Juliet Brophy: How a new species of ancestors is changing our theory of human evolution
Juliet Brophy: Bagaimana spesies baru nenek moyang mengubah teori evolusi manusia
Juliet Brophy explores human evolution in southern Africa. Full bio
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paleoantropologi,
dan "di mana" --
thousands and even millions of years.
ribuan hingga jutaan tahun yang lalu.
named a new species in the genus Homo --
saya menamakan spesies baru genus Homo --
and put that into context.
dan perjelas.
between humans and chimps
antara manusia dan simpanse
and eight million years.
delapan juta tahun silam.
manusia paling awal
known as the australopithecines.
bernama australopithecine.
evolved into the genus Homo
menjadi genus Homo
manusia modern, yaitu kita.
fosil baru,
to better understanding who we are
tentang siapa kita
fosil baru ini,
changes to this tree.
pohon ini harus diubah.
about the patterns of evolutionary change.
perubahan evolusioner cukup luas,
of the genus Homo evolved in Africa
paling awal berevolusi di Afrika
and three million years.
juta tahun yang lalu.
300,000 years to where we see the origins
kita melihat asal-usul
yang pertama.
dari waktu-waktu ini di Afrika
between these time frames in Africa
sedikit,
demonstrated certain trends
kecenderungan tertentu
to modern humans.
paling awal hingga manusia modern.
were becoming larger
ukuran otak kita membesar
lebih seperti mangkok,
ataupun bentuknya,
as we began to make and use stone tools
saat membuat dan menggunakan alat batu
we thought we knew about these trends
yang kita ketahui tentang tren-tren ini
that we think about human evolution.
pola pikir kita tentang evolusi manusia.
of thousands of fossils have been found.
hingga ribuan fosil ditemukan.
I fell in love with one of them ...
saya menyukai salah satu fosil..
early human ancestor.
berusia 2,1 juta tahun.
and study human evolution.
dan mempelajari evolusi manusia.
ke sana tahun 2003,
Mrs. Ples saya yang tersayang.
mengungkapkan kegembiraan saya
as an early career scientist
ilmuwan magang
ternama,
of recently excavated unpublished fossils.
baru yang belum diterbitkan.
was being recovered from a new site
ditemukan dari situs baru
in the Rising Star cave system.
dalam sistem gua Rising Star.
based on a skull, a lower jaw,
berdasarkan tengkorak, rahang bawah,
or below-the-neck, elements.
atau yang di bawah leher.
were another story altogether.
menjadi cerita lain.
approximately 1800 specimens --
from the Rising Star system,
dari sistem Rising Star,
15 individual skeletons.
kerangka manusia.
that I was invited to join
saya diundang bergabung
comparing and analyzing the fossils,
membandingkan, dan menganalisa fosil.
to what species the fossils belonged.
spesies apa yang memiliki tulang tersebut.
into our different areas of expertise.
bidang keahlian kami.
in different areas of the lab, too.
yang berbeda di lab.
for the fossil hand people,
untuk mereka yang meneliti tangan,
and discuss our findings,
dan mendiskusikan penemuannya,
from our analyses.
dari analisa kami.
the interpretations were.
antara penafsirannya.
from a different species,
berasal dari spesies yang berbeda,
from the fossil record.
ketahui dari catatan fosilnya.
seeing didn't match any known species.
cocok dengan spesies yang kami ketahui.
we might have called it one thing;
mungkin kami panggil satu hal,
we might have called it another.
mungkin kami panggil hal lain.
didn't make sense
tidak masuk akal
we knew of human evolution.
tentang evolusi manusia.
genus Homo?
Australopithecine?
yang lebih mirip kera?
spesiesnya tersendiri.
did indeed warrant a new species,
Rising Star memang spesies baru,
of primitive, or ancestral,
ciri-ciri primitif dari nenek moyang,
representatives of the genus Homo,
dan Homo erectus.
half the size of a modern human one.
setengah dari manusia modern.
early Homo that has ever been found.
Homo awal lain yang telah ditemukan.
terkeren yang ditemukan di situs.
fossils found at the site.
whole or fragmentary teeth
from very old to very young.
sangat tua hingga sangat muda.
of primitive and derived traits.
ciri primitif dan ciri turunan.
while the first molar is the biggest,
di mana geraham pertama yang terbesar,
has the primitive condition
mempunyai ciri primitif
and the first molar is the smallest.
dan geraham yang pertama yang terkecil.
has a cuspulid on it --
puncak tambahan --
a distinct mitten-like shape
terlihat seperti sarung tangan
of the early human, Homo erectus.
spesimen manusia awal, Homo erectus.
looked odd to me,
analisa bentuk mahkota
of deciduous teeth, or baby teeth --
di gigi susu --
and molars on your right.
geraham pada sisi kanan Anda.
in their outline shape
membandingkan bentuknya,
di atas satu sama lain,
mempunyai "variasi intraspesifik rendah,"
"low intraspecific variations,"
within the species is low.
spesies sangat rendah.
dengan Australopitecine,
like the australopithecines,
is much larger.
lebih tinggi.
tim menyimpulkan
suggesting naledi was a climber;
bahwa naledi adalah pemanjat;
are all primitive for the genus Homo.
semuanya primitif untuk genus Homo.
long slender legs and modern feet
kakinya yang panjang dan modern
with other members of the genus.
anggota genus yang lain.
more specimens of Homo naledi
spesimen tambahan Homo naledi,
managed to produce an age estimate.
dapat memperkirakan usia fosil.
because, up until now,
karena sampai sekarang,
on the morphology of the specimens,
morfologi spesimennya,
of how old something is --
tentang usia fosil --
bias our interpretations.
penemuan kami.
dan panggul lebarnya,
two million years old.
dua juta tahun.
tahun yang lalu,
for such a small-brained individual.
untuk fosil yang berotak kecil.
saya katakan:
larger relative to the rest of our body.
dibanding anggota tubuh lainnya.
young individual complicating this idea.
berotak kecil yang merubah semuanya.
mengajarkan kita.
what it means to be in the genus Homo.
arti berada di genus Homo.
arti menjadi manusia.
what it means to be human.
that we use to define the genus Homo,
digunakan untuk mendefinisikan genus Homo
dan morfologi panggul,
of primitive and derived traits.
ciri-ciri yang primitif dan turunan ini.
variation in the genus Homo?
morfologis dalam genus Homo?
variasi tersebut?
is that for the first time,
adalah untuk pertama kalinya,
of a species coexisting in Africa,
spesies yang hidup bersama di Afrika
tahun yang lalu.
modern humans that existed in Africa.
berotak besar yang hidup di Afrika.
dengan satu sama lain?
dengan satu sama lain?
that these fossils have
dimiliki fosil ini
studying stone tools in South Africa.
di Afrika Selatan.
nor the Lesedi Chambers
ataupun Lesedi Chamber
artefak di dalamnya.
with several stone-tool industries,
dalam pembuatan alat batu.
to be either modern humans
nenek moyang manusia langsung
alat batu Afrika Selatan?
played a key role
peran penting
spesies sebagai pengguna alat.
to have a large brain
harus mempunyai otak besar
to make stone tools.
even with its small brain size,
similar to other species
yang mirip dengan spesies lain
bahwa naledi mampu.
in Africa at 300,000 years,
di Afrika 300.000 tahun yang lalu,
we know the maker of tools
kita tahu pembuat alat
dalam garis keturunan evolusi manusia?
in our human evolutionary lineage?
paleoanthropologists are renowned
paleoantropologi terkenal
banyak sampel
pertanyaan.
mengajarkan kita,
our evolutionary past.
tentang sejarah evolusioner kita.
a special place in my heart,
tempat istimewa dalam hati saya,
with several thousand others.
menempati tempat itu.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juliet Brophy - PaleoanthropologistJuliet Brophy explores human evolution in southern Africa.
Why you should listen
Juliet Brophy's research interests involve using morphometric analyses of fossil teeth to examine taxonomic differences among Plio-Pleistocene fossil human ancestors (hominins) and to evaluate their evolutionary relationships. Her most recent focus investigates the teeth of Australopithecus sediba and Homo naledi from South Africa. Her ongoing research helped establish the phylogenetic position of these fossils.
Brophy also documents the paleoenvironments associated with the South African hominins and assesses how changes in these environments might have influenced human evolution. She works as an assistant professor biological anthropologist with a specialization in paleoanthropology in the Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University.
Juliet Brophy | Speaker | TED.com