tih ljudi,
00:59
along with most of the other experimental quantum physicists,
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zajedno s većinom drugih kvantnih fizičara eksperimentalista,
01:02
who need a good deal of logic
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koji trebaju dobar udio logike
01:04
to string together these complex ideas.
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da povežu te složene ideje.
01:06
But at the same time, we need a good deal of intuition
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No, u isto vrijeme, trebamo i dobar udio intuicije
01:09
to actually make the experiments work.
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da bismo uspijevali izvršiti eksperimente.
01:11
How do we develop this intuition? Well we like to play with stuff.
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Kako razvijamo tu intuiciju? Pa, volimo se igrati sa stvarima.
01:14
So we go out and play with it, and then we see how it acts,
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Odemo negdje i igramo se, a zatim promatramo kako se stvari ponašaju.
01:17
and then we develop our intuition from there.
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Svoju intuiciju razvijamo od tu nadalje.
01:20
And really you do the same thing.
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U stvari, vi radite istu stvar.
01:22
So some intuition
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Pa je tako neka intuicija
01:24
that you may have developed over the years
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koju ste možda razvili tijekom godina
01:26
is that one thing is only in one place at a time.
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ta da je jedna stvar samo na jednom mjestu u jedno vrijeme.
01:30
I mean, it can sound weird to think about
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Mislim, može zvučati neobično pomisliti
01:33
one thing being in two different places at the same time,
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da jedna stvar može u isto vrijeme biti na dva različita mjesta,
01:37
but you weren't born with this notion, you developed it.
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ali niste rođeni s ovom intuicijom, razvili ste je.
01:40
And I remember watching a kid playing on a car stop.
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Sjećam se kako sam gledao dijete dok se igralo uz ležećeg policajca.
01:43
He was just a toddler and he wasn't very good at it, and he kept falling over.
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Tek je bio prohodao i nije bio baš uspješan, neprestano je padao preko ležećeg policajca.
01:46
But I bet playing with this car stop taught him a really valuable lesson,
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No, kladim se da ga je ovo igranje podučilo zaista vrijednoj lekciji,
01:49
and that's that large things don't let you get right past them,
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a ta je da ne možeš samo tako proći preko velikih stvari,
01:53
and that they stay in one place.
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i da one ostaju na jednom mjestu.
01:56
And so this is a great conceptual model to have of the world,
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To je izvrsna koncepcija poimanja svijeta,
01:59
unless you're a particle physicist.
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osim ako se bavite fizikom elementarnih čestica.
02:01
It'd be a terrible model for a particle physicist,
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Bio bi to vrlo loš model za jednog takvog fizičara,
02:03
because they don't play with car stops,
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jer se oni ne igraju s ležećim policajcima,
02:05
they play with these little weird particles.
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igraju se s malim, neobičnim česticama.
02:08
And when they play with their particles,
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A kad se igraju sa svojim česticama,
02:10
they find they do all sorts of really weird things --
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otkriju razne vrste neobičnih stvari --
02:12
like they can fly right through walls,
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na primjer, da mogu proletjeti kroz zidove,
02:15
or they can be in two different places at the same time.
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ili mogu biti na dva mjesta u isto vrijeme.
02:19
And so they wrote down all these observations,
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Takva su promatranja zabilježena,
02:22
and they called it the theory of quantum mechanics.
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i nazvana teorijom kvantne mehanike.
02:26
And so that's where physics was at a few years ago;
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U takvoj je poziciji bila fizika prije nekoliko godina;
02:29
you needed quantum mechanics
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kvantna mehanika je bila potrebna
02:31
to describe little, tiny particles.
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da se opišu malene, sićušne čestice.
02:33
But you didn't need it
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Ali nije bila potrebna
02:35
to describe the large, everyday objects around us.
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da se opišu veliki, svakodnevni predmeti koji nas okružuju.
02:39
This didn't really sit well with my intuition,
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Ovako nešto se zaista nije moglo složiti s mojom intuicijom,
02:42
and maybe it's just because I don't play with particles very often.
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i možda je to bilo zato što se ne igram s česticama dovoljno često.
02:45
Well, I play with them sometimes,
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Pa, ponekad se igram,
02:47
but not very often.
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ali ne baš često.
02:49
And I've never seen them.
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I nikad ih nisam vidio.
02:51
I mean, nobody's ever seen a particle.
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Mislim, nitko nije nikad vidio česticu.
02:54
But it didn't sit well with my logical side either.
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Ali, nikako se to nije slagalo ni s mojom logičnom prirodom.
02:57
Because if everything is made up of little particles
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Jer, ako je sve izgrađeno od malenih čestica
03:00
and all the little particles
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i sve te malene čestice
03:02
follow quantum mechanics,
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ponašaju se prema kvantnoj mehanici,
03:04
then shouldn't everything just follow quantum mechanics?
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zašto se onda ne bi sve ponašalo prema kvantnoj mehanici?
03:09
I don't see any reason why it shouldn't.
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Ne vidim razlog zašto ne bi.
03:12
And so I'd feel a lot better about the whole thing
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Imao bih puno bolji osjećaj za to sve
03:14
if we could somehow show
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ako bismo nekako mogli pokazati
03:16
that an everyday object
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da se neki svakodnevni predmet
03:18
also follows quantum mechanics.
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također ponaša prema zakonima kvantne mehanike.
03:20
So a few years ago, I set off to do just that.
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Zato sam prije nekoliko godina krenuo napraviti upravo to.
03:23
So I made one.
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I napravio sam jedan takav predmet.
03:26
This is the first object
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Ovo je prvi predmet
03:28
that you can see
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kojeg možete vidjeti
03:30
that has been in a mechanical quantum superposition.
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a da je bio u kvantnoj superpoziciji.
03:33
So what we're looking at here
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Ono u što gledamo ovdje
03:35
is a tiny computer chip.
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jest sitni kompjuterski čip.
03:37
And you can sort of see this green dot right in the middle.
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Možete vidjeti ovu zelenu točku upravo u sredini.
03:40
And that's this piece of metal I'm going to be talking about in a minute.
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To je taj komad metala o kojem ću pričati za minutu.
03:43
This is a photograph of the object.
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Ovo je fotografija tog predmeta.
03:45
And here I'll zoom in a little bit. We're looking right there in the center.
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A ovo je uvećani prikaz. Gledamo točno u sredinu.
03:48
And then here's a really, really big close-up of the little piece of metal.
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A ovo je jedan zaista, zaista uvećani prikaz malog komada metala.
03:51
So what we're looking at is a little chunk of metal,
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Znači, gledamo u ovaj komadić metala,
03:53
and it's shaped like a diving board, and it's sticking out over a ledge.
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koji je oblika daske za skakanje i koji strši preko ležišta.
03:56
And so I made this thing
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Napravio sam ovaj maleni predmet
03:58
in nearly the same way as you make a computer chip.
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gotovo na isti način na koji biste napravili kompjuterski čip.
04:00
I went into a clean room with a fresh silicon wafer,
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Otišao sam u čistu sobu s novom silikonskom pločicom,
04:03
and then I just cranked away at all the big machines for about 100 hours.
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a zatim samo uključio velike strojeve u vremenu od otprilike 100 sati.
04:06
For the last stuff, I had to build my own machine --
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Za završne radove, morao sam izgraditi svoj stroj --
04:08
to make this swimming pool-shaped hole
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da bih napravio ovu rupu koja nalikuje bazenu
04:11
underneath the device.
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ispod uređaja.
04:13
This device has the ability
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Ovaj uređaj ima sposobnost
04:15
to be in a quantum superposition,
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biti u kvantnoj superpoziciji,
04:17
but it needs a little help to do it.
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ali mu je potrebna mala pomoć da bi to postigao.
04:19
Here, let me give you an analogy.
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Evo, dopustite mi da vam to usporedim s nečim.
04:21
You know how uncomfortable it is to be in a crowded elevator?
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Znate kako je neudobno biti u prepunom liftu?
04:24
I mean, when I'm in an elevator all alone, I do all sorts of weird things,
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Mislim, kad sam sam u liftu, radim svakakve čudne stvari,
04:27
but then other people get on board
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no, onda mi se pridruže neki ljudi
04:29
and I stop doing those things
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i prekinem raditi takve stvari,
04:31
because I don't want to bother them,
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jer ih ne želim gnjaviti,
04:33
or, frankly, scare them.
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ili, iskreno, preplašiti ih.
04:36
So quantum mechanics says
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Kvantna mehanika kaže
04:38
that inanimate objects feel the same way.
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da se neživi predmeti jednako osjećaju.
04:41
The fellow passengers for inanimate objects
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Drugi ljudi u liftu za nežive predmete
04:43
are not just people,
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nisu samo ljudi,
04:45
but it's also the light shining on it
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to je također svjetlost koja ih obasjava
04:47
and the wind blowing past it and the heat of the room.
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i vjetar koji puše oko njih i toplina prostorije.
04:50
And so we knew, if we wanted to see
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I zato smo znali da ako hoćemo vidjeti
04:52
this piece of metal behave quantum mechanically,
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kako se ovaj komad metala ponaša kvantnomehanički,
04:55
we're going to have to kick out all the other passengers.
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morat ćemo izbaciti sve druge ljude iz lifta.
04:57
And so that's what we did.
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I to smo učinili.
04:59
We turned off the lights,
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Ugasili smo svjetla,
05:01
and then we put it in a vacuum and sucked out all the air,
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i zatim ga stavili u vakuum i isisali sav zrak,
05:03
and then we cooled it down
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onda smo ga ohladili
05:05
to just a fraction of a degree above absolute zero.
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na djelić stupnja iznad apsolutne ništice.
05:07
Now, all alone in the elevator,
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Sada, potpuno sam u liftu,
05:09
the little chunk of metal is free to act however it wanted.
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mali je komadić metala bio slobodan da se ponaša kako god želi.
05:11
And so we measured its motion.
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Pa smo izmjerili njegovo kretanje.
05:13
We found it was moving in really weird ways.
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Otkrili smo da se kretao na vrlo čudne načine.
05:15
Instead of just sitting perfectly still, it was vibrating,
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Umjesto da je samo savršeno mirno stajao, vibrirao je.
05:18
and the way it was vibrating was breathing something like this --
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I način na koji je vibrirao je bio sličan disanju, nešto kao ovo --
05:21
like expanding and contracting bellows.
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kao širenje i skupljanje mijeha sa zrakom.
05:23
And by giving it a gentle nudge,
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Dajući mu nježan poticaj,
05:25
we were able to make it both vibrate
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bili smo u stanju potaknuti ga da i vibrira
05:27
and not vibrate
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i ne vibrira
05:29
at the same time --
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u isto vrijeme --
05:31
something that's only allowed with quantum mechanics.
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nešto što je dozvoljeno jedino u kvantnoj mehanici.
05:34
So what I'm telling you here is something truly fantastic.
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Ono što vam govorim ovdje je nešto uistinu fantastično.
05:37
What does it mean for one thing
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Što to znači za jednu stvar
05:39
to be both vibrating and not vibrating
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da vibrira i ne vibrira
05:41
at the same time?
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u isto vrijeme?
05:43
So let's think about the atoms.
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Razmislimo zato o atomima.
05:45
So in one case:
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U jednom slučaju:
05:47
all the trillions of atoms that make up that chunk of metal
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svi trilijuni atoma koji čine komad tog metala
05:50
are sitting still
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stoje mirno
05:52
and at the same time those same atoms
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i u isto vrijeme ti isti atomi
05:54
are moving up and down.
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pomiču se gore-dolje.
05:56
Now it's only at precise times when they align.
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Samo je u određenim vremenima tako da se poredaju.
05:59
The rest of the time they're delocalized.
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Ostatak vremena su delokalizirani.
06:01
That means that every atom
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To znači da je svaki atom
06:03
is in two different places at the same time,
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na dva mjesta u isto vrijeme,
06:05
which in turn means the entire chunk of metal
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što zatim znači da je čitav komad metala
06:08
is in two different places.
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na dva različta mjesta.
06:10
I think this is really cool.
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Ja mislim da je ovo stvarno kul.
06:12
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
06:14
Really.
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Zaista.
06:16
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
06:19
It was worth locking myself in a clean room to do this for all those years
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Ovo je bilo vrijedno zatvaranja u čistu sobu svih tih godina.
06:24
because, check this out,
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Jer, pogledajte ovo,
06:26
the difference in scale
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razlika u mjeri, omjer
06:28
between a single atom and that chunk of metal
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između jednog atoma i tog komada metala
06:30
is about the same as the difference
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je otprilike isti kao omjer
06:32
between that chunk of metal and you.
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između tog komada metala i vas.
06:34
So if a single atom can be in two different places at the same time,
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Pa ako jedan atom može biti na dva različita mjesta u isto vrijeme,
06:37
that chunk of metal can be in two different places,
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taj komad metala može biti na dva različita mjesta,
06:40
then why not you?
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onda zašto ne biste i vi?
06:42
I mean, this is just my logical side talking.
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Mislim, ovo se ispoljava moja logična strana.
06:46
So imagine if you're in multiple places at the same time,
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Znači, ako zamislite da ste na više mjesta u isto vrijeme,
06:50
what would that be like?
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kako bi to izgledalo?
06:53
How would your consciousness
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Kako bi se vaša svijest
06:55
handle your body being delocalized in space?
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mogla nositi s vašim tijelom delokaliziranim u prostoru?
06:59
There's one more part to the story.
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Postoji više od jedne strane priče.
07:01
It's when we warmed it up,
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A ta je da kad smo ga zagrijali,
07:03
and we turned on the lights and looked inside the box,
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i upalili svjetla i pogledali u kutiju,
07:06
we saw that the piece metal was still there in one piece.
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vidjeli smo komad metala koji je bio tamo još uvijek u jednom komadu.
07:10
And so I had to develop this new intuition,
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Stoga sam morao razviti ovu novu intuiciju,
07:13
that it seems like all the objects in the elevator
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da izgleda da su svi predmeti u liftu
07:16
are really just quantum objects
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zaista samo kvantni predmeti
07:18
just crammed into a tiny space.
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samo nagurani u malen prostor.
07:20
You hear a lot of talk
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Čujete mnoge priče
07:22
about how quantum mechanics says that everything is all interconnected.
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o tome kako kvantna mehanika tvrdi da je sve međusobno povezano.
07:25
Well, that's not quite right.
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Pa, to nije potpuno ispravno;
07:27
It's more than that; it's deeper.
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tu ima nešto više, dublje.
07:30
It's that those connections,
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To je da su te veze,
07:32
your connections to all the things around you,
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vaše veze sa stvarima koje vas okružuju,
07:35
literally define who you are,
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doslovno ono što određuje tko ste.
07:38
and that's the profound weirdness of quantum mechanics.
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I to je ta duboka čudnovatost kvantne mehanike.
07:41
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
07:43
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aaron O'Connell - PhysicistAaron O'Connell is the first person to experimentally induce and measure quantum effects in the motion of a humanmade object, bridging the quantum and classical worlds.
Why you should listen
Growing up reading philosophy, playing guitar, and generally not thinking about science, Aaron O’Connell never expected to revolutionize the world of physics. But an inspiring stuffed-monkey-shot-from-a-cannon demonstration and a series of positive research experiences as an undergraduate propelled him to graduate school at UCSB.
While there, in an experiment remarkable both for its conceptual simplicity and technical difficulty, O’Connell was the first person to measure quantum effects in an object large enough to see with the naked eye. Named Breakthrough of the year by Science Magazine, the experiment shattered the previous record for the largest quantum object, showing decisively that there is no hard line between the quantum and everyday worlds.
Aaron O'Connell | Speaker | TED.com