TED2013
Skylar Tibbits: The emergence of "4D printing"
Skylar Tibbits: Nastanak „4D ispisa“
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3D ispis postao je sofisticiraniji od kasnih 1970-ih; TED govornik Skylar Tibbits oblikuje sljedeći razvoj, koji naziva 4D ispis u kojem je četvrta dimenzija vrijeme. Ova nam tehnologija u nastajanju omogućuje ispis predmeta koji se preoblikuju i samosklapaju tijekom vremena. Zamislite: ispisana kocka koja se slaže pred vašim očima, ili ispisana cijev koja može osjetiti kako se treba raširiti ili stisnuti.
Skylar Tibbits - Inventor
Skylar Tibbits, a TED Fellow, is an artist and computational architect working on "smart" components that can assemble themselves. Full bio
Skylar Tibbits, a TED Fellow, is an artist and computational architect working on "smart" components that can assemble themselves. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
This is me building a prototype
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Ovo sam ja kako gradim prototip
00:15
for six hours straight.
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punih šest sati.
00:18
This is slave labor to my own project.
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Ovo je robovski rad na mom vlastitom projektu.
00:21
This is what the DIY and maker movements really look like.
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Ovo je kako „uradi sam“ i stvaralački projekti stvarno izgledaju.
00:26
And this is an analogy for today's construction and manufacturing world
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A to je analogija za današnji svijet izgradnje i proizvodnje
00:31
with brute-force assembly techniques.
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s brutalnim tehnikama montaže.
00:34
And this is exactly why I started studying
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I upravo je to razlog zbog kojeg sam počeo proučavati
00:37
how to program physical materials to build themselves.
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kako programirati fizičke materijale da grade sami sebe.
00:41
But there is another world.
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Ali postoji i drugi svijet.
00:43
Today at the micro- and nanoscales,
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Danas se na mikro i nano razinama
00:45
there's an unprecedented revolution happening.
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događa revolucija bez presedana.
00:48
And this is the ability to program physical and biological materials
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A to je mogućnost programiranja fizičkih i bioloških materijala
00:52
to change shape, change properties
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da promijene oblik, promijene svojstva,
00:54
and even compute outside of silicon-based matter.
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čak i ako razmišljamo o materiji koja nije
napravljena na bazi silicija.
napravljena na bazi silicija.
00:57
There's even a software called cadnano
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Postoji program zvan cadnano
01:00
that allows us to design three-dimensional shapes
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koji nam omogućuje da dizajniramo trodimenzionalne oblike
01:03
like nano robots or drug delivery systems
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kao što su nano roboti ili sustavi
01:06
and use DNA to self-assemble those functional structures.
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za unos lijekova i koristimo DNA da samoudružimo te funkcionalne strukture.
01:10
But if we look at the human scale,
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Ali ako pogledamo makrorazinu,
01:12
there's massive problems that aren't being addressed
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postoje ogromni problemi kojima se nije posvetila
01:15
by those nanoscale technologies.
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nanotehnologija.
01:18
If we look at construction and manufacturing,
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Ako pogledamo gradnju i proizvodnju,
01:20
there's major inefficiencies, energy consumption
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postoje ogromne neučinkovitosti,
01:24
and excessive labor techniques.
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potrošnja energije i pretjerane tehnike rada.
01:26
In infrastructure, let's just take one example.
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U infrastrukturi, uzmimo jedan primjer.
01:29
Take piping.
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Uzmimo cjevovode.
01:30
In water pipes, we have fixed-capacity water pipes
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U vodenim cijevima, imamo vodene cijevi
01:34
that have fixed flow rates, except for expensive pumps and valves.
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sa stalnim kapacitetom koje imaju stalne brzine protoka, osim skupih pumpi i ventila.
01:38
We bury them in the ground.
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Zakapamo ih u zemlju.
01:40
If anything changes -- if the environment changes,
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Ako se išta promijeni – ako se okoliš promijeni,
01:42
the ground moves, or demand changes --
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ako se tlo pomakne, ili zahtjevi promjene –
01:45
we have to start from scratch and take them out and replace them.
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moramo početi ispočetka, izvaditi ih i zamijeniti.
01:49
So I'd like to propose that we can combine those two worlds,
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Želio bih predložiti da možemo kombinirati ta dva svijeta,
01:53
that we can combine the world of the nanoscale programmable adaptive materials
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da možemo kombinirati svijet nanomaterijala
01:58
and the built environment.
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koji se mogu programirati i izgrađenog okoliša.
01:59
And I don't mean automated machines.
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I ne mislim na automatizirane strojeve.
02:02
I don't just mean smart machines that replace humans.
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Ne mislim samo na pametne strojeve koji zamjenjuju ljude.
02:04
But I mean programmable materials that build themselves.
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Mislim na materijale koje možemo programirati da se sami grade.
02:08
And that's called self-assembly,
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To se zove samoudruživanje,
02:10
which is a process by which disordered parts build an ordered structure
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što je proces u kojem razbacani dijelovi grade uređenu strukturu
02:15
through only local interaction.
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samo kroz lokalne interakcije.
02:17
So what do we need if we want to do this at the human scale?
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Dakle što trebamo ako želimo ovo napraviti na makrorazini?
02:20
We need a few simple ingredients.
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Trebamo nekoliko jednostavnih sastojaka.
02:22
The first ingredient is materials and geometry,
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Prvi sastojak su materijali i geometrija,
02:25
and that needs to be tightly coupled with the energy source.
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i to treba biti usko povezano s izvorom energije.
02:28
And you can use passive energy --
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Možete koristiti pasivnu energiju
02:30
so heat, shaking, pneumatics, gravity, magnetics.
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kao što je toplina, podrhtavanje, pneumatika,
gravitacija, magnetna energija.
gravitacija, magnetna energija.
02:35
And then you need smartly designed interactions.
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Zatim trebate pametno dizajnirana međudjelovanja.
02:38
And those interactions allow for error correction,
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I ta međudjelovanja omogućuju ispravak
02:40
and they allow the shapes to go from one state to another state.
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pogrešaka te dopuštaju oblicima da se promijene iz jednog stanja u drugo.
02:44
So now I'm going to show you a number of projects that we've built,
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Sada ću vam pokazati nekoliko projekata koje smo napravili,
02:47
from one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional
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od jednodimenzionalnih, dvodimenzionalnih, trodimenzionalnih
02:51
and even four-dimensional systems.
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pa čak i četverodimenzionalnih sustava.
02:54
So in one-dimensional systems --
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Od jednodimenzionalnih sustava,
02:56
this is a project called the self-folding proteins.
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ovo je projekt nazvan samoslažući proteini.
02:58
And the idea is that you take the three-dimensional structure of a protein --
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Ideja je da uzmete trodimenzionalnu strukturu proteina –
03:03
in this case it's the crambin protein --
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u ovom slučaju to je crambinov protein –
03:06
you take the backbone -- so no cross-linking, no environmental interactions --
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uzmete okosnicu – dakle bez umrežavanja, bez prostornih interakcija –
03:09
and you break that down into a series of components.
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i izlomite ju u nekoliko dijelova.
03:13
And then we embed elastic.
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I zatim ubacimo elastičnu silu.
03:15
And when I throw this up into the air and catch it,
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Kada ovo bacim u zrak i uhvatim,
03:17
it has the full three-dimensional structure of the protein, all of the intricacies.
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ima potpunu trodimenzionalnu strukturu proteina, sve zamršenosti.
03:22
And this gives us a tangible model
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I ovo nam daje opipljivi model
03:24
of the three-dimensional protein and how it folds
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trodimenzionalnog proteina i kako se slaže
03:28
and all of the intricacies of the geometry.
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i sve zamršenosti geometrije.
03:30
So we can study this as a physical, intuitive model.
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Možemo proučavati ovaj fizički, intuitivni model.
03:34
And we're also translating that into two-dimensional systems --
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Također možemo to prevesti u dvodimenzionalne sustave –
03:36
so flat sheets that can self-fold into three-dimensional structures.
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dakle ravne ploče koje se mogu samoudružiti u trodimenzionalne strukture.
03:41
In three dimensions, we did a project last year at TEDGlobal
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Za tri dimenzije napravili smo projekt prošle godine na TEDGlobal-u
03:45
with Autodesk and Arthur Olson
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uz Autodesk i Arthura Olsena
03:47
where we looked at autonomous parts --
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gdje smo gledali autonomne dijelove –
03:49
so individual parts not pre-connected that can come together on their own.
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dakle samostalne dijelove koji nisu prethodno povezani kako se mogu sami složiti.
03:53
And we built 500 of these glass beakers.
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I napravili smo 500 takvih staklenih posudica.
03:56
They had different molecular structures inside
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Imale su različite molekularne strukture iznutra
03:58
and different colors that could be mixed and matched.
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i različite boje koje su se mogle miješati i sparivati.
04:01
And we gave them away to all the TEDsters.
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Dali smo ih svim TEDovcima.
04:03
And so these became intuitive models
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I one su postale intuitivni modeli
04:05
to understand how molecular self-assembly works at the human scale.
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za razumijevanje kako molekularno samoudruživanje funkcionira na makrorazini.
04:09
This is the polio virus.
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Ovo je virus polio.
04:11
You shake it hard and it breaks apart.
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Jako ga protresite i raspast će se.
04:13
And then you shake it randomly
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I onda ga lagano tresite
04:14
and it starts to error correct and built the structure on its own.
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i počet će ispravljati pogreške i graditi svoju vlastitu strukturu.
04:18
And this is demonstrating that through random energy,
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I to je demonstracija kako na nasumičan način
04:21
we can build non-random shapes.
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možemo graditi organizirane oblike.
04:25
We even demonstrated that we can do this at a much larger scale.
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Čak smo dokazali da možemo ovo napraviti u puno većim razmjerima.
04:29
Last year at TED Long Beach,
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Prošle godine na TED Long Beach-u,
04:31
we built an installation that builds installations.
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napravili smo instalaciju koja pravi instalacije.
04:34
The idea was, could we self-assemble furniture-scale objects?
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Ideja je bila, možemo li samoudružiti objekte veličine namještaja?
04:38
So we built a large rotating chamber,
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Tako da smo sagradili veliku rotirajuću komoru,
04:40
and people would come up and spin the chamber faster or slower,
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i ljudi bi dolazili i vrtjeli komoru brže ili sporije,
04:43
adding energy to the system
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dodajući energiju sustavu,
04:45
and getting an intuitive understanding of how self-assembly works
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dobivajući intuitivno razumijevanje toga kako samoudruživanje radi
04:48
and how we could use this
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i kako bismo ovo mogli koristiti
04:50
as a macroscale construction or manufacturing technique for products.
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kao tehniku konstrukcije ili proizvodnje proizvoda na makrorazini.
04:54
So remember, I said 4D.
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Sjećate se, rekao sam 4D.
04:56
So today for the first time, we're unveiling a new project,
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Danas po prvi put otkrivamo novi projekt
05:00
which is a collaboration with Stratasys,
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koji je suradnja sa Stratasys
05:02
and it's called 4D printing.
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i zove se 4D ispis.
05:04
The idea behind 4D printing
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Ideja iza 4D ispisa
05:05
is that you take multi-material 3D printing --
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jest uzeti multimaterijalan 3D ispis –
05:08
so you can deposit multiple materials --
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tako možete koristiti mnoge materijale –
05:11
and you add a new capability,
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i dodati novu sposobnost,
05:13
which is transformation,
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što je transformacija,
05:14
that right off the bed,
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trenutno
05:16
the parts can transform from one shape to another shape directly on their own.
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se dijelovi mogu promijeniti iz jednog oblika u drugi potpuno samostalno.
05:20
And this is like robotics without wires or motors.
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Ovo je kao robotika bez žica ili motora.
05:24
So you completely print this part,
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Možete potpuno ispisati ovaj dio,
05:25
and it can transform into something else.
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i on se može promijeniti u nešto drugo.
05:28
We also worked with Autodesk on a software they're developing called Project Cyborg.
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Također smo radili s Autodesk-om na programu
koji razvijaju koji se zove Project Cyborg.
koji razvijaju koji se zove Project Cyborg.
05:33
And this allows us to simulate this self-assembly behavior
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To nam omogućuje da simuliramo samoudruživanje
05:36
and try to optimize which parts are folding when.
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i pokušamo optimizirati koji se dijelovi kada savijaju.
05:39
But most importantly, we can use this same software
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Ali najvažnije, možemo koristiti ovaj isti program
05:42
for the design of nanoscale self-assembly systems
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za dizajn samoudruživajućih nanosustava
05:45
and human scale self-assembly systems.
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i samoudružujućih sustava ljudske veličine.
05:48
These are parts being printed with multi-material properties.
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Ovo su dijelovi ispisani s multimaterijalnim svojstvima.
05:51
Here's the first demonstration.
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Evo prve demonstracije.
05:53
A single strand dipped in water
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Jedna nit umočena u vodu
05:55
that completely self-folds on its own
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koja se potpuno samostalno samoudružuje
05:57
into the letters M I T.
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u slova M I T.
06:01
I'm biased.
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Pristran sam.
06:03
This is another part, single strand, dipped in a bigger tank
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Ovo je drugi dio, jedna nit umočena u veći spremnik
06:06
that self-folds into a cube, a three-dimensional structure, on its own.
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koja se samoudružuje u kocku, trodimenzionalnu strukturu.
06:11
So no human interaction.
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Dakle bez ljudske interakcije.
06:13
And we think this is the first time
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I mislimo da je ovo prvi put
06:15
that a program and transformation
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da su program i transformacija
06:17
has been embedded directly into the materials themselves.
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ugrađeni direktno u same materijale.
06:20
And it also might just be the manufacturing technique
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Ovo bi također mogla biti proizvodna tehnika
06:23
that allows us to produce more adaptive infrastructure in the future.
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koja omogućuje proizvodnju prilagodljivije infrastrukture u budućnosti.
06:27
So I know you're probably thinking,
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Znam da vjerojatno mislite,
06:28
okay, that's cool, but how do we use any of this stuff for the built environment?
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ok, to je impresivno, ali kako ćemo koristiti išta od ovih stvari u trenutnom okolišu?
06:33
So I've started a lab at MIT,
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Osnovao sam laboratorij u MIT-u
06:35
and it's called the Self-Assembly Lab.
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koji se zove Self-Assembly Lab.
06:37
And we're dedicated to trying to develop programmable materials
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Odlučili smo pokušati razviti materijale
06:40
for the built environment.
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koji se mogu programirati za izgrađeni okoliš.
06:41
And we think there's a few key sectors
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Mislim da postoji nekoliko ključnih sektora
06:43
that have fairly near-term applications.
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u kojima postoje primjene u prilično kratkoročnom razdoblju.
06:45
One of those is in extreme environments.
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Jedan od njih je u ekstremnim okolišima.
06:47
These are scenarios where it's difficult to build,
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To su područja u kojima je teško graditi,
06:50
our current construction techniques don't work,
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gdje naše sadašnje tehnike gradnje ne rade,
06:52
it's too large, it's too dangerous, it's expensive, too many parts.
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preveliko je, preopasno je, preskupo je, ima previše dijelova.
06:56
And space is a great example of that.
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Svemir je odličan primjer.
06:58
We're trying to design new scenarios for space
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Pokušavamo dizajnirati nove ideje za svemir
07:01
that have fully reconfigurable and self-assembly structures
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koje imaju potpuno rekonfigurabilne i samoudružujuće strukture
07:04
that can go from highly functional systems from one to another.
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koje se mogu mijenjati iz jednog vrlo
funkcionalnog sustava u drugi.
funkcionalnog sustava u drugi.
07:08
Let's go back to infrastructure.
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Vratimo se infrastrukturi.
07:10
In infrastructure, we're working with a company out of Boston called Geosyntec.
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U infrastrukturi, radimo s tvrtkom iz
Bostona koja se zove Geosyntec.
Bostona koja se zove Geosyntec.
07:14
And we're developing a new paradigm for piping.
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Razvijamo novu paradigmu za cjevovode.
07:17
Imagine if water pipes could expand or contract
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Zamislite da se vodene cijevi mogu proširiti ili suziti
07:20
to change capacity or change flow rate,
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kako bi promijenile kapacitet ili brzinu protoka,
07:23
or maybe even undulate like peristaltics to move the water themselves.
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ili kada bi se čak gibale poput peristaltike
i tako same pokretale vodu.
i tako same pokretale vodu.
07:27
So this isn't expensive pumps or valves.
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Dakle ovo nisu skupe pumpe ili ventili.
07:30
This is a completely programmable and adaptive pipe on its own.
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Ovo je potpuno programibilna i adaptivna samostalna cijev.
07:34
So I want to remind you today
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Ono na što vas danas želim podsjetiti
07:36
of the harsh realities of assembly in our world.
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je teška realnost montaže u našem svijetu.
07:40
These are complex things built with complex parts
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To su komplicirane stvari izgrađene od kompliciranih dijelova
07:43
that come together in complex ways.
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koji se spajaju na komplicirane načine.
07:46
So I would like to invite you from whatever industry you're from
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Volio bih vas pozvati, iz koje god da ste industrije,
07:49
to join us in reinventing and reimagining the world,
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da nam se pridružite u obnovi i novoj viziji svijeta,
07:53
how things come together from the nanoscale to the human scale,
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kako se stvari mogu složiti iz nanosvijeta u makrosvijet
07:57
so that we can go from a world like this
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i kako možemo od svijeta kao što je ovaj
08:00
to a world that's more like this.
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doći do svijeta koji je sličniji ovome.
08:12
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
08:14
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Skylar Tibbits - InventorSkylar Tibbits, a TED Fellow, is an artist and computational architect working on "smart" components that can assemble themselves.
Why you should listen
Can we create objects that assemble themselves -- that zip together like a strand of DNA or that have the ability for transformation embedded into them? These are the questions that Skylar Tibbits investigates in his Self-Assembly Lab at MIT, a cross-disciplinary research space where designers, scientists and engineers come together to find ways for disordered parts to become ordered structures.
A trained architect, designer and computer scientist, Tibbits teaches design studios at MIT’s Department of Architecture and co-teaches the seminar “How to Make (Almost) Anything” at MIT’s Media Lab. Before that, he worked at a number of design offices including Zaha Hadid Architects, Asymptote Architecture, SKIII Space Variations and Point b Design. His work has been shown at the Guggenheim Museum and the Beijing Biennale.
Tibbits has collaborated with a number of influential people over the years, including Neil Gershenfeld and The Center for Bits and Atoms, Erik and Marty Demaine at MIT, Adam Bly at SEED Media Group and Marc Fornes of THEVERYMANY. In 2007, he and Marc Fornes co-curated Scriptedbypurpose, the first exhibition focused exclusively on scripted processes within design. Also in 2007, he founded SJET, a multifaceted practice and research platform for experimental computation and design. SJET crosses disciplines from architecture and design, fabrication, computer science and robotics.
Skylar Tibbits | Speaker | TED.com