TED-Ed
Greg Gage: The cockroach beatbox
Filmed:
Readability: 2.9
831,513 views
By dissecting a cockroach ... yes, live on stage ... TED Fellow and neuroscientist Greg Gage shows how brains receive and deliver electric impulses -- and how legs can respond. This talk comes from the TED-Ed project.
Greg Gage - Neuroscientist
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(Muzică)
00:13
When you think about the brain,
0
13952
1859
Când te gândești la creier,
00:15
it's difficult to understand,
1
15835
1794
e greu de înțeles,
00:17
because if I were to ask you right now,
how does the heart work,
how does the heart work,
2
17653
3238
pentru că, dacă v-aș întreba cum funcționează inima,
00:20
you would instantly tell me it's a pump.
3
20915
2142
mi-ați răspunde imediat că e o pompă. Care pompează sângele.
00:23
It pumps blood.
4
23081
1418
Dacă v-aș întreba cum funcționează plămânii,
00:24
If I were to ask about your lungs,
5
24523
1676
mi-ați spune că schimbă oxigen cu dioxid de carbon. E simplu.
00:26
you would say it exchanges
oxygen for carbon dioxide.
oxygen for carbon dioxide.
6
26223
2576
00:28
That's easy.
7
28823
1014
Dar dacă v-aș întreba cum funcționează creierul, e mai greu de înțeles
00:29
If I were to ask you how the brain works,
it's hard to understand
it's hard to understand
8
29861
3065
pentru că nu poți înțelege ce este creierul
doar uitându-ne la el.
doar uitându-ne la el.
00:32
because you can't just look
at a brain and understand what it is.
at a brain and understand what it is.
9
32950
3053
Nu e un obiect mecanic, nu e o pompă, nu e un airbag.
00:36
It's not a mechanical object,
not a pump, not an airbag.
not a pump, not an airbag.
10
36027
2804
Dacă-l ții în mână când e inactiv, e
doar o bucată de grăsime.
doar o bucată de grăsime.
00:38
It's just like, if you held it
in your hand when it was dead,
in your hand when it was dead,
11
38855
2863
00:41
it's just a piece of fat.
12
41742
1205
Pentru a înțelege cum funcționează creierul,
00:43
To understand how the brain works,
you have to go inside a living brain.
you have to go inside a living brain.
13
43885
3389
trebuie să pătrunzi în interiorul unui creier activ.
Creierul nu e ceva mecanic,
Creierul nu e ceva mecanic,
00:47
Because the brain's not mechanical,
the brain is electrical and it's chemical.
the brain is electrical and it's chemical.
14
47298
3678
e ceva electric și chimic.
00:51
Your brain is made out of
100 billion cells, called neurons.
100 billion cells, called neurons.
15
51000
2813
Creierul e alcătuit din 100 de miliarde de celule,
numite neuroni. Acești neuroni comunică unul cu celălalt prin intermediul curentului.
00:53
And these neurons communicate
with each other with electricity.
with each other with electricity.
16
53837
3877
O să tragem cu urechea la o conversație între două celule,
00:57
And we're going to eavesdrop
in on a conversation between two cells,
in on a conversation between two cells,
17
57738
3238
01:01
and we're going to listen
to something called a spike.
to something called a spike.
18
61000
2858
și vom asculta ceva numit impuls.
01:03
But we're not going to record my brain
or your brain or your teachers' brains,
or your brain or your teachers' brains,
19
63882
3893
Nu vom înregistra creierul meu, al tău sau al profesorului tău,
ci îl vom folosi pe cel al bunului nostru prieten gândacul.
01:07
we're going to use our good
friend the cockroach.
friend the cockroach.
20
67799
2295
Nu pentru că-i găsesc simpatici,
01:10
Not just because I think they're cool,
21
70118
1858
01:12
but because they have brains
very similar to ours.
very similar to ours.
22
72000
2378
ci pentru că au creierul foarte asemănător cu al nostru.
Dacă ne uităm cum funcționează creierul lor,
01:14
So if you learn a little bit
about how their brains work,
about how their brains work,
23
74402
2668
aflăm multe despre creierul nostru.
01:17
we're going to learn a lot
about how our brains work.
about how our brains work.
24
77094
2478
Așa că o să-i pun aici în puțină apă rece
01:19
I'm going to put them
in some ice water here
in some ice water here
25
79596
2079
și apoi...
01:22
And then --
26
82612
1073
(Audiența Yeahh!)...Yeahh..
01:24
Audience: Ew!
Greg Gabe: Yeah ...
Greg Gabe: Yeah ...
27
84214
2405
01:26
Right now they're becoming anesthetized.
28
86643
1976
Acum devin anesteziați,
01:28
Because they're cold blooded,
they become the temperature of the water
they become the temperature of the water
29
88643
3302
și pentru că au sângele rece, vor lua temperatura apei
01:31
and they can't control it
so they just basically "chillax," right?
so they just basically "chillax," right?
30
91969
3126
și cum n-o pot controla, devin practic „înghețați”.
Nu vor mai simți nimic,
01:35
They're not going to feel anything,
31
95119
1857
01:37
which may tell you a little
about what we're going to do,
about what we're going to do,
32
97000
2775
și asta vă dă un indiciu despre ceea ce vom face mai departe.
Vom face un experiment științific pentru a înțelege creierul.
01:39
a scientific experiment
to understand the brain.
to understand the brain.
33
99799
2630
Așa...
01:42
So ...
34
102453
1021
Ăsta e piciorul gândacului
01:44
This is the leg of a cockroach.
35
104466
1510
01:46
And a cockroach
has all these beautiful hairs
has all these beautiful hairs
36
106000
2143
care are puful ăsta draguț
și țepi peste tot.
01:48
and pricklies all over it.
37
108167
1809
01:50
Underneath each one of those is a cell,
38
110000
2976
Sub fiecare din ele se află o celulă,
01:53
and this cell's a neuron
that is going to send information
that is going to send information
39
113000
2976
această celulă e un neuron care trimite informația
01:56
about wind or vibration.
40
116000
1439
prin intermediul vântului sau a vibrațiilor.
Când încercăm să prindem un gândac e greu
Când încercăm să prindem un gândac e greu
01:57
If you ever try to catch a cockroach,
it's hard because they can feel you coming
it's hard because they can feel you coming
41
117463
3846
fiindcă ne simt venind spre ei,
și înainte să ajungem la ei încep să alerge.
și înainte să ajungem la ei încep să alerge.
02:01
before you're even there,
they start running.
they start running.
42
121333
2159
Aceste celule duc informația la creier
02:03
These cells are zipping up
this information up to the brain
this information up to the brain
43
123516
2769
folosind acele mici axe cu mesajul electronic.
02:06
using those little axons
with electronic messages in there.
with electronic messages in there.
44
126309
2783
Vom înregistra înfigând un ac aici.
02:09
We're going to record
by sticking a pin right in there.
by sticking a pin right in there.
45
129116
2582
Va trebui să înlăturăm piciorul gândacului- -
02:11
We need to take off the leg
of a cockroach --
of a cockroach --
46
131722
2647
nu vă temeți, crește înapoi --
02:14
don't worry, they'll grow back --
47
134393
1583
02:16
then we're going to put two pins in there.
48
136000
2317
și vom pune aici două ace. Unul din ace, ele fiind metalice,
02:18
These are metal pins.
49
138341
1024
va prelua mesajul electronic, care trece pe aici.
02:19
One will pick up this electronic message,
this electric message is going by.
this electric message is going by.
50
139389
3631
Acum vom face operația, să vedem dacă observați.
02:23
So, we're now going to do the surgery,
let's see if you guys can see this.
let's see if you guys can see this.
51
143044
3480
Da, e grețos...
02:28
Yeah, it's gross ...
52
148635
1403
Așa.. să vedem...
02:32
All right. So there we go.
53
152460
2420
Îi vedeți piciorul aici.
02:35
You guys can see his leg right there.
54
155880
1793
Acum voi lua piciorul, îl voi introduce în această invenție pe care-o avem aici
02:37
Now I'm going to take this leg,
55
157697
1500
02:39
I'm going to put it in this invention
that we came up with
that we came up with
56
159221
2716
numită Spikerbox --
02:41
called the Spikerbox --
57
161961
1118
înlocuiește multe echipamente costisitoare într-un laborator de cercetare.
02:43
and this replaces lots of expensive
equipment in a research lab,
equipment in a research lab,
58
163103
3506
O puteți face singuri în liceu,
02:46
so you guys can do this
in your own high schools,
in your own high schools,
59
166633
3176
sau după mine, pe cont propriu --
02:49
or in your own basements if it's me.
60
169833
2254
02:53
(Audience: Laughter)
61
173418
1333
Așa. (Râsete)
02:55
So, there.
62
175552
1723
Vedeți? Voi continua și voi porni asta.
02:59
Can you guys see that?
63
179973
1361
03:01
Alright, so I'm going to go ahead
and turn this on.
and turn this on.
64
181358
2752
O conectez. (Sunete de neuroni care se aprind)
03:06
I'm going to plug it in.
65
186833
1143
După mine, ăsta e cel mai frumos sunet din lume.
03:08
(Tuning sound)
66
188000
1001
03:09
To me, this is the most beautiful
sound in the world.
sound in the world.
67
189025
2563
Asta face creierul vostru în acest moment.
03:11
This is what your brain
is doing right now.
is doing right now.
68
191612
2008
Cele 100 de bmiliarde de celule fac aceste zgomote de picături de ploaie.
03:13
You have 100 billion cells
making these raindrop-type noises.
making these raindrop-type noises.
69
193644
2932
Să vedem ce se întâmplă mai departe,
03:16
Let's take a look at what it looks like,
70
196600
1985
să-l punem pe ecranul iPad-ului
03:18
let's pull it up on the iPad screen.
71
198609
1799
mi-am conectat și iPad-ul la asta.
03:20
I plugged my iPad into here as well.
72
200432
1729
Aminti-ți-vă ce am vorbit de axon,
am spus ca arată ca un vârf ascuțit.
am spus ca arată ca un vârf ascuțit.
03:22
So remember we said
the axon looks like a spike.
the axon looks like a spike.
73
202185
2244
O să vedem imediat cum arată unul.
03:24
So we're going to take a look
74
204453
1417
03:25
at what one of them
looks like in just a brief second.
looks like in just a brief second.
75
205894
2642
Vom atinge aici.
03:28
We're going to tap here,
76
208560
1226
03:29
so we can sort of average this guy.
77
209810
1705
Iată. Acesta e un potential de acțiune.
03:31
So there we see it.
That's an action potential.
That's an action potential.
78
211539
2437
03:34
You've got 100 billion cells
in your brain doing this right now,
in your brain doing this right now,
79
214000
3048
100 de bilioane de celule ale creierului fac asta în acest moment,
trimițând înapoi toată informația despre ce vedeți, ce auziți.
03:37
sending all this information back
about what you're seeing, hearing.
about what you're seeing, hearing.
80
217072
3244
Am mai spus că această celulă va lua informația despre vibrațiile din aer.
03:40
We also said this is a cell
81
220340
1301
03:41
that's going to be taking up information
about vibrations in the wind.
about vibrations in the wind.
82
221665
3311
03:45
So what if we do an experiment?
83
225000
1715
Dacă am face un experiment?
03:46
We can actually blow on this
and hear if we see a change.
and hear if we see a change.
84
226739
2707
Vom sufla aici să vedem dacă se schimbă ceva.
Sunteți pregătiți pentru asta?
03:49
Are you guys going to be ready?
85
229470
1482
O să suflu pe ea și voi îmi spuneți dacă auziți ceva.
03:50
If I blow on it you tell me
if you hear anything.
if you hear anything.
86
230976
2295
(Sunete ale țepilor reacționând la curent)
03:53
(Blowing)
87
233295
1068
03:55
(Sound changes)
88
235007
1476
03:57
Let me just touch this
with a little pen here.
with a little pen here.
89
237000
2413
Stați să-l ating cu un creion.
03:59
(Noise)
90
239437
1149
(Zgomot)
E o serie neurală. I-a luat ceva timp
04:02
That was the neural firing rate.
91
242761
1572
04:04
That actually took a while
in neuroscience to understand this.
in neuroscience to understand this.
92
244357
2977
neurostiinței să înțeleagă asta. Se cheamă codificare procentuală,
04:07
This is called rate coding:
93
247358
1293
adică, cu cât apeși mai tare pe ceva, cu atât apar
mai mulți spini,
mai mulți spini,
04:08
the harder you press on something,
the more spikes there are,
the more spikes there are,
94
248675
2967
și toată informația vine în creier. Așa percepem lucrurile.
04:11
and all that information
is coming up to your brain.
is coming up to your brain.
95
251666
2431
04:14
That's how you perceive things.
96
254121
1482
Ăsta e doar un mod de a face experimente cu electricitate.
04:15
So that's one way of doing
an experiment with electricity.
an experiment with electricity.
97
255627
2722
Iată altul: creierul nu numai că preia impulsurile electrice,
04:18
The other way is that your brain is not
only taking in electrical impulses,
only taking in electrical impulses,
98
258373
4521
ci le și trimite în afară.
Așa ne mișcăm mușchii.
Așa ne mișcăm mușchii.
04:22
you're also sending out.
99
262918
1153
04:24
That's how you move your muscles around.
100
264095
1949
Să vedem ce se întâmplă dacă conectăm la ceva electric
04:26
Let's see what happens if I've plugged in
something that's electric
something that's electric
101
266068
3160
piciorul gândacului.
04:29
into the cockroach leg here.
102
269252
1724
04:31
I'm going to take two pins,
I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.
I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.
103
271000
3744
Voi lua două ace și le voi conecta la gândac.
Iau celălalt capăt și îl conectez la iPad-ul meu.
04:34
I'm going to take the other end,
I'm going to plug in into my iPod.
I'm going to plug in into my iPod.
104
274768
3492
E iPhon-ul meu, de fapt.
04:38
It's my iPhone actually.
105
278284
1453
Știți cumva câți receptori funcționează în urechile voastre?
04:39
Do you guys know how your earbuds
work in your ears?
work in your ears?
106
279761
3111
04:42
You have a battery
in your phone, or iPod, right?
in your phone, or iPod, right?
107
282896
2307
Aveți o baterie în telefon, în iPad, da?
Ea trimite curent electric prin acești magneți în receptorii urechii
04:45
It's sending electrical current
into these magnets in your earbuds
into these magnets in your earbuds
108
285227
3103
care vibrează înainte și înapoi și ne fac să auzim.
04:48
which shake back and forth
and allow you to hear things.
and allow you to hear things.
109
288354
2622
04:51
But that current's the same currency
that our brain uses,
that our brain uses,
110
291000
2976
Curentul electric e de aceeași amploare cu cel pe care-l folosește creierul,
04:54
so we can send that to our cockroach leg
111
294000
1956
așa că-l putem trimite direct în piciorul gândacului, iar dacă functionează,
04:55
and hopefully if this works,
112
295980
1335
vom vedea ce se întâmplă cand îi punem muzică gândacului.
04:57
we can actually see what happens
when we play music into the cockroach.
when we play music into the cockroach.
113
297339
3342
Să vedem.
05:00
Let's take a look.
114
300705
1122
(Muzică ritmică)
05:03
(Music beat)
115
303523
2406
05:05
Can we turn it up? There we go.
116
305953
1491
(Publicul reacționează) Ce se întâmplă?
05:07
(Audience reacts and gasps)
117
307468
2508
05:10
GG: So what's happening?
118
310000
1730
(Muzică)
05:11
Audience: Wow!
119
311754
1246
Observați ce-l mișcă. Se mișcă pe bass.
05:13
(Laughter)
120
313024
1086
05:14
So you see what's moving.
It's moving on the bass.
It's moving on the bass.
121
314134
2842
05:17
All those audiophiles out there,
122
317000
2168
Toate aceste fişiere audio, dacă le aveţi la mașină, sunt minunate,
05:19
if you have awesome, kicking car stereos,
123
319192
2127
sunetul de bass e cel mai puternic.
05:21
you know, the bass speakers
are the biggest speakers.
are the biggest speakers.
124
321343
2594
05:23
The biggest speakers
have the longest waves,
have the longest waves,
125
323961
2086
Difuzoare mai mari au rezonanțe mai lungi,
rezonanțele mai lungi poartă un curent mai puternic,
rezonanțele mai lungi poartă un curent mai puternic,
05:26
which have the most current,
126
326071
1341
iar curentul e cel care face lucrurile să se miște.
05:27
and the current is what's causing
these things to move.
these things to move.
127
327436
2587
Nu numai difuzoarele produc electricitate.
05:30
So it's not just speakers
that are causing electricity.
that are causing electricity.
128
330047
3629
Și microfoanele produc electricitate.
05:33
Microphones also cause electricity.
129
333700
1890
05:35
(Beat)
130
335614
1072
Să continuăm, voi invita o altă persoană aici pe scenă
05:36
So I'm going to go ahead and invite
another person out on the stage here
another person out on the stage here
131
336710
3673
să mă ajute. Așa.
(Beatboxing)
(Beatboxing)
05:40
to help me out with this.
132
340407
1208
05:41
So there we go.
133
341639
1124
05:42
(Beatboxing)
134
342787
2119
05:47
This is the first time this has ever
happened in the history of mankind.
happened in the history of mankind.
135
347000
3429
E pentru prima dată când se întâmplă în istoria omenirii.
Vibrații de beatboxing simțite printr-un picior de gândac.
05:50
Human beatbox to a cockroach leg.
136
350453
2523
05:53
When you guys go back to your high school,
think about neuroscience
think about neuroscience
137
353000
3474
Când vă întoarceți la școală, gândiți-vă la neuro-știință și cum puteți începe voi înșivă o neuro-revoluție.
05:56
and how you guys can begin
the neuro-revolution.
the neuro-revolution.
138
356498
2478
05:59
Thank you very much. Bye bye.
139
359000
1701
Vă mulțumesc foarte mult. La revedere . (Aplauze)
06:00
(Applause)
140
360725
1000
(Muzică)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Gage - NeuroscientistTED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards.
Why you should listen
As half of Backyard Brains, neuroscientist and engineer Greg Gage builds the SpikerBox -- a small rig that helps kids understand the electrical impulses that control the nervous system. He's passionate about helping students understand (viscerally) how our brains and our neurons work, because, as he said onstage at TED2012, we still know very little about how the brain works -- and we need to start inspiring kids early to want to know more.
Before becoming a neuroscientist, Gage worked as an electrical engineer making touchscreens. As he told the Huffington Post: "Scientific equipment in general is pretty expensive, but it's silly because before [getting my PhD in neuroscience] I was an electrical engineer, and you could see that you could make it yourself. So we started as a way to have fun, to show off to our colleagues, but we were also going into classrooms around that time and we thought, wouldn't it be cool if you could bring these gadgets with us so the stuff we were doing in advanced Ph.D. programs in neuroscience, you could also do in fifth grade?" His latest pieces of gear: the Roboroach, a cockroach fitted with an electric backpack that makes it turn on command, and BYB SmartScope, a smartphone-powered microscope.
Greg Gage | Speaker | TED.com