TED-Ed
Greg Gage: The cockroach beatbox
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By dissecting a cockroach ... yes, live on stage ... TED Fellow and neuroscientist Greg Gage shows how brains receive and deliver electric impulses -- and how legs can respond. This talk comes from the TED-Ed project.
Greg Gage - Neuroscientist
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Saat kita belajar tentang otak,
00:13
When you think about the brain,
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cukup sulit untuk memahaminya,
00:15
it's difficult to understand,
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bandingkan jika saya bertanya,
bagaimana kerja jantung,
bagaimana kerja jantung,
00:17
because if I were to ask you right now,
how does the heart work,
how does the heart work,
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00:20
you would instantly tell me it's a pump.
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kamu bisa segera menjawab
seperti sebuah pompa.
seperti sebuah pompa.
00:23
It pumps blood.
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Jantung memompa darah.
Jika ditanya tentang paru-paru,
00:24
If I were to ask about your lungs,
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jawabannya untuk pertukaran oksigen
dan karbon dioksida. Sederhana.
dan karbon dioksida. Sederhana.
00:26
you would say it exchanges
oxygen for carbon dioxide.
oxygen for carbon dioxide.
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00:28
That's easy.
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Tetapi jika ditanya tentang kerja otak,
sulit untuk memahaminya
sulit untuk memahaminya
00:29
If I were to ask you how the brain works,
it's hard to understand
it's hard to understand
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karena kamu tidak bisa langsung
paham hanya dengan melihat otak.
paham hanya dengan melihat otak.
00:32
because you can't just look
at a brain and understand what it is.
at a brain and understand what it is.
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Otak bukan benda mekanis,
bukan pompa, bukan kantong udara.
bukan pompa, bukan kantong udara.
00:36
It's not a mechanical object,
not a pump, not an airbag.
not a pump, not an airbag.
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Otak itu, jika kamu pegang dengan tangan
saat sudah mati,
saat sudah mati,
00:38
It's just like, if you held it
in your hand when it was dead,
in your hand when it was dead,
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otak hanyalah seonggok lemak.
00:41
it's just a piece of fat.
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Untuk tahu bagaimana otak bekerja,
kamu harus masuk ke otak yang hidup,
kamu harus masuk ke otak yang hidup,
00:43
To understand how the brain works,
you have to go inside a living brain.
you have to go inside a living brain.
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00:47
Because the brain's not mechanical,
the brain is electrical and it's chemical.
the brain is electrical and it's chemical.
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Karena otak tidak mekanis,
tetapi bersifat elektris dan kimiawi.
tetapi bersifat elektris dan kimiawi.
00:51
Your brain is made out of
100 billion cells, called neurons.
100 billion cells, called neurons.
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Otakmu terdiri atas 100 miliar sel,
yang disebut neuron.
yang disebut neuron.
00:53
And these neurons communicate
with each other with electricity.
with each other with electricity.
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Dan neuron ini saling berkomunikasi
menggunakan listrik.
menggunakan listrik.
00:57
And we're going to eavesdrop
in on a conversation between two cells,
in on a conversation between two cells,
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Dan kita akan menguping
percakapan antara dua sel,
percakapan antara dua sel,
01:01
and we're going to listen
to something called a spike.
to something called a spike.
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dan kita akan mendengarkan sesuatu
yang disebut spike.
yang disebut spike.
01:03
But we're not going to record my brain
or your brain or your teachers' brains,
or your brain or your teachers' brains,
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Tetapi kita tidak akan merekam otak saya
atau otakmu atau otak gurumu,
atau otakmu atau otak gurumu,
01:07
we're going to use our good
friend the cockroach.
friend the cockroach.
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kita akan menggunakan
teman baik kita, si kecoa.
teman baik kita, si kecoa.
01:10
Not just because I think they're cool,
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Selain karena saya pikir mereka keren,
01:12
but because they have brains
very similar to ours.
very similar to ours.
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otak mereka juga sangat mirip dengan kita.
01:14
So if you learn a little bit
about how their brains work,
about how their brains work,
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Jadi kalau kamu pelajari otaknya,
01:17
we're going to learn a lot
about how our brains work.
about how our brains work.
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kita belajar juga tentang kerja otak kita.
01:19
I'm going to put them
in some ice water here
in some ice water here
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Saya akan celupkan
kecoa ini dalam air es.
kecoa ini dalam air es.
01:22
And then --
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Lalu --
01:24
Audience: Ew!
Greg Gabe: Yeah ...
Greg Gabe: Yeah ...
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Penonton: Aw!
Greg Gabe (GG): Ya...
Greg Gabe (GG): Ya...
01:26
Right now they're becoming anesthetized.
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Lihatlah sekarang mereka sudah terbius.
01:28
Because they're cold blooded,
they become the temperature of the water
they become the temperature of the water
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Karena kecoa berdarah dingin,
suhu tubuhnya menyesuaikan air
suhu tubuhnya menyesuaikan air
01:31
and they can't control it
so they just basically "chillax," right?
so they just basically "chillax," right?
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dan tak bisa mengubahnya
jadi mereka "chillax" saja, kan?
jadi mereka "chillax" saja, kan?
Mereka tidak akan merasakan apapun,
01:35
They're not going to feel anything,
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dan sekarang kamu jadi tahu
apa yang akan kita lakukan,
apa yang akan kita lakukan,
01:37
which may tell you a little
about what we're going to do,
about what we're going to do,
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yaitu percobaan ilmiah
untuk memahami otak.
untuk memahami otak.
01:39
a scientific experiment
to understand the brain.
to understand the brain.
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01:42
So ...
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Jadi ...
Ini adalah kaki si kecoa.
01:44
This is the leg of a cockroach.
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01:46
And a cockroach
has all these beautiful hairs
has all these beautiful hairs
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Dan kecoa punya 'rambut-rambut'
01:48
and pricklies all over it.
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dan duri indah di permukaannya.
01:50
Underneath each one of those is a cell,
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Di bawah setiap duri itu terdapat sel,
dan sel itu adalah neuron
yang akan mengirim informasi
yang akan mengirim informasi
01:53
and this cell's a neuron
that is going to send information
that is going to send information
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tentang angin atau getaran.
01:56
about wind or vibration.
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Sulit untuk menangkap kecoa,
karena ia merasakan kedatanganmu,
karena ia merasakan kedatanganmu,
01:57
If you ever try to catch a cockroach,
it's hard because they can feel you coming
it's hard because they can feel you coming
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kamu baru bergerak,
mereka sudah lari.
mereka sudah lari.
02:01
before you're even there,
they start running.
they start running.
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Sel neuron itu mengirim informasi ke otak
02:03
These cells are zipping up
this information up to the brain
this information up to the brain
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menggunakan akson yang membawa
pesan elektronik di dalamnya.
pesan elektronik di dalamnya.
02:06
using those little axons
with electronic messages in there.
with electronic messages in there.
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Kita akan merekamnya dengan
menancapkan jarum pentul.
menancapkan jarum pentul.
02:09
We're going to record
by sticking a pin right in there.
by sticking a pin right in there.
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Kita harus lepas kaki kecoanya --
02:11
We need to take off the leg
of a cockroach --
of a cockroach --
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tenang, kakinya bisa tumbuh lagi --
02:14
don't worry, they'll grow back --
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02:16
then we're going to put two pins in there.
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lalu kita akan tusukkan
dua jarum di sana.
dua jarum di sana.
Ini jarum logam.
02:18
These are metal pins.
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02:19
One will pick up this electronic message,
this electric message is going by.
this electric message is going by.
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Satu jarum akan menangkap pesan
elektroniknya, yang akan lewat situ.
elektroniknya, yang akan lewat situ.
02:23
So, we're now going to do the surgery,
let's see if you guys can see this.
let's see if you guys can see this.
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Jadi, sekarang kita akan mengoperasi,
entah kalian tega melihatnya.
entah kalian tega melihatnya.
02:28
Yeah, it's gross ...
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Yah, ini menjijikkan...
02:32
All right. So there we go.
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Baik. Ini dia.
02:35
You guys can see his leg right there.
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Kalian bisa lihat kakinya di sana.
02:37
Now I'm going to take this leg,
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Sekarang akan kuambil kaki itu.
02:39
I'm going to put it in this invention
that we came up with
that we came up with
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Akan kuletakkan di alat yang kami temukan
kita sebut Spikerbox --
02:41
called the Spikerbox --
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dan ini bisa mengganti alat-alat
lab penelitian yang mahal,
lab penelitian yang mahal,
02:43
and this replaces lots of expensive
equipment in a research lab,
equipment in a research lab,
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02:46
so you guys can do this
in your own high schools,
in your own high schools,
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jadi kalian bisa lakukan ini
di sekolah kalian,
di sekolah kalian,
02:49
or in your own basements if it's me.
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atau kalau aku di ruang
bawah tanah.
bawah tanah.
02:53
(Audience: Laughter)
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Penonton: (tertawa)
02:55
So, there.
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Jadi, begini.
02:59
Can you guys see that?
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Bisakah kalian lihat?
03:01
Alright, so I'm going to go ahead
and turn this on.
and turn this on.
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Baik, akan kulanjutkan
menyalakan alat ini.
menyalakan alat ini.
Saya colokkan.
03:06
I'm going to plug it in.
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(Suara gemeresak)
03:08
(Tuning sound)
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03:09
To me, this is the most beautiful
sound in the world.
sound in the world.
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Bagi saya, ini suara terindah di dunia.
Inilah aktivitas otakmu sekarang.
03:11
This is what your brain
is doing right now.
is doing right now.
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Seratus miliar sel otakmu-lah yang
membuat suara seperti hujan ini.
membuat suara seperti hujan ini.
03:13
You have 100 billion cells
making these raindrop-type noises.
making these raindrop-type noises.
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Mari kita lihat penampakannya,
03:16
Let's take a look at what it looks like,
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kita tampilkan di layar iPad.
03:18
let's pull it up on the iPad screen.
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Saya pasangkan iPad juga ke alat ini.
03:20
I plugged my iPad into here as well.
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Ingat tadi kita bilang di akson
muncul spike.
muncul spike.
03:22
So remember we said
the axon looks like a spike.
the axon looks like a spike.
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03:24
So we're going to take a look
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Kita akan lihat
03:25
at what one of them
looks like in just a brief second.
looks like in just a brief second.
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penampakan salah satunya
untuk beberapa detik.
untuk beberapa detik.
03:28
We're going to tap here,
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Kita ketuk di sini,
untuk mengurangi noise-nya.
untuk mengurangi noise-nya.
03:29
so we can sort of average this guy.
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03:31
So there we see it.
That's an action potential.
That's an action potential.
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Nah kita bisa lihat sekarang.
Itulah potensial aksi.
Itulah potensial aksi.
03:34
You've got 100 billion cells
in your brain doing this right now,
in your brain doing this right now,
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Kamu punya 100 miliar sel di
otakmu sedang melakukan ini,
otakmu sedang melakukan ini,
mengirimkan semua informasi
tentang yang kamu lihat dan dengar.
tentang yang kamu lihat dan dengar.
03:37
sending all this information back
about what you're seeing, hearing.
about what you're seeing, hearing.
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Kita bisa bilang sel ini
03:40
We also said this is a cell
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akan mengambil informasi
tentang getaran pada angin.
tentang getaran pada angin.
03:41
that's going to be taking up information
about vibrations in the wind.
about vibrations in the wind.
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03:45
So what if we do an experiment?
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Bagaimana kalau kita buat percobaan?
03:46
We can actually blow on this
and hear if we see a change.
and hear if we see a change.
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Kita bisa, lho, meniup ini dan
melihat pengaruhnya.
melihat pengaruhnya.
Apakah kalian siap?
03:49
Are you guys going to be ready?
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Jika kutiup di sini, katakan
kalau kalian dengar sesuatu.
kalau kalian dengar sesuatu.
03:50
If I blow on it you tell me
if you hear anything.
if you hear anything.
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03:53
(Blowing)
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(meniup)
03:55
(Sound changes)
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(suara berubah)
03:57
Let me just touch this
with a little pen here.
with a little pen here.
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Coba kusentuh bagian ini
dengan pena kecil ini.
dengan pena kecil ini.
03:59
(Noise)
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(gangguan bunyi)
04:02
That was the neural firing rate.
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Itu adalah laju tembakan saraf.
Butuh waktu lama sampai hal ini
dipahami oleh ahli neurosains.
dipahami oleh ahli neurosains.
04:04
That actually took a while
in neuroscience to understand this.
in neuroscience to understand this.
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Ini disebut rate coding:
04:07
This is called rate coding:
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yaitu semakin keras kamu tekan sesuatu,
semakin banyak spike-nya,
semakin banyak spike-nya,
04:08
the harder you press on something,
the more spikes there are,
the more spikes there are,
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04:11
and all that information
is coming up to your brain.
is coming up to your brain.
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dan semua informasi itu
mendatangi otakmu.
mendatangi otakmu.
Begitulah kamu memahami segala hal.
04:14
That's how you perceive things.
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Ini adalah satu cara
percobaan listrik pada saraf.
percobaan listrik pada saraf.
04:15
So that's one way of doing
an experiment with electricity.
an experiment with electricity.
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Cara yang lain, otakmu tak hanya
menerima impuls listrik,
menerima impuls listrik,
04:18
The other way is that your brain is not
only taking in electrical impulses,
only taking in electrical impulses,
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kamu juga mengirimnya.
04:22
you're also sending out.
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Begitulah caramu menggerakkan otot.
04:24
That's how you move your muscles around.
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Kita lihat yang terjadi jika kita
colokkan arus listrik
colokkan arus listrik
04:26
Let's see what happens if I've plugged in
something that's electric
something that's electric
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04:29
into the cockroach leg here.
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ke kaki kecoa ini.
04:31
I'm going to take two pins,
I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.
I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.
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Saya pakai dua jarum,
kupasangkan pada kecoa.
kupasangkan pada kecoa.
04:34
I'm going to take the other end,
I'm going to plug in into my iPod.
I'm going to plug in into my iPod.
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Saya ambil satu ujungnya,
kupasangkan pada iPod.
kupasangkan pada iPod.
04:38
It's my iPhone actually.
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Itu iPhone sih.
04:39
Do you guys know how your earbuds
work in your ears?
work in your ears?
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Kalian tahu cara kerja earbud
di telingamu?
di telingamu?
04:42
You have a battery
in your phone, or iPod, right?
in your phone, or iPod, right?
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Ponsel atau iPod-mu terisi baterai kan?
04:45
It's sending electrical current
into these magnets in your earbuds
into these magnets in your earbuds
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Ponsel mengirimkan arus listrik ke
magnet di earbud ini
magnet di earbud ini
04:48
which shake back and forth
and allow you to hear things.
and allow you to hear things.
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yang akan bergetar
dan menghasilkan suara.
dan menghasilkan suara.
04:51
But that current's the same currency
that our brain uses,
that our brain uses,
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Arus itu sama dengan arus listrik
yang dipakai otak kita,
yang dipakai otak kita,
jadi kita bisa mengirim ke kaki kecoa itu
04:54
so we can send that to our cockroach leg
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dan semoga ini berhasil,
04:55
and hopefully if this works,
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04:57
we can actually see what happens
when we play music into the cockroach.
when we play music into the cockroach.
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kita bisa mengamati yang terjadi jika
kita mainkan musik ke kecoa.
kita mainkan musik ke kecoa.
05:00
Let's take a look.
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Lihatlah.
(alunan musik)
05:03
(Music beat)
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05:05
Can we turn it up? There we go.
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Bisakah kita keraskan? Ini dia.
05:07
(Audience reacts and gasps)
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(Penonton bereaksi dan terhenyak)
05:10
GG: So what's happening?
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GG: Apa yang terjadi?
05:11
Audience: Wow!
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Penonton: Wow!
05:13
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
05:14
So you see what's moving.
It's moving on the bass.
It's moving on the bass.
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Lihatlah apa yang bergerak.
Kakinya bergerak seiring bas.
Kakinya bergerak seiring bas.
05:17
All those audiophiles out there,
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Kalian yang penggemar audio,
05:19
if you have awesome, kicking car stereos,
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jika kamu punya stereo mobil yang keren,
05:21
you know, the bass speakers
are the biggest speakers.
are the biggest speakers.
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tahulah, speaker bas adalah
yang paling besar.
yang paling besar.
05:23
The biggest speakers
have the longest waves,
have the longest waves,
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Speaker terbesar punya gelombang
terpanjang,
terpanjang,
05:26
which have the most current,
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yang punya arus terbesar,
05:27
and the current is what's causing
these things to move.
these things to move.
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dan arus itulah yang membuat kaki
bergerak.
bergerak.
05:30
So it's not just speakers
that are causing electricity.
that are causing electricity.
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Dan bukan hanya speaker yang
menghasilkan listrik.
menghasilkan listrik.
05:33
Microphones also cause electricity.
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Mikrofon juga menghasilkan listrik.
05:35
(Beat)
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(bunyi dentuman)
05:36
So I'm going to go ahead and invite
another person out on the stage here
another person out on the stage here
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Jadi saya akan lanjutkan dengan
mengundang orang ke panggung
mengundang orang ke panggung
05:40
to help me out with this.
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untuk membantu saya.
05:41
So there we go.
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Inilah dia.
05:42
(Beatboxing)
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(musik beatbox)
05:47
This is the first time this has ever
happened in the history of mankind.
happened in the history of mankind.
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Ini pertama kalinya terjadi
dalam sejarah manusia.
dalam sejarah manusia.
Manusia ber-beatbox ke kaki kecoa.
05:50
Human beatbox to a cockroach leg.
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Saat kalian kembali ke sekolah,
renungkanlah neurosains
renungkanlah neurosains
05:53
When you guys go back to your high school,
think about neuroscience
think about neuroscience
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dan bagaimana kalian bisa memulai
revolusi neurosains.
revolusi neurosains.
05:56
and how you guys can begin
the neuro-revolution.
the neuro-revolution.
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Terima kasih. Sampai jumpa.
05:59
Thank you very much. Bye bye.
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Translated by Deera Army Pramana
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Gage - NeuroscientistTED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards.
Why you should listen
As half of Backyard Brains, neuroscientist and engineer Greg Gage builds the SpikerBox -- a small rig that helps kids understand the electrical impulses that control the nervous system. He's passionate about helping students understand (viscerally) how our brains and our neurons work, because, as he said onstage at TED2012, we still know very little about how the brain works -- and we need to start inspiring kids early to want to know more.
Before becoming a neuroscientist, Gage worked as an electrical engineer making touchscreens. As he told the Huffington Post: "Scientific equipment in general is pretty expensive, but it's silly because before [getting my PhD in neuroscience] I was an electrical engineer, and you could see that you could make it yourself. So we started as a way to have fun, to show off to our colleagues, but we were also going into classrooms around that time and we thought, wouldn't it be cool if you could bring these gadgets with us so the stuff we were doing in advanced Ph.D. programs in neuroscience, you could also do in fifth grade?" His latest pieces of gear: the Roboroach, a cockroach fitted with an electric backpack that makes it turn on command, and BYB SmartScope, a smartphone-powered microscope.
Greg Gage | Speaker | TED.com