TED-Ed
Greg Gage: The cockroach beatbox
Filmed:
Readability: 2.9
831,513 views
By dissecting a cockroach ... yes, live on stage ... TED Fellow and neuroscientist Greg Gage shows how brains receive and deliver electric impulses -- and how legs can respond. This talk comes from the TED-Ed project.
Greg Gage - Neuroscientist
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
(Muzika)
00:13
When you think about the brain,
0
13952
1859
Smegenis yra gana
00:15
it's difficult to understand,
1
15835
1794
sudėtinga suvokti,
00:17
because if I were to ask you right now,
how does the heart work,
how does the heart work,
2
17653
3238
nes jeigu dabar jūsų paklausčiau, kaip veikia širdis,
00:20
you would instantly tell me it's a pump.
3
20915
2142
iš karto atsakytumėte, jog tai pompa, kuri pumpuoja kraują.
00:23
It pumps blood.
4
23081
1418
Ir jeigu paklausčiau, kaip veikia jūsų plaučiai, atsakytumėte,
00:24
If I were to ask about your lungs,
5
24523
1676
kad jie deguonį verčia anglies dioksidu. Tai paprasta.
00:26
you would say it exchanges
oxygen for carbon dioxide.
oxygen for carbon dioxide.
6
26223
2576
00:28
That's easy.
7
28823
1014
O jeigu jūsų paklausčiau, kaip veikia smegenys, į tai sunku
00:29
If I were to ask you how the brain works,
it's hard to understand
it's hard to understand
8
29861
3065
atsakyti, nes neįmanoma tik apžiūrėjus nustatyti, kas tai yra.
00:32
because you can't just look
at a brain and understand what it is.
at a brain and understand what it is.
9
32950
3053
Tai ne mechaninis objektas, ne pompa, ne oro pagalvė. Jei
00:36
It's not a mechanical object,
not a pump, not an airbag.
not a pump, not an airbag.
10
36027
2804
paimtumėte negyvas smegenis į rankas,tai būtų panašu į riebalus
00:38
It's just like, if you held it
in your hand when it was dead,
in your hand when it was dead,
11
38855
2863
00:41
it's just a piece of fat.
12
41742
1205
Taigi norėdami suprasti, kaip veikia smegenys,
00:43
To understand how the brain works,
you have to go inside a living brain.
you have to go inside a living brain.
13
43885
3389
turite tyrinėti gyvus smegenis iš vidaus. Nes smegenys nėra mechaninės,
00:47
Because the brain's not mechanical,
the brain is electrical and it's chemical.
the brain is electrical and it's chemical.
14
47298
3678
smegenys yra elektrinės ir cheminės.
00:51
Your brain is made out of
100 billion cells, called neurons.
100 billion cells, called neurons.
15
51000
2813
Jūsų smegenys yra sudarytos iš 100 milijardų ląstelių,
ir tos ląstelės yra vadinamos neuronais. Ir jie bendrauja vieni su kitais elektros energijos pagalba.
00:53
And these neurons communicate
with each other with electricity.
with each other with electricity.
16
53837
3877
Pasiklausysime poros ląstelių pokalbio
00:57
And we're going to eavesdrop
in on a conversation between two cells,
in on a conversation between two cells,
17
57738
3238
01:01
and we're going to listen
to something called a spike.
to something called a spike.
18
61000
2858
ir dar kai ko, vadinamo šoktelėjimo.
01:03
But we're not going to record my brain
or your brain or your teachers' brains,
or your brain or your teachers' brains,
19
63882
3893
Tačiau nemėginsime to užfiksuoti naudodami mano, ar jūsų, ar jūsų mokytojo smegenis-
pasinaudosime savo senais gerais draugais... tarakonais.
01:07
we're going to use our good
friend the cockroach.
friend the cockroach.
20
67799
2295
Ne tik todėl, kad aš manau, kad jos jie yra šaunūs,
01:10
Not just because I think they're cool,
21
70118
1858
01:12
but because they have brains
very similar to ours.
very similar to ours.
22
72000
2378
bet ir todėl, kad jų smegenys labai panašūs į mūsiškius.
Taigi, jei ištirtume šiek tiek apie tai, kaip dirba jų smegenys,
01:14
So if you learn a little bit
about how their brains work,
about how their brains work,
23
74402
2668
daug sužinotume daug apie tai, kaip veikia mūsų pačių.
01:17
we're going to learn a lot
about how our brains work.
about how our brains work.
24
77094
2478
Taigi aš juos čia įdėsiu į truputį ledinio vandens...
01:19
I'm going to put them
in some ice water here
in some ice water here
25
79596
2079
ir tada...
01:22
And then --
26
82612
1073
(Publika: fe!) ... taip...
01:24
Audience: Ew!
Greg Gabe: Yeah ...
Greg Gabe: Yeah ...
27
84214
2405
01:26
Right now they're becoming anesthetized.
28
86643
1976
Taigi kas vyksta dabar? Jie pamažu anestezuojami,
01:28
Because they're cold blooded,
they become the temperature of the water
they become the temperature of the water
29
88643
3302
ir kadangi yra šaltakraujai, jų temperatūra susivienodina su vandens,
01:31
and they can't control it
so they just basically "chillax," right?
so they just basically "chillax," right?
30
91969
3126
ir jie to negali kontroliuoti, taigi paprasčiausiai atsipalaiduoja, tiesa?
Jie nieko nejaus.
01:35
They're not going to feel anything,
31
95119
1857
01:37
which may tell you a little
about what we're going to do,
about what we're going to do,
32
97000
2775
Ir tai gali jau šiek tiek jums numesti užuominų apie tai, ką mes darysime.
Vykdysime mokslinį eksperimentą, kad suvoktume, kas yra smegenys.
01:39
a scientific experiment
to understand the brain.
to understand the brain.
33
99799
2630
Taigi...
01:42
So ...
34
102453
1021
Čia yra tarakono koja.
01:44
This is the leg of a cockroach.
35
104466
1510
01:46
And a cockroach
has all these beautiful hairs
has all these beautiful hairs
36
106000
2143
Tarakonai ant kojų turi štai tokių visokiausių dailių plaukų
ir spygliukų.
01:48
and pricklies all over it.
37
108167
1809
01:50
Underneath each one of those is a cell,
38
110000
2976
Po kiekvienu jų yra ląstelė
01:53
and this cell's a neuron
that is going to send information
that is going to send information
39
113000
2976
ir štai ląstelės neuronas, kuris siunčia informaciją
01:56
about wind or vibration.
40
116000
1439
apie vėją ar vibracijas. Jei kada tektų gaudyti tarakoną, tai nelengva, nes
01:57
If you ever try to catch a cockroach,
it's hard because they can feel you coming
it's hard because they can feel you coming
41
117463
3846
jie gali jus ateinant dar prieš jums čia esant, ir ima bėgti.
02:01
before you're even there,
they start running.
they start running.
42
121333
2159
Taigi šios ląstelės žaibišku greičiu perduoda šią informaciją į smegenis
02:03
These cells are zipping up
this information up to the brain
this information up to the brain
43
123516
2769
naudodamos šiuos mažutėlius aksonus su elektroniniais signalais juose.
02:06
using those little axons
with electronic messages in there.
with electronic messages in there.
44
126309
2783
Taigi, imsime registruoti įsegdami smeigtuką štai ten.
02:09
We're going to record
by sticking a pin right in there.
by sticking a pin right in there.
45
129116
2582
Dėl to mums reikia nutraukti tarakono koją -
02:11
We need to take off the leg
of a cockroach --
of a cockroach --
46
131722
2647
nesijaudinkite, jos ataugs -
02:14
don't worry, they'll grow back --
47
134393
1583
02:16
then we're going to put two pins in there.
48
136000
2317
ir tuomet ten įkišime du smeigtukus. Vienas iš jų (tai yra metaliniai smeigtukai)
02:18
These are metal pins.
49
138341
1024
gaudys jo elektroninį signalą - šis elektinis signalas keliauja.
02:19
One will pick up this electronic message,
this electric message is going by.
this electric message is going by.
50
139389
3631
Taigi, dabar darysime operaciją. Tikiuosi, jog visi galite matyti.
02:23
So, we're now going to do the surgery,
let's see if you guys can see this.
let's see if you guys can see this.
51
143044
3480
Taip, tai bjauru...
02:28
Yeah, it's gross ...
52
148635
1403
Gerai... pradedame...
02:32
All right. So there we go.
53
152460
2420
Galite matyti jo koją štai čia.
02:35
You guys can see his leg right there.
54
155880
1793
Štai paimu šitą koją ir įstatysiu tą mūsų sugalvotą išradimą
02:37
Now I'm going to take this leg,
55
157697
1500
02:39
I'm going to put it in this invention
that we came up with
that we came up with
56
159221
2716
pavadinta Spikerbox-
02:41
called the Spikerbox --
57
161961
1118
ir tai pakeičia daug brangios įrangos tyrimų laboratorijoje
02:43
and this replaces lots of expensive
equipment in a research lab,
equipment in a research lab,
58
163103
3506
užtat ir jūs galite tai atlikti savo pačių mokyklose,
02:46
so you guys can do this
in your own high schools,
in your own high schools,
59
166633
3176
arba, kaip aš, rūsyje-
02:49
or in your own basements if it's me.
60
169833
2254
02:53
(Audience: Laughter)
61
173418
1333
Tai štai. (Juokas)
02:55
So, there.
62
175552
1723
Matote tai? Kitas žingsnis- dabar įjungsiu.
02:59
Can you guys see that?
63
179973
1361
03:01
Alright, so I'm going to go ahead
and turn this on.
and turn this on.
64
181358
2752
Dabar jį prijungiu (girdisi neuronų poškėjimas)
03:06
I'm going to plug it in.
65
186833
1143
Man tai pats nuostabiausias garsas pasaulyje.
03:08
(Tuning sound)
66
188000
1001
03:09
To me, this is the most beautiful
sound in the world.
sound in the world.
67
189025
2563
Tai, ką jūsų smegenys daro dabar.
03:11
This is what your brain
is doing right now.
is doing right now.
68
191612
2008
Jūs turite 100 milijardus ląstelių, kurios kuria šiuos garsus, primenančius lietaus barbenimą.
03:13
You have 100 billion cells
making these raindrop-type noises.
making these raindrop-type noises.
69
193644
2932
Dabar pažvelkime kaip tai atrodo,
03:16
Let's take a look at what it looks like,
70
196600
1985
iPad ekrane
03:18
let's pull it up on the iPad screen.
71
198609
1799
štai prijungtas mano iPad.
03:20
I plugged my iPad into here as well.
72
200432
1729
Taigi atminkite, ką kalbėjome apie aksonus, ir apie tai, kas, kaip minėjau, panašu į šoktelėjimą?
03:22
So remember we said
the axon looks like a spike.
the axon looks like a spike.
73
202185
2244
Štai mes už akimirkos pamatysime, kaip vienas jų atrodo.
03:24
So we're going to take a look
74
204453
1417
03:25
at what one of them
looks like in just a brief second.
looks like in just a brief second.
75
205894
2642
Bakstelėsime čia, kad išlygintume...
03:28
We're going to tap here,
76
208560
1226
03:29
so we can sort of average this guy.
77
209810
1705
...na štai. Tai vadinamasis veiksmų potencialas.
03:31
So there we see it.
That's an action potential.
That's an action potential.
78
211539
2437
03:34
You've got 100 billion cells
in your brain doing this right now,
in your brain doing this right now,
79
214000
3048
Jūs turite 100 milijardų ląstelių savo smegenyse, dabar atliekančias tą patį,
kurios siunčia informaciją apie tai, ką matote ir girdite.
03:37
sending all this information back
about what you're seeing, hearing.
about what you're seeing, hearing.
80
217072
3244
Ir ši ląstelė taip pat turėtų priimti informaciją apie vibracijos ir vėją.
03:40
We also said this is a cell
81
220340
1301
03:41
that's going to be taking up information
about vibrations in the wind.
about vibrations in the wind.
82
221665
3311
03:45
So what if we do an experiment?
83
225000
1715
O kas, jei išmėgintume tą eksperimentuodami?
03:46
We can actually blow on this
and hear if we see a change.
and hear if we see a change.
84
226739
2707
Galime čia papūsti ir pasiklausyti, ar girdime skirtumą.
Ar jūs pasirengę?
03:49
Are you guys going to be ready?
85
229470
1482
Kai pūstelsiu, pasakykite man, ar ką nors išgirdote.
03:50
If I blow on it you tell me
if you hear anything.
if you hear anything.
86
230976
2295
(Garsas, šoktelėjimai reaguoja į oro srautą)
03:53
(Blowing)
87
233295
1068
03:55
(Sound changes)
88
235007
1476
03:57
Let me just touch this
with a little pen here.
with a little pen here.
89
237000
2413
Aš tik priliesiu čia mažyčiu rašikliu.
03:59
(Noise)
90
239437
1149
(Triukšmas)
Tai yra neuronų poligonas. Iš tiesų gan ilgai užtruko,
04:02
That was the neural firing rate.
91
242761
1572
04:04
That actually took a while
in neuroscience to understand this.
in neuroscience to understand this.
92
244357
2977
kol neuromokslas tai išsiaiškino.Tai vadinama norma kodavimu,
04:07
This is called rate coding:
93
247358
1293
kuris reiškia, kad kuo stipriau paspausite, tuo daugiau atsiras šoktelėjimų,
04:08
the harder you press on something,
the more spikes there are,
the more spikes there are,
94
248675
2967
ir visa ta informacija keliauja į jūsų smegenis. Štai tokiu būdu atsiranda realybės suvokimas.
04:11
and all that information
is coming up to your brain.
is coming up to your brain.
95
251666
2431
04:14
That's how you perceive things.
96
254121
1482
Taigi tai yra vienas būdų eksperimentuoti su elektra.
04:15
So that's one way of doing
an experiment with electricity.
an experiment with electricity.
97
255627
2722
Kitas dalykas yra tai, kad jūsų smegenys ne tik priima, bet ir siunčia
04:18
The other way is that your brain is not
only taking in electrical impulses,
only taking in electrical impulses,
98
258373
4521
elektros impulsus. Ir tokiu būdų galime judinti raumenis,
04:22
you're also sending out.
99
262918
1153
04:24
That's how you move your muscles around.
100
264095
1949
Pažvelkime, kas nutiktų, jei pajungčiau elektrinį daiktą
04:26
Let's see what happens if I've plugged in
something that's electric
something that's electric
101
266068
3160
prie tarakono kojos.
04:29
into the cockroach leg here.
102
269252
1724
04:31
I'm going to take two pins,
I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.
I'm going to plug them onto the cockroach.
103
271000
3744
Paimsiu du smeigtukus ir pajungsiu juos į tarakoną.
Kitą pusę sujungsiu su savo iPod'u.
04:34
I'm going to take the other end,
I'm going to plug in into my iPod.
I'm going to plug in into my iPod.
104
274768
3492
Iš tikrųjų tai mano iPhone.
04:38
It's my iPhone actually.
105
278284
1453
Ar žinote, kaip ausyse veikia jūsų ausinių kištukai?
04:39
Do you guys know how your earbuds
work in your ears?
work in your ears?
106
279761
3111
04:42
You have a battery
in your phone, or iPod, right?
in your phone, or iPod, right?
107
282896
2307
Jūsų telefonas ar iPodas naudoja bateriją, tiesa?
Jis siunčia elektros srovę į magnetus, esančius jūsų ausinių kištukuose
04:45
It's sending electrical current
into these magnets in your earbuds
into these magnets in your earbuds
108
285227
3103
kurie nuo srovės virpa ir to pagalba jūs galite girdėti.
04:48
which shake back and forth
and allow you to hear things.
and allow you to hear things.
109
288354
2622
04:51
But that current's the same currency
that our brain uses,
that our brain uses,
110
291000
2976
Bet toji elektros srovė yra tokia pat, kaip ir toji, kurią naudoja mūsų smegenys,
04:54
so we can send that to our cockroach leg
111
294000
1956
todėl galime ją nukreipti tiesiogiai į mūsų tarakono koją- ir, tikiuosi, jei pavyks-
04:55
and hopefully if this works,
112
295980
1335
galėsime pamatyti, kas būna, kai leidžiame muziką į tarakono koją.
04:57
we can actually see what happens
when we play music into the cockroach.
when we play music into the cockroach.
113
297339
3342
Pažvelkime.
05:00
Let's take a look.
114
300705
1122
(Muzikos ritmas) Ar galime pagarsinti? Štai.
05:03
(Music beat)
115
303523
2406
05:05
Can we turn it up? There we go.
116
305953
1491
(Muzikos ritmas) (Publika reaguoja) Taigi kas vyksta?
05:07
(Audience reacts and gasps)
117
307468
2508
05:10
GG: So what's happening?
118
310000
1730
(Muzikos ritmas)
05:11
Audience: Wow!
119
311754
1246
Patys matote, kas juda. Ir juda pagal boso ritmą.
05:13
(Laughter)
120
313024
1086
05:14
So you see what's moving.
It's moving on the bass.
It's moving on the bass.
121
314134
2842
05:17
All those audiophiles out there,
122
317000
2168
Ei jūs, muzikos mylėtojai. Jei turite šaunią, tiesiog fantastišką automobilio stereo aparatūrą,
05:19
if you have awesome, kicking car stereos,
123
319192
2127
žinote, kad boso kolonėlės būna pačios didžiausios.
05:21
you know, the bass speakers
are the biggest speakers.
are the biggest speakers.
124
321343
2594
05:23
The biggest speakers
have the longest waves,
have the longest waves,
125
323961
2086
O didžiausios kolonėlės siunčia ilgiausias garso bangas. Ir ilgiausios garso bangos neša stipriausią srovę,
05:26
which have the most current,
126
326071
1341
kuri ir šokdina šiuos daiktus.
05:27
and the current is what's causing
these things to move.
these things to move.
127
327436
2587
Ir elektrą gamina ne tik garso kolonėles,
05:30
So it's not just speakers
that are causing electricity.
that are causing electricity.
128
330047
3629
bet ir mikrofonai. (Ritmas)
05:33
Microphones also cause electricity.
129
333700
1890
05:35
(Beat)
130
335614
1072
Dabar aš pakviesiu ant scenos dar vieną žmogų
05:36
So I'm going to go ahead and invite
another person out on the stage here
another person out on the stage here
131
336710
3673
kuris man pagelbės. Pirmyn. (Beatbox)
05:40
to help me out with this.
132
340407
1208
05:41
So there we go.
133
341639
1124
05:42
(Beatboxing)
134
342787
2119
05:47
This is the first time this has ever
happened in the history of mankind.
happened in the history of mankind.
135
347000
3429
Tai vyksta pirmąkart žmonijos istorijoje:
žmogaus beatbox'as tarakono kojai.
05:50
Human beatbox to a cockroach leg.
136
350453
2523
05:53
When you guys go back to your high school,
think about neuroscience
think about neuroscience
137
353000
3474
Kai grįšite į savo mokyklą, pagalvokite apie neuromokslą ir tai, kaip jūs galėtumėte pradėti neuro-revoliuciją.
05:56
and how you guys can begin
the neuro-revolution.
the neuro-revolution.
138
356498
2478
05:59
Thank you very much. Bye bye.
139
359000
1701
Ačiū labai. iki pasimatymo. (Plojimai)
06:00
(Applause)
140
360725
1000
(Muzika)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Gage - NeuroscientistTED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards.
Why you should listen
As half of Backyard Brains, neuroscientist and engineer Greg Gage builds the SpikerBox -- a small rig that helps kids understand the electrical impulses that control the nervous system. He's passionate about helping students understand (viscerally) how our brains and our neurons work, because, as he said onstage at TED2012, we still know very little about how the brain works -- and we need to start inspiring kids early to want to know more.
Before becoming a neuroscientist, Gage worked as an electrical engineer making touchscreens. As he told the Huffington Post: "Scientific equipment in general is pretty expensive, but it's silly because before [getting my PhD in neuroscience] I was an electrical engineer, and you could see that you could make it yourself. So we started as a way to have fun, to show off to our colleagues, but we were also going into classrooms around that time and we thought, wouldn't it be cool if you could bring these gadgets with us so the stuff we were doing in advanced Ph.D. programs in neuroscience, you could also do in fifth grade?" His latest pieces of gear: the Roboroach, a cockroach fitted with an electric backpack that makes it turn on command, and BYB SmartScope, a smartphone-powered microscope.
Greg Gage | Speaker | TED.com