TEDGlobal 2007
Zeresenay Alemseged: The search for humanity's roots
Zeresenay Alemseged traži korijene čovječanstva
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Paleoantropolog Zeresenay Alemseged traži korijene čovječanstva u etiopijskim pustinjskim predjelima. Ovdje govori o pronalasku najstarijeg čovječjeg kostura djeteta – i o tome kako Afrika čuva tragove našeg čovječanstva.
Zeresenay Alemseged - Paleoanthropologist
Zeresenay "Zeray" Alemseged digs in the Ethiopian desert, looking for the earliest signs of humanity. His most exciting find: the 3.3-million-year-old bones of Selam, a 3-year-old hominid child, from the species Australopithecus afarensis. Full bio
Zeresenay "Zeray" Alemseged digs in the Ethiopian desert, looking for the earliest signs of humanity. His most exciting find: the 3.3-million-year-old bones of Selam, a 3-year-old hominid child, from the species Australopithecus afarensis. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
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I have 18 minutes to tell you what happened
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Imam 18 minuta da vam kažem što se dogodilo
00:27
over the past six million years.
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tijekom proteklih šest milijuna godina.
00:30
All right.
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U redu.
00:32
We all have come from a long way,
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Svi smo prošli daleki put,
00:35
here in Africa, and converged in this region of Africa,
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ovdje, u Africi, i smjestili se u ovu regiju u Africi,
00:38
which is a place where 90 percent of our evolutionary process took place.
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koja je mjesto gdje se dogodilo 90 posto našeg evolucijskog procesa.
00:44
And I say that not because I am African,
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I to ne kažem zato što sam Afrikanac,
00:47
but it's in Africa that you find the earliest evidence
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već zato što u Africi možete pronaći najranije dokaze
00:50
for human ancestors, upright walking traces,
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ljudskih predaka, tragove uspravnog hodanja,
00:55
even the first technologies in the form of stone tools.
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čak i prve tehnologije u vidu kamenih alata.
00:58
So we all are Africans, and welcome home.
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Dakle, svi smo mi Afrikanci i dobrodošli kući.
01:01
All right.
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U redu.
01:03
I'm a paleoanthropologist, and my job is to define
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Ja sam paleoantropolog i moj je posao definirati
01:06
man's place in nature and explore what makes us human.
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ljudsko mjesto u prirodi i istražiti ono što nas čini ljudima
01:10
And today, I will use Selam, the earliest child ever discovered,
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a danas ću upotrijebiti Selam, najranije dijete ikad otkriveno,
01:14
to tell you a story of all of us.
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kako bih vam ispričao priču o svima nama.
01:16
Selam is our most complete skeleton of a three-year-old girl
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Selam je naš najpotpuniji kostur trogodišnje djevojčice
01:20
who lived and died 3.3 million years ago.
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koja je živjela i umrla prije 3,3 milijuna godina.
01:24
She belongs to the species known as Australopithecus afarensis.
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Pripada vrsti poznatoj kao Australopithecus afarensis.
01:28
You don't need to remember that.
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To ne trebate zapamtiti.
01:30
That's the Lucy species, and was found by my research team
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To je vrsta Lucy i pronašao ju je moj istraživački tim
01:34
in December of 2000 in an area called Dikika.
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u prosincu 2000. godine u području zvanom Dikika.
01:37
It's in the northeastern part of Ethiopia.
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To je u najsjevernijem dijelu Etiopije.
01:39
And Selam means peace in many Ethiopian languages.
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A Selam znači mir na mnogim etiopijskim jezicima.
01:42
We use that name to celebrate peace in the region and in the planet.
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Upotrebljavamo to ime kako bismo proslavili mir u regiji i na planetu.
01:48
And the fact that it was the cover story of all these famous magazines
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Činjenica da je to bila naslovna priča svih poznatih magazina,
01:52
gives you already an idea of her significance, I think.
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već vam daje viziju njezina značaja, mislim.
01:55
After I was invited by TED, I did some digging,
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Nakon što me TED pozvao, malo sam istraživao,
01:58
because that's what we do, to know about my host.
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jer to je ono što mi radimo, kako bih saznao nešto o svom domaćinu.
02:01
You don't just jump into an invitation.
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Ne skočite samo tako jednostavno na nečiji poziv.
02:03
And I learned that the first technology appeared
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Naučio sam da se prva tehnologija pojavila
02:05
in the form of stone tools, 2.6 million years ago.
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u obliku kamenog alata prije 2,6 milijuna godina.
02:08
First entertainment comes evidence from flutes that are 35,000 years old.
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Prvi dokazi zabave dolaze od flauta koje su stare 35.000 godina.
02:13
And evidence for first design comes 75,000 years old -- beads.
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Dokaz prvog dizajna star je 75.000 godina – perle.
02:19
And you can do the same with your genes and track them back in time.
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Istu stvar možete učiniti sa svojim genima i pratiti ih unazad.
02:24
And DNA analysis of living humans and chimpanzees
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I onda nas analiza živih ljudi i čimpanzi
02:28
teaches us today that we diverged sometime around seven million years ago
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uči kako smo se odvojili negdje prije sedam milijuna godina
02:32
and that these two species share over 98 percent of the same genetic material.
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i da te dvije vrste dijele preko 98 posto istog genetskog materijala.
02:38
I think knowing this is a very useful context
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Mislim kako je znanje o tome veoma koristan kontekst
02:40
within which we can think of our ancestry.
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unutar kojega možemo razmišljati o svome podrijetlu.
02:44
However, DNA analysis informs us only about
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Kako god, analiza nas obavještava samo o
02:48
the beginning and the end, telling us nothing
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početku i kraju, ne govoreći nam ništa
02:52
about what happened in the middle.
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o tome što se događalo između.
02:54
So, for us, paleoanthropologists, our job is to find the hard evidence,
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Dakle, za nas paleoantropologe, posao je pronaći čvrst dokaz,
02:59
the fossil evidence, to fill in this gap
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dokaz u obliku fosila, da ispuni tu prazninu
03:02
and see the different stages of development.
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i da vidimo različite faze razvoja.
03:05
Because it's only when you do that, that you can talk about --
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Jer, tek kad to učinite, tek tada možete govoriti o...
03:08
(Laughter) --
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(Smijeh)
03:12
it's only when you do that, [that] you can talk about
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Tek kad to učinite možete govoriti o tome
03:15
how we looked like and how we behaved at different times,
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kako smo izgledali i kako smo se ponašali u različito vrijeme
03:19
and how those likes and looks and behaviors changed through time.
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i kako su se taj izgled i ponašanje promijenili kroz vrijeme;
03:24
That then gives you an access
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tada vam to daje pristup
03:26
to explore the biological mechanisms
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da istražite biološke mehanizme
03:29
and forces that are responsible for this gradual change
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i snagu koja je odgovorna za ovu postepenu promjenu
03:32
that made us what we are today.
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koja nas je napravila ovakvima kakvi smo sada.
03:35
But finding the hard evidence is a very complicated endeavor.
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Ali pronaći čvrsti dokaz veoma je komplicirano nastojanje.
03:39
It's a systematic and scientific approach,
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To je sustavni i znanstveni pristup
03:42
which takes you to places that are remote, hot, hostile and often with no access.
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koji vas vodi na mjesta koja su udaljena, vruća, neprijateljska i često nedostupna.
03:48
Just to give you an example, when I went to Dikika,
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Da vam dam primjer: kada sam otišao u Dikiku,
03:50
where Selam was found, in '99 -- and it's about 500 kilometers
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gdje je Selam pronađena 1999., i to je otprilke oko 500 kilometara
03:54
from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
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od Addis Ababe, glavnog grada Etiopije,
03:58
It took us only seven hours to do the first 470 kilometers of the 500,
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samo sedam sati bilo nam je potrebno da bismo prošli prvih 470 kilometara od 500,
04:05
but took four, solid hours to do the last only 30 kilometers.
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ali nam je trebalo četiri solidna sata kako bismo samo prošli posljednjih 30 kilometara.
04:10
With the help of the locals and using just shovels and picks, I made my way.
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Uz pomoć starosjedioca i korištenjem samo lopata i motika, uspio sam.
04:14
I was the first person to actually drive a car to the spot.
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Bio sam prva osoba koja se zaista dovezla do tog mjesta.
04:18
When you get there, this is what you see,
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Kada dođete tamo, vidite ovo
04:21
and it's the vastness of the place which makes you feel helpless and vulnerable.
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i prostranstvo ovog mjesta natjera vas da se osjećate bespomoćno i ranjivo.
04:26
And once you make it there, the big question is where to start.
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Jedanput kad stignete tamo, veliko je pitanje gdje početi.
04:30
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:32
And you find nothing for years and years.
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I ne nalazite ništa godinama i godinama.
04:35
When I go to places like this, which are paleontological sites,
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Kada idem na mjesta poput ovog, a to su paleontološka nalazišta,
04:39
it's like going to a game park, an extinct game park.
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to je poput odlaska u zabavni park, izumrli zabavni park.
04:43
But what you find are not the human remains,
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Ali ono što nalazite nisu ljudski ostaci,
04:46
such as Selam and Lucy, on a day-to-day basis.
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poput Selam i Lucy, na dnevnoj bazi.
04:49
You find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc.
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Nalazite slonove, nosoroge, majmune, svinje i tako dalje.
04:53
But you could ask, how could these large mammals
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Ali mogli biste upitati kako su tako veliki sisavci
04:55
live in this desert environment?
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mogli živjeti u ovom pustinjskom okolišu.
04:57
Of course, they cannot, but I'm telling you already
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Naravno da nisu, ali govorim vam
04:59
that the environment and the carrying capacity
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da su se okoliš i razina zasićenosti
05:02
of this region was drastically different from what we have today.
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te regije drastično promijenili u odnosu na ovo što imamo danas.
05:07
A very important environmental lesson could be learned from this.
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Vrlo važna lekcija, što se okoliša tiče, može biti naučena iz ovoga.
05:11
Anyway, once we made it there, then it's a game park, as I said, an extinct game park.
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Kako god, kada smo stigli tamo, onda je to zabavni park, kao što sam rekao – izumrli zabavni park.
05:17
And our ancestors lived in that game park,
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I naši preci živjeli su u tom zabavnom parku,
05:20
but were just the minorities. They were not as successful
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ali bili su samo manjina. Nisu bili toliko uspješni
05:22
and as widespread as the Homo sapiens that we are.
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i rašireni kao Homo sapiensi, koji smo mi.
05:27
To tell you just an example, an anecdote about their rarity,
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Da vam kažem samo primjer, anegdotu o njihovoj razrjeđenosti:
05:30
I was going to this place every year and would do fieldwork here,
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išao sam na ovo mjesto svake godine i radio na terenu
05:35
and the assistants, of course, helped me do the surveys.
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i asistenti su mi, naravno, pomagali pregledavati.
05:38
They would find a bone and tell me, "Here is what you're looking for."
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Pronašli bi kosti i rekli mi: „Ovdje je ono što tražite".
05:40
I would say, "No, that's an elephant."
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Ja bih rekao: „Ne, to je slon".
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Again, another one, "That's a monkey." "That's a pig," etc.
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Zatim još jedan – „To je majmun“, „To je svinja“ i tako dalje.
05:44
So one of my assistants, who never went to school, said to me, "Listen, Zeray.
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Jedan od mojih asistenata, koji nikad nije išao u školu rekao mi je: „Slušaj, Zeray.
05:47
You either don't know what you're looking for,
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Ti ili ne znaš što tražiš
05:49
or you're looking in the wrong place," he said.
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ili tražiš na krivom mjestu.“
05:52
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:53
And I said, "Why?" "Because there were elephants and lions,
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I ja sam rekao: „Zašto?“ „Zato što tu ima slonova i lavova
05:56
and the people were scared and went somewhere else.
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i ljudi su se bojali i otišli negdje drugdje.
05:58
Let's go somewhere else."
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Idemo negdje drugdje.“
06:00
Well, he was very tired, and it's really tiring.
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Pa... Bio je vrlo umoran, i to zbilja je naporno.
06:02
It was then, after such hard work and many frustrating years that we found Selam,
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Nakon mnogo napornog rada i frustrirajućih godina, pronašli smo Selam
06:07
and you see the face here covered by sandstone.
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i vidite da je lice pokriveno pijeskom.
06:10
And here is actually the spinal column
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Ovdje je, zapravo, kralježnica
06:12
and the whole torso encased in a sandstone block,
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i cijeli torzo obložen pješčanom kockom
06:16
because she was buried by a river.
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zato što je bila pokopana pokraj rijeke.
06:19
What you have here seems to be nothing,
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Ono što ovdje imate izgleda kao ništa,
06:21
but contains an incredible amount of scientific information
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ali sadrži nevjerojatnu količinu znanstvenih informacija
06:25
that helps us explore what makes us human.
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koje nam pomažu istražiti što nas to čini ljudima.
06:28
This is the earliest and most complete juvenile human ancestor
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To je najraniji i najpotpuniji dječji, ljudski predak
06:32
ever found in the history of paleoanthropology,
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ikad pronađen u povijesti paleoantropologije –
06:34
an amazing piece of our long, long history.
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nevjerojatan komad naše duge, duge povijesti.
06:38
There were these three people and me, and I am taking the pictures,
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Ovo smo to troje ljudi i ja; ja slikam,
06:41
that's why I am not in.
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zato me nema na slici.
06:43
How would you feel if you were me? You have something extraordinary in your hand,
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Kako biste se vi osjećali na mome mjestu: da imate nešto izvanredno u svojim rukama,
06:46
but you are in the middle of nowhere?
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ali ste usred ničega?
06:48
The feeling I had was a deep and quiet happiness and excitement,
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Osjećaj koji sam imao bila je duboka i tiha sreća i uzbuđenje,
06:53
of course accompanied by a huge sense of responsibility,
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naravno, u pratnji s velikim osjećajem odgovornosti
06:56
of making sure everything is safe.
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da osiguram da sve bude očuvano.
06:59
Here is a close-up of the fossil, after five years of cleaning,
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Ovdje je krupni plan fosila nakon pet godina čišćenja,
07:04
preparation and description, which was very long,
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pripreme i opisivanja – koje je bilo veoma dugo
07:08
as I had to expose the bones from the sandstone block
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i morao sam izložiti kosti iz kocke pijeska
07:11
I just showed you in the previous slide.
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koju sam vam pokazao na prošlom dijapozitivu.
07:13
It took five years.
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Za to je trebalo pet godina.
07:14
In a way, this was like the second birth for the child, after 3.3 million years,
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Na neki način, bilo je to poput drugog rođenja za dijete nakon 3,3 milijuna godina,
07:19
but the labor was very long.
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ali je porođaj trajao jako dugo.
07:22
And here is full scale -- it's a tiny bone.
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I ovdje je u realnoj veličini – to je sićušna kost.
07:26
And in the middle is the minister of Ethiopian tourism,
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U sredini je ministar etiopijskog turizma
07:29
who came to visit the National Museum of Ethiopia while I was working there.
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koji je došao posjetiti Nacionalni muzej Etiopije dok sam tamo radio.
07:33
And you see me worried and trying to protect my child,
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Vidite kako sam zabrinut i pokušavam zaštititi svoje dijete
07:36
because you don't leave anyone with this kind of child,
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jer nikoga ne ostavljate s ovom vrstom djeteta,
07:39
even a minister.
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čak ni ministra.
07:42
So then, once you've done that, the next stage is to know what it is.
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Nakon što ste to napravili, sljedeći korak jest saznati što je to.
07:46
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
07:49
Once that was done, then it was possible to compare.
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Nakon što je to dovršeno, bilo je moguće usporediti.
07:53
We were able to tell that she belonged
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Bili smo u mogućnosti reći da je pripadala
07:55
to the human family tree because the legs, the foot,
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ljudskom obiteljskom stablu jer su noge, stopala
07:59
and some features clearly showed that she walked upright,
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i neka svojstva jasno pokazivala da je uspravno hodala,
08:03
and upright walking is a hallmark in humanity.
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a uspravno hodanje oznaka je ljudskosti.
08:06
But in addition, if you compare the skull
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Kao dodatak, ako usporedite lubanju
08:09
with a comparably aged chimpanzee and little George Bush here,
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s usporednom, starom lubanjom čimpanze i malog Georgea Busha ovdje,
08:12
you see that you have vertical forehead.
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vidite da imate uspravno čelo,
08:16
And you see that in humans, because of the development
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a to vidite kod ljudi zbog razvoja .
08:19
of the pre-frontal cortex, it's called.
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prefrontalnog korteksa;
08:21
You don't see that in chimpanzees,
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to ne vidite kod čimpanze
08:24
and you don't see this very projecting canine.
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i ne vidite ovaj veoma izražen očnjak.
08:28
So she belongs to our family tree, but within that, of course,
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Dakle, ona pripada našem obiteljskom stablu, ali unutar toga, naravno,
08:31
you do detailed analysis, and we know now
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napravite detaljnu analizu i sada znamo
08:33
that she belongs to the Lucy species,
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da pripada Lucy vrsti
08:35
known as Australopithecus afarensis.
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poznatoj kao Australopithecus afarensis.
08:38
The next exciting question is, girl or boy?
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Sljedeće uzbudljivo pitanje jest je li to djevojčica ili dječak
08:41
And how old was she when she died?
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i koliko je godina imala/imao kad je umrla/umro.
08:43
You can determine the sex of the individual
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Spol pojedinca možete odrediti
08:46
based on the size of the teeth.
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na osnovi veličine zuba.
08:49
How?
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Kako?
08:50
You know, in primates, there is this phenomenon
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Znate, kod primata postoji fenomen
08:52
called sexual dimorphism, which simply means
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zvan spolni dismorfizam, koji jednostavno znači
08:54
males are larger than females and males have larger teeth
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da su muškarci veći od žena i da muškarci imaju veće zube
08:56
than the females.
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od žena.
08:58
But to do that, you need the permanent dentition,
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Ali, kako biste to učinili, treba vam trajno zubalo
09:00
which you don't see here, because what you have here
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koje ovdje ne vidite jer ovo što ovdje imamo
09:02
are the baby teeth.
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su mliječni zubi.
09:04
But using the CT scanning technology,
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Koristeći tehnologiju CT skeniranja,
09:06
which is normally used for medical purposes,
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koja se inače koristi u medicinske svrhe,
09:08
you can go deep into the mouth and come up with this beautiful image
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možete ući duboko u zube i dobiti ovu lijepu sliku
09:11
showing you both the baby teeth here
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koja vam pokazuje oboje – mliječne zube ovdje
09:13
and the still-growing adult teeth here.
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i zube odrasle osobe koji još rastu ovdje.
09:17
So when you measure those teeth,
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I kada izmjerite te zube,
09:19
it was clear that she turned out to be a girl
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postaje jasno da je ona počinjala biti djevojčica
09:22
with very small canine teeth.
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s veoma malim očnjacima.
09:25
And to know how old she was when she died, what you do is
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I da biste znali koliko je bila stara kada je umrla, ono što trebate učiniti jest
09:27
you do an informed estimate, and you say, how much time would be required
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napraviti informiranu procjenu i reći koliko bi vremena trebalo
09:33
to form this amount of teeth, and the answer was three.
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da bi se stvorila ovakva količina zubi i odgovor je bio tri.
09:38
So, this girl died when she was about three,
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Dakle, ova je djevojčica umrla kad je imala otprilike 3 godine,
09:41
3.3 million years ago.
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prije 3,3 milijuna godina.
09:43
So, with all that information, the big question is --
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Sa svim tim informacijama, veliko je pitanje –
09:46
what do we actually -- what does she tell us?
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što mi zapravo – što nam ona zapravo govori?
09:50
To answer this question, we can phrase another question.
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Kako bismo odgovorili na to pitanje, možemo oblikovati još jedno pitanje –
09:52
What do we actually know about our ancestors?
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što zapravo znamo o našim pretcima?
09:55
We want to know how they looked like, how they behaved,
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Želimo znati kako su izgledali, kako su se ponašali,
09:57
how they walked around,
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kako su hodali naokolo
09:59
and how they lived and grew up.
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i kako su živjeli i odrastali.
10:02
And among the answers that you can get from this skeleton
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I među odgovorima koje možete dobiti iz ovog kostura
10:07
are included: first, this skeleton documents,
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uključeno je – prvo, ovaj kostur po prvi put dokumentira
10:12
for the first time, how infants looked over three million years ago.
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kako je dijete izgledalo prije tri milijuna godina.
10:17
And second, she tells us that she walked upright,
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I drugo, govori nam da je uspravno hodala,
10:20
but had some adaptation for tree climbing.
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ali je imala prilagodbu za penjanje po drvetu.
10:23
And more interesting, however,
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I još zanimljivije, kako god,
10:25
is the brain in this child was still growing.
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jest da je mozak u ovom djetetu još rastao.
10:27
At age three, if you have a still-growing brain,
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U trećoj godini, ako vam mozak još uvijek raste,
10:30
it's a human behavior.
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to je ljudsko ponašanje.
10:32
In chimps, by age three, the brain is formed over 90 percent.
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Kod čimpanzi je s tri godine oblikovano više od 90 posto mozga.
10:37
That's why they can cope with their environment
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Zato se veoma lako mogu nositi sa svojim okolišem
10:40
very easily after birth -- faster than us, anyway.
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nakon rođenja – brže od nas, kako god.
10:43
But in humans, we continue to grow our brains.
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No kod ljudi... Naš mozak nastavlja rasti.
10:45
That's why we need care from our parents.
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Zato nam treba briga naših roditelja,
10:48
But that care means also you learn.
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ali ta briga također znači da učite.
10:50
You spend more time with your parents.
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Provodite više vremena sa svojim roditeljima.
10:52
And that's very characteristic of humans and it's called childhood,
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I to je veoma karakteristično za ljude i zove se djetinjstvo,
10:55
which is this extended dependence of human children
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a to je produžena ovisnost ljudskog djeteta
10:58
on their family or parents.
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o svojoj obitelji ili roditeljima.
11:01
So, the still-growing brain in this individual
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Dakle, rastući mozak u ovoj jedinki
11:05
tells us that childhood, which requires
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govori nam da se djetinjstvo, koje treba
11:08
an incredible social organization,
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nevjerojatnu socijalnu organiziranost,
11:11
a very complex social organization,
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vrlo kompliciranu socijalnu organiziranost,
11:13
emerged over three million years ago.
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pojavilo prije više od tri milijuna godina.
11:15
So, by being at the cusp of our evolutionary history,
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Dakle, samim time što je na vrhu naše evolucijske povijesti,
11:19
Selam unites us all and gives us a unique account
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Selam ujedinjuje sve nas i daje nam jedinstven izvještaj
11:24
on what makes us human.
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o tome što nas čini ljudima.
11:27
But not everything was human, and I will give you
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Ali nije sve bilo ljudsko i dat ću vam
11:30
a very exciting example.
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jedan jako zanimljiv primjer.
11:32
This is called the hyoid bone. It's a bone which is right here.
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Ovo se zove jezična kost. To je kost koja je upravo ovdje.
11:34
It supports your tongue from behind.
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Podupire vaš jezik sa stražnje strane.
11:36
It's, in a way, your voice box.
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Na neki način, to je vaša glasovna kutija.
11:39
It determines the type of voice you produce.
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Određuje vrstu zvuka koju proizvodite.
11:43
It was not known in the fossil record,
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Nije bila poznata u fosilnom zapisu,
11:45
and we have it in this skeleton.
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a imamo je na ovom kosturu.
11:48
When we did the analysis of this bone, it was clear
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Kada smo analizirali ovu kost, bilo je jasno
11:52
that it looked very chimp-like, chimpanzee-like.
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kako je jako slična čimpanzi.
11:56
So if you were there 3.3 million years ago,
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Dakle, da ste bili tamo prije 3,3 milijuna godina
12:00
to hear when this girl was crying out for her mother,
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i čuli ovo dijete kako plače za svojom majkom,
12:03
she would have sounded more like a chimpanzee than a human.
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zvučalo bi više poput čimpanze nego poput čovjeka.
12:06
Maybe you're wondering, "So, you see this ape feature, human feature, ape feature.
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Možda se pitate: „Dakle, vidite ovo svojstvo majmuna, ljudsko svojstvo, svojstvo majmuna.
12:10
What does that tell us?"
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Što nam to govori?“
12:12
You know, that is very exciting for us,
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Znate, to je jako uzbudljivo za nas
12:14
because it demonstrates that things were changing slowly and progressively,
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jer nam pokazuje kako su se stvari mijenjale sporo i postupno
12:17
and that evolution is in the making.
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i kako je evolucija u tijeku.
12:20
To summarize the significance of this fossil,
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Kako bismo rezimirali značaj ovog fosila,
12:23
we can say the following.
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možemo reći sljedeće:
12:25
Up to now, the knowledge that we had about our ancestors
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do sada, znanje koje smo imali o našim precima
12:29
came essentially from adult individuals
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uglavnom je došlo od odraslih jedinki
12:33
because the fossils, the baby fossils, were missing.
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zbog fosila, dječjih fosila koji su nedostajali.
12:36
They don't preserve well, as you know.
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Nisu dobro očuvani, kao što znate.
12:38
So the knowledge that we had about our ancestors,
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Dakle, znanje koje smo imali o našim precima,
12:42
on how they looked like, how they behaved,
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o tome kako su izgledali i kako su se ponašali
12:44
was kind of biased toward adults.
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jest na neki način bilo pristrano prema odraslima.
12:49
Imagine somebody coming from Mars
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Zamislite nekog tko dolazi s Marsa
12:52
and his job is to report on the type of people
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i posao mu je da izvijesti o vrsti ljudi
12:54
occupying our planet Earth, and you hide all the babies,
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koja je zauzela naš planet Zemlju, a vi sakrijete sve bebe
12:57
the children, and he goes back and reports.
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i djecu i on se vrati natrag i izvijesti tako.
13:01
Can you imagine how much biased his report would be?
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Možete li zamisliti kako bi njegov izvještaj bio pristran?
13:05
That's what somehow we were doing so far
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To je ono što smo mi, na neki način, do sada bili radili
13:07
in the absence of the fossil children,
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u nedostatku dječjih fosila
13:09
so I think the new fossil fixes this problem.
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pa smatram da novi fosil rješava problem.
13:14
So, I think the most important question at the end is,
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Dakle, mislim da je na kraju najvažnije pitanje
13:19
what do we actually learn from specimens like this
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što zapravo možemo naučiti od ovakvog primjerka
13:22
and from our past in general?
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i općenito od naše povijesti.
13:25
Of course, in addition to extracting this huge amount
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Naravno, kao dodatak u izvlačenju ovog velikog broja
13:28
of scientific information as to what makes us human,
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znanstvenih informacija, poput toga što nas čini ljudima,
13:31
you know, the many human ancestors that have existed
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znate, mnogo ljudskih predaka koji su postojali
13:34
over the past six million years -- and there are more than 10 --
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prije više od 6 milijuna godina – a ima ih više od 10 -
13:38
they did not have the knowledge, the technology and sophistications
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nije imalo znanje, tehnologiju i sofisticiranost
13:41
that we, Homo sapiens, have today.
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koju mi Homo sapiensi danas imamo.
13:43
But if this species, ancient species,
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Ali da je ta vrsta, drevna vrsta,
13:47
would travel in time and see us today,
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mogla putovati kroz vrijeme i vidjeti nas danas,
13:50
they would very much be very proud of their legacy,
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bila bi vrlo ponosna na svoje nasljedstvo
13:55
because they became the ancestors of
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jer je postala pretkom
13:57
the most successful species in the universe.
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najuspješnije vrste u svemiru.
13:59
And they were probably not aware of this future legacy,
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Oni vjerojatno nisu bili svjesni ovog, budućeg naraštaja,
14:01
but they did great.
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ali odlično su to obavili.
14:03
Now the question is, we Homo sapiens today
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Pitanje je jesmo li mi Homo sapiensi danas
14:06
are in a position to decide about the future of our planet, possibly more.
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u položaju da odlučimo o budućnosti našeg planeta, možda čak i više od toga.
14:12
So the question is, are we up to the challenge?
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Dakle, pitanje je jesmo li dorasli izazovu
14:15
And can we really do better than these primitive,
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i možemo li učiniti bolje od tih primitivnih,
14:18
small-brained ancestors?
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maloumnih predaka?
14:21
Among the most pressing challenges that our species
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Među izazovima koji izazivaju najveći pritisak s kojima je naša vrsta
14:25
is faced with today are the chronic problems of Africa.
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suočena danas kronični su problemi u Africi.
14:30
Needless to list them here, and there are more competent people
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Nepotrebno ih je ovdje nabrajati, a i postoji mnogo kompetentnijih ljudi
14:33
to talk about this.
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s kojima se o tome može razgovarati.
14:36
Still, in my opinion, we have two choices.
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Ipak, moje je mišljenje da imamo dva izbora:
14:42
One is to continue to see a poor, ill, crying Africa,
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jedan je da nastavimo gledati siromašnu, bolesnu i plačnu Afriku –
14:48
carrying guns, that depends on other people forever,
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noseći pištolje – koja zauvijek ovisi o drugim ljudima
14:53
or to promote an Africa which is confident,
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ili promovirati Afriku kao sigurnu,
14:58
peaceful, independent, but cognizant of its huge problems
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mirnu, neovisnu, ali svjesni njezinih velikih problema
15:02
and great values at the same time.
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i velikih vrijednosti istovremeno.
15:06
I am for the second option, and I'm sure many of you are.
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Ja sam za drugu opciju i siguran sam kako mnogi od vas jesu.
15:11
And the key is to promote a positive African attitude towards Africa.
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I ključ je u tome da promoviramo pozitivan afrički stav prema Africi.
15:21
That's because we Africans concentrate --
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To je zato što se mi Afrikanci koncentriramo
15:25
I am from Ethiopia, by the way --
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– usput, ja sam iz Etiopije –
15:27
we concentrate too much on how we are seen
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previše se koncentriramo na to kako
15:29
from elsewhere, or from outside.
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nas drugi vide.
15:32
I think it's important to promote in a more positive way
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Mislim kako je važno promovirati pozitivniji način
15:37
on how we see ourselves.
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gledanja na nas same.
15:40
That's what I call positive African attitude.
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To je ono što zovem afričkim – pozitivnim afričkim stavom.
15:43
So finally, I would like to say,
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Konačno, volio bih reći:
15:46
so let's help Africa walk upright and forward,
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pomozimo Africi da hoda uspravno i naprijed –
15:51
then we all can be proud of our future legacy as a species.
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tada ćemo svi moći biti ponosni na naše buduće nasljednike kao vrstu.
15:56
Thank you.
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Hvala vam!
15:58
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Zeresenay Alemseged - PaleoanthropologistZeresenay "Zeray" Alemseged digs in the Ethiopian desert, looking for the earliest signs of humanity. His most exciting find: the 3.3-million-year-old bones of Selam, a 3-year-old hominid child, from the species Australopithecus afarensis.
Why you should listen
Paleoanthropologist Zeresenay Alemseged studies the origins of humanity. Through his Dikika Research Project (DRP) in the Afar desert of Ethiopia, he has discovered the earliest known skeleton of a hominid child, the 3.3-million-year-old bones of Selam, a 3-year-old girl of the species Australopithecus afarensis. She is a member of the same species as Lucy, discovered nearby in 1974.
In studying Selam's tiny bones, Alemseged is searching for the points at which we humans diverged from apes. For instance, Selam may have had ape-like shoulders, made for climbing trees -- but her legs were angled for walking upright. Her young brain, at age 3, was still growing, which implies that she was set to have a long human-style childhood. And in the hyoid bone of her throat, Alemseged sees the beginning of human speech.
Born in Axum, Ethiopia, Alemseged is based in San Francisco at the California Academy of Sciences where is is the Director and Curator of the Anthropology department. Prior to this, he was a senior researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. To see more video from Alemseged, visit the video archives of Nature.
Zeresenay Alemseged | Speaker | TED.com