TEDxLSU
Juliet Brophy: How a new species of ancestors is changing our theory of human evolution
Juliet Brophy: Kako nova vrsta predaka mijenja teoriju ljudske evolucije
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Godine 2013. u spilji u južnoj Africi pronađeno je neobično fosilno blago i istraživači su uskoro shvatili: ostaci su to nove vrste drevnih ljudi. Paleoantropologinja Juliet Brophy upoznaje nas s otkrićem vrste Homo naledi, objašnjavajući kako nas taj tajanstveni predak prisiljava da preispitamo svoje podrijetlo – i što je to što nas čini ljudima.
Juliet Brophy - Paleoanthropologist
Juliet Brophy explores human evolution in southern Africa. Full bio
Juliet Brophy explores human evolution in southern Africa. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Human origins.
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Podrijetlo ljudi.
00:15
Who are we?
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Tko smo mi?
00:16
Where do we come from,
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Odakle smo došli
00:18
and how do we know?
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i kako to znamo?
00:20
In my field, paleoanthropology,
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Moja struka, paleoantropologija,
00:22
we explore human origins --
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istražuje podrijetlo ljudi –
00:24
the "who" and "where" questions --
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odgovaramo na pitanja „tko“ i „zašto“ –
00:26
by analyzing fossils that date back
thousands and even millions of years.
thousands and even millions of years.
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analizirajući fosile stare
tisuće i milijune godina.
tisuće i milijune godina.
00:32
In 2015, a team of colleagues and I
named a new species in the genus Homo --
named a new species in the genus Homo --
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Godine 2015. skupina kolega i ja
otkrili smo novu vrstu u rodu Homo –
otkrili smo novu vrstu u rodu Homo –
00:37
our genus --
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našem rodu –
i nazvali je Homo naledi.
00:39
Homo naledi.
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00:42
Let's take a step back
and put that into context.
and put that into context.
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Vratimo se malo unatrag
kako bismo to stavili u kontekst.
kako bismo to stavili u kontekst.
00:47
The last common ancestors
between humans and chimps
between humans and chimps
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Posljednji zajednički preci
ljudi i čimpanza
ljudi i čimpanza
00:50
date somewhere between six
and eight million years.
and eight million years.
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živjeli su prije otprilike
6 – 8 milijuna godina.
6 – 8 milijuna godina.
00:54
The earliest hominins,
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Najstariji hominini,
00:56
or earliest human ancestors,
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tj. najraniji ljudski preci,
00:57
evolved into a group
known as the australopithecines.
known as the australopithecines.
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evoluirali su u skupinu
poznatu kao australopitecini.
poznatu kao australopitecini.
01:01
The australopithecines
evolved into the genus Homo
evolved into the genus Homo
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Australopitecini su evoluirali u rod Homo
01:05
and eventually modern humans -- us.
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i naposljetku u moderne ljude – nas.
01:09
With each new fossil discovery,
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Svakim novim otkrivenim fosilom
01:11
we get a little bit closer
to better understanding who we are
to better understanding who we are
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bolje razumijemo tko smo
01:15
and where we came from.
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i odakle smo došli.
01:17
With these new fossil finds,
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Zbog tih novih fosilnih nalaza
01:19
we realize we now have to make
changes to this tree.
changes to this tree.
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shvatili smo da moramo
promijeniti ovo stablo.
promijeniti ovo stablo.
01:24
Until this discovery,
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Do ovog otkrića
01:26
we thought we had a pretty good idea
about the patterns of evolutionary change.
about the patterns of evolutionary change.
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mislili smo da prilično dobro poznajemo
obrasce evolucijskih promjena.
obrasce evolucijskih promjena.
01:31
Current fossil evidence suggests
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Prema sadašnjim fosilnim dokazima,
01:33
that the earliest populations
of the genus Homo evolved in Africa
of the genus Homo evolved in Africa
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najranije populacije roda Homo
pojavile su se u Africi
pojavile su se u Africi
01:36
somewhere between two
and three million years.
and three million years.
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prije otprilike 2 – 3 milijuna godina.
01:39
Fast-forward to approximately
300,000 years to where we see the origins
300,000 years to where we see the origins
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Skoknimo sad u doba prije
oko 300 000 godina kad su se pojavili
oko 300 000 godina kad su se pojavili
01:43
of the first modern humans.
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prvi moderni ljudi.
Iako su fosilni dokazi u razdoblju
između ta dva datuma u Africi
između ta dva datuma u Africi
01:46
While the fossil record
between these time frames in Africa
between these time frames in Africa
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01:49
is relatively sparse,
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relativno malobrojni,
01:51
the fossils nonetheless
demonstrated certain trends
demonstrated certain trends
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ipak pokazuju određene trendove
01:54
from our earliest ancestors
to modern humans.
to modern humans.
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u razvoju naših najstarijih predaka
u moderne ljude.
u moderne ljude.
01:58
For example, our brains
were becoming larger
were becoming larger
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Na primjer, naši su se mozgovi
sve više povećavali
sve više povećavali
02:01
relative the rest of our body.
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u odnosu na ostatak našeg tijela.
02:03
Our pelves were becoming more bowl-shaped,
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Naše zdjelice dobivale su oblik zdjele,
02:06
and our hand-wrist morphology, or form,
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a oblik naše šake i zapešća
02:09
suggested a change in our grip
as we began to make and use stone tools
as we began to make and use stone tools
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odražava promjenu u stisku do koje je
došlo zbog izrade i uporabe kamenog oruđa
došlo zbog izrade i uporabe kamenog oruđa
02:13
and spend less time in the trees.
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i sve kraćeg boravka na stablima.
02:16
These new fossils disrupt everything
we thought we knew about these trends
we thought we knew about these trends
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Otkriće novih fosila remeti sve
što smo mislili da znamo o tim trendovima
što smo mislili da znamo o tim trendovima
02:22
and force us to change the way
that we think about human evolution.
that we think about human evolution.
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i sili nas da promijenimo način
na koji razmišljamo o ljudskoj evoluciji.
na koji razmišljamo o ljudskoj evoluciji.
02:28
South Africa in general,
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U južnoj Africi,
02:30
but the Cradle of Humankind in particular,
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posebice u Kolijevci čovječanstva,
02:32
contains numerous sites where hundreds
of thousands of fossils have been found.
of thousands of fossils have been found.
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pronađene su stotine tisuća fosila.
02:36
As an undergraduate student,
I fell in love with one of them ...
I fell in love with one of them ...
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Kao studentica preddiplomskog studija
zaljubila sam se u jednoga od njih...
zaljubila sam se u jednoga od njih...
02:40
Mrs. Ples.
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... gospođu Ples,
02:41
The skull of a 2.1-million-year-old
early human ancestor.
early human ancestor.
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lubanju ranog ljudskog pretka,
staru 2,1 milijun godina.
staru 2,1 milijun godina.
02:45
From that point on,
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Od toga sam trenutka
čvrsto odlučila otići u južnu Afriku
i proučavati ljudsku evoluciju.
i proučavati ljudsku evoluciju.
02:46
I was determined to go to South Africa
and study human evolution.
and study human evolution.
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02:50
I first traveled there in 2003,
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Prvi sam put otputovala tamo 2003.
02:52
and I did get to see my beloved Mrs. Ples.
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i doista vidjela svoju miljenicu gđu Ples.
02:55
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:56
But words can hardly convey my excitement
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No teško je riječima izraziti
moje oduševljenje
moje oduševljenje
02:59
when I was chosen
as an early career scientist
as an early career scientist
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kad me je kao mladu znanstvenicu izabrao
03:02
by Lee Berger,
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Lee Berger,
03:04
a world-renowned paleoanthropologist,
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paleoantropolog svjetskoga glasa,
03:06
to be one of the primary analysts
of recently excavated unpublished fossils.
of recently excavated unpublished fossils.
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za jednu od prvih analitičara neobjavljenih
fosila iskopanih nedugo prije toga.
fosila iskopanih nedugo prije toga.
03:13
This treasure trove of fossils
was being recovered from a new site
was being recovered from a new site
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To veliko fosilno blago
pronađeno je na novom nalazištu,
pronađeno je na novom nalazištu,
03:18
called the Dinaledi Chamber
in the Rising Star cave system.
in the Rising Star cave system.
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u tzv. komori Dinaledi
u spiljskom sustavu Rising Star.
u spiljskom sustavu Rising Star.
03:23
Species are often named
based on a skull, a lower jaw,
based on a skull, a lower jaw,
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Vrste često dobiju ime
po lubanji, donjoj čeljusti
po lubanji, donjoj čeljusti
03:27
or, very rarely,
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ili, vrlo rijetko,
03:28
a handful of postcranial,
or below-the-neck, elements.
or below-the-neck, elements.
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po nekoliko postkranijalnih elemenata,
tj. onih ispod vrata.
tj. onih ispod vrata.
03:32
The fossils from Dinaledi
were another story altogether.
were another story altogether.
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Fosili iz Dinaledija posve su druga priča.
03:36
An unprecedented
approximately 1800 specimens --
approximately 1800 specimens --
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Nezapamćena količina od
1 800 fragmenata kostiju –
1 800 fragmenata kostiju –
03:40
so far --
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do sada –
03:41
have been excavated
from the Rising Star system,
from the Rising Star system,
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iskopana je u sustavu Rising Star,
03:44
representing at least
15 individual skeletons.
15 individual skeletons.
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a potječu od barem
15 pojedinačnih kostura.
15 pojedinačnih kostura.
03:50
The research team
that I was invited to join
that I was invited to join
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Skupina istraživača
kojoj sam se pridružila
kojoj sam se pridružila
03:52
was tasked with describing,
comparing and analyzing the fossils,
comparing and analyzing the fossils,
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imala je zadatak opisati,
usporediti i analizirati fosile
usporediti i analizirati fosile
03:56
with the difficult goal of identifying
to what species the fossils belonged.
to what species the fossils belonged.
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kako bi se odredilo kojoj vrsti pripadaju.
04:01
We were divided up
into our different areas of expertise.
into our different areas of expertise.
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Bili smo podijeljeni
prema područjima stručnosti.
prema područjima stručnosti.
04:04
We were divided up
in different areas of the lab, too.
in different areas of the lab, too.
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I naš je laboratorij bio podijeljen
na razna područja.
na razna područja.
04:07
So there was "Hand Land,"
for the fossil hand people,
for the fossil hand people,
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Bilo je ondje „Šakozemlje” za one
koji su se bavili fosilima ljudskih šaka,
koji su se bavili fosilima ljudskih šaka,
04:11
"Hip Heaven" for the pelvis ...
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„Rajski kuk” za zdjelice itd.
04:13
I was in the "Tooth Booth."
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Ja sam bila u „Zubokutku”.
04:15
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:16
And after long, intense days in the lab,
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Nakon dugog, intenzivnog dana
u laboratoriju,
u laboratoriju,
različite skupine sastajale bi se noću
i raspravljale o svojim nalazima,
i raspravljale o svojim nalazima,
04:19
the different teams would meet up at night
and discuss our findings,
and discuss our findings,
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04:22
still consumed by questions
from our analyses.
from our analyses.
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još zaokupljene pitanjima
koja su proizlazila iz naših analiza.
koja su proizlazila iz naših analiza.
04:25
It was incredible how different
the interpretations were.
the interpretations were.
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Nevjerojatno je koliko su se
tumačenja razlikovala.
tumačenja razlikovala.
04:29
Each body part seemed to come
from a different species,
from a different species,
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Svaki dio tijela kao da je
potjecao od različite vrste,
potjecao od različite vrste,
prema onome što smo dotad
saznali iz fosilnih nalaza.
saznali iz fosilnih nalaza.
04:32
based on what we knew
from the fossil record.
from the fossil record.
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04:35
The suite of characteristics we were
seeing didn't match any known species.
seeing didn't match any known species.
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Skup osobina s kojima smo se tada susreli
nije odgovarao ni jednoj poznatoj vrsti.
nije odgovarao ni jednoj poznatoj vrsti.
04:40
And if we had only recovered the skull,
we might have called it one thing;
we might have called it one thing;
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Da smo pronašli samo lubanju,
nazvali bismo je jednim imenom;
nazvali bismo je jednim imenom;
04:44
if we had only recovered the pelvis,
we might have called it another.
we might have called it another.
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da smo pronašli samo zdjelicu
nazvali bismo je nekim drugim.
nazvali bismo je nekim drugim.
04:48
The anatomy of the skeletons
didn't make sense
didn't make sense
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Anatomija kosturâ nije se uklapala
04:51
with the framework of what we thought
we knew of human evolution.
we knew of human evolution.
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u ono što smo mislili da znamo
o ljudskoj evoluciji.
o ljudskoj evoluciji.
04:55
Did it belong in the genus Homo?
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Pripadaju li rodu Homo?
04:58
Should it be an australopithecine?
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Jesu li australopitecini?
05:00
Those bipedal, more apelike ancestors?
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Neki od dvonožnih predaka
sličnijih majmunima?
sličnijih majmunima?
05:03
Or perhaps it should be its own species.
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Ili je možda riječ o zasebnoj vrsti?
05:06
Ultimately, after much deliberation,
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Naposljetku smo, nakon mnogo razmatranja,
05:09
we decided the Rising Star specimens
did indeed warrant a new species,
did indeed warrant a new species,
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zaključili da primjerci iz spilje
Rising Star doista pripadaju novoj vrsti,
Rising Star doista pripadaju novoj vrsti,
05:13
which we called "Homo naledi."
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koju smo nazvali „Homo naledi”.
05:16
From the head to the feet,
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Od glave do pete
05:18
the fossils present a mosaic
of primitive, or ancestral,
of primitive, or ancestral,
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fosili su mozaik primitivnih,
tj. naslijeđenih,
tj. naslijeđenih,
05:22
and derived or more modern-like features.
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i stečenih, tj. modernijih osobina.
05:25
The skull is quite derived,
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Lubanja je prilično razvijena
05:28
appearing most similar to early
representatives of the genus Homo,
representatives of the genus Homo,
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i čini se najsličnija
ranim predstavnicima roda Homo,
ranim predstavnicima roda Homo,
05:31
like Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
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kao što su Homo habilis i Homo erectus.
05:35
However, the brain is scarcely
half the size of a modern human one.
half the size of a modern human one.
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Međutim, mozak je jedva upola velik
kao onaj modernih ljudi.
kao onaj modernih ljudi.
Manji je od mozga bilo kojeg drugog dosad
pronađenog pripadnika ranog roda Homo.
pronađenog pripadnika ranog roda Homo.
05:39
One that is smaller than any other
early Homo that has ever been found.
early Homo that has ever been found.
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05:45
As someone who studies teeth,
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Kao osoba koja proučava zube,
mogla bih reći da su upravo to
najkul fosili pronađeni na nalazištu.
najkul fosili pronađeni na nalazištu.
05:47
I might argue these are the coolest
fossils found at the site.
fossils found at the site.
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05:50
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:51
The assemblage consists of 190
whole or fragmentary teeth
whole or fragmentary teeth
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Kolekcija sadržava 190 cijelih
ili fragmentarnih zubi
ili fragmentarnih zubi
05:54
that range in age
from very old to very young.
from very old to very young.
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različite starosti –
od vrlo starih do vrlo mladih.
od vrlo starih do vrlo mladih.
05:58
Like the skeletons,
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Baš poput kosturâ,
05:59
the teeth present a mix
of primitive and derived traits.
of primitive and derived traits.
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zubi su mješavina primitivnih
i stečenih značajki.
i stečenih značajki.
06:03
In modern humans,
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Kod modernih je ljudi
06:04
the third molar is typically the smallest,
while the first molar is the biggest,
while the first molar is the biggest,
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treći kutnjak obično najmanji,
dok je prvi kutnjak najveći,
dok je prvi kutnjak najveći,
06:09
but Homo naledi
has the primitive condition
has the primitive condition
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no vrsta Homo naledi
ima primitivnu značajku:
ima primitivnu značajku:
06:11
where the third molar is the biggest
and the first molar is the smallest.
and the first molar is the smallest.
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treći kutnjak joj je najveći,
a prvi najmanji.
a prvi najmanji.
06:16
The anterior teeth,
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Prednji zubi,
06:17
or the incisors and canines,
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tj. sjekutići i očnjaci,
06:19
are small for the genus Homo,
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premali su da bi pripadali rodu Homo
06:22
and the lower canine
has a cuspulid on it --
has a cuspulid on it --
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a donji očnjak ima
06:25
an extra cuspule that gives it
a distinct mitten-like shape
a distinct mitten-like shape
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dodatnu kvržicu koja mu daje
izrazit oblik rukavice s palcem
izrazit oblik rukavice s palcem
06:29
that it shares with some specimens
of the early human, Homo erectus.
of the early human, Homo erectus.
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koje imaju neki primjerci ranih ljudi,
vrste Homo erectus.
vrste Homo erectus.
06:35
The overall shape of the teeth
looked odd to me,
looked odd to me,
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Oblik zubi izgledao mi je čudno,
06:38
so I performed crown-shape analysis
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pa sam analizirala oblik krune
06:41
on the occlusal surfaces
of deciduous teeth, or baby teeth --
of deciduous teeth, or baby teeth --
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na okluzijskim površinama mliječnih zubi –
06:46
on your left --
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s vaše lijeve strane –
06:47
and the permanent premolars
and molars on your right.
and molars on your right.
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i trajnim pretkutnjacima i kutnjacima
s vaše desne strane.
s vaše desne strane.
06:51
The deciduous teeth are especially narrow,
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Mliječni su zubi posebice uski,
06:55
and the premolars are unique
in their outline shape
in their outline shape
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a oblik obrisa pretkutnjaka jedinstven je
06:58
compared to other hominids.
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u usporedbi s ostalim hominidima.
07:00
In fact, when I compare the outlines,
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Ustvari, kad usporedim obrise,
07:03
when I lay them on top of each other,
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kad ih stavim jedan na drugi,
07:04
they look very similar.
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izgledaju vrlo slično.
07:07
We say they have
"low intraspecific variations,"
"low intraspecific variations,"
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Kažemo da je
„mali broj intraspecifičnih varijacija“,
„mali broj intraspecifičnih varijacija“,
07:10
so the variation
within the species is low.
within the species is low.
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što znači da je malo varijacija
unutar vrste.
unutar vrste.
07:12
When I compare this to groups
like the australopithecines,
like the australopithecines,
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Kad to usporedim sa skupinama
kao što su australopitecini,
kao što su australopitecini,
07:15
the intraspecific variation
is much larger.
is much larger.
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broj intraspecifičnih varijacija
mnogo je veći.
mnogo je veći.
07:20
Postcranially, the team concluded
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Što se tiče ostatka kostura,
zaključili smo
zaključili smo
07:22
that the position of the shoulders
suggesting naledi was a climber;
suggesting naledi was a climber;
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da su položaj ramena koji upućuje na to
da je H. naledi bio penjač,
da je H. naledi bio penjač,
07:25
the flared pelvis and curved fingers
are all primitive for the genus Homo.
are all primitive for the genus Homo.
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proširena zdjelica i zakrivljeni prsti
previše primitivni za rod Homo.
previše primitivni za rod Homo.
07:31
On the other hand,
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S druge strane,
07:33
the humanlike wrist,
long slender legs and modern feet
long slender legs and modern feet
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po zapešću nalik ljudskome,
dugim vitkim nogama i modernim stopalima
dugim vitkim nogama i modernim stopalima
07:37
are all consistent
with other members of the genus.
with other members of the genus.
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slični su drugim članovima tog roda.
07:42
In 2017, we announced
more specimens of Homo naledi
more specimens of Homo naledi
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Godine 2017. izvijestili smo
o novim primjercima vrste Homo naledi
o novim primjercima vrste Homo naledi
07:47
from the nearby Lesedi Chamber,
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otkrivenim u obližnjoj komori Lesedi,
07:49
also in the Rising Star cave system.
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još jednom dijelu
spiljskog sustava Rising Star.
spiljskog sustava Rising Star.
07:52
In addition, our geology team
managed to produce an age estimate.
managed to produce an age estimate.
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Usto je naš geološki tim
uspio datirati nalaze.
uspio datirati nalaze.
07:57
The date's a big deal
because, up until now,
because, up until now,
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Datacija je vrlo značajna
jer smo sve dosad
jer smo sve dosad
08:00
we had based our analysis solely
on the morphology of the specimens,
on the morphology of the specimens,
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svoju analizu temeljili samo
na morfologiji primjeraka
na morfologiji primjeraka
08:04
without previous knowledge
of how old something is --
of how old something is --
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bez prethodnog poznavanja
njihove starosti –
njihove starosti –
08:07
something which could unconsciously
bias our interpretations.
bias our interpretations.
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kako ona ne bi slučajno
utjecala na naša tumačenja.
utjecala na naša tumačenja.
08:11
With its small brain and flared pelvis,
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S obzirom na mali mozak
i proširenu zdjelicu,
i proširenu zdjelicu,
08:14
we would not have been surprised
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ne bi nas iznenadilo
08:16
if the fossils turned out to be
two million years old.
two million years old.
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da su fosili bili stari
i do dva milijuna godina.
i do dva milijuna godina.
08:19
Instead, the fossils dated
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2277
Umjesto toga, bili su stari
08:21
to 235 to 336 thousand years,
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235 – 336 tisuća godina,
što je nevjerojatno kasno
za jedinke s tako malim mozgom.
za jedinke s tako malim mozgom.
08:26
an incredibly young date
for such a small-brained individual.
for such a small-brained individual.
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Prisjetite se onoga
što sam ranije spomenula:
što sam ranije spomenula:
08:29
So think back to what I said earlier:
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08:31
we thought that our brains were becoming
larger relative to the rest of our body.
larger relative to the rest of our body.
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dosad smo mislili da su se naši mozgovi
povećavali u odnosu na ostatak tijela.
povećavali u odnosu na ostatak tijela.
08:35
Now we have a small-brained,
young individual complicating this idea.
young individual complicating this idea.
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Sad pak imamo jedinku kasnog datuma
s malim mozgom, što komplicira stvari.
s malim mozgom, što komplicira stvari.
08:41
What does all this mean?
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Što sve to znači?
08:44
Homo naledi has taught us
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Homo naledi naučio nas je
08:45
that we need to reassess
what it means to be in the genus Homo.
what it means to be in the genus Homo.
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da moramo preispitati
što znači pripadati rodu Homo.
što znači pripadati rodu Homo.
08:49
We need to rethink
what it means to be human.
what it means to be human.
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Moramo preispitati što znači biti čovjek.
08:51
In fact, most of the characteristics
that we use to define the genus Homo,
that we use to define the genus Homo,
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Ustvari, mnoge značajke
s pomoću kojih smo definirali rod Homo,
s pomoću kojih smo definirali rod Homo,
08:56
such as brain size and hip morphology,
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kao što su veličina mozga
i morfologija kuka,
i morfologija kuka,
08:58
are no longer valid.
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više ne vrijede.
09:01
No other species exists with this mix
of primitive and derived traits.
of primitive and derived traits.
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Ne postoji druga vrsta s takvom mješavinom
primitivnih i stečenih osobina.
primitivnih i stečenih osobina.
09:07
Why is there so much morphological
variation in the genus Homo?
variation in the genus Homo?
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3122
Odakle takva morfološka varijacija
u rodu Homo?
u rodu Homo?
09:10
And what force is driving that variation?
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I koji je uzrok toj varijaciji?
09:14
Another implication for these fossils
is that for the first time,
is that for the first time,
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Ovi fosili značajni su
i zbog toga što prvi put
i zbog toga što prvi put
09:17
we have concrete evidence
of a species coexisting in Africa,
of a species coexisting in Africa,
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imamo konkretne dokaze o istovremenom
postojanju određene vrste u Africi,
postojanju određene vrste u Africi,
09:21
at 300,000 years,
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prije oko 300 000 godina,
09:23
with modern humans.
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i modernih ljudi.
09:25
Until this discovery,
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Do tog otkrića
09:26
we only had large-brained
modern humans that existed in Africa.
modern humans that existed in Africa.
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mislili smo da su u Africi živjeli
samo moderni ljudi velikoga mozga.
samo moderni ljudi velikoga mozga.
Jesu li se pripadnici dviju vrsta
međusobno razmnožavali?
međusobno razmnožavali?
09:33
Did they interbreed with each other?
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1746
09:35
Did they compete with each other?
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Jesu li bili konkurencija?
09:38
Another implication
that these fossils have
that these fossils have
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Ti fosili značajni su i
09:42
is for the archaeologists
studying stone tools in South Africa.
studying stone tools in South Africa.
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za arheologe koji proučavaju
kameno oruđe u južnoj Africi.
kameno oruđe u južnoj Africi.
09:45
Keep in mind that neither the Dinaledi
nor the Lesedi Chambers
nor the Lesedi Chambers
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Imajte na umu da ni u komori Dinaledi
ni u komori Lesedi
ni u komori Lesedi
09:49
have any artifacts in them.
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nisu pronađeni artefakti.
09:51
However, they do overlap in time
with several stone-tool industries,
with several stone-tool industries,
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Međutim, njihovo se postojanje
vremenski podudara
vremenski podudara
s nekoliko industrija kamenog oruđa
09:56
the makers of which are considered
to be either modern humans
to be either modern humans
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čije se tvorce smatra ili modernim ljudima
09:59
or direct human ancestors.
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ili izravnim ljudskim precima.
10:02
This begs the question:
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Postavlja se pitanje:
tko je izradio kameno oruđe
u južnoj Africi?
u južnoj Africi?
10:04
Who made the stone tools of South Africa?
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Veličina mozga dosad se smatrala
ključnim pokazateljem
ključnim pokazateljem
10:07
Brain size has historically
played a key role
played a key role
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s pomoću kojeg se moglo odrediti
je li se određena vrsta služila oruđem.
je li se određena vrsta služila oruđem.
10:09
in identifying a species as a tool user.
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10:12
The idea is that you need
to have a large brain
to have a large brain
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Smatralo se da je potreban velik mozak
10:14
to have even the capacity
to make stone tools.
to make stone tools.
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da bi se imalo sposobnost
izrade kamenog oruđa.
izrade kamenog oruđa.
10:17
But that notion has been questioned.
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No ta je zamisao sada upitna.
10:19
Furthermore, Homo naledi,
even with its small brain size,
even with its small brain size,
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Štoviše, Homo naledi čak i
sa svojim malim mozgom
sa svojim malim mozgom
10:22
has a hand-wrist morphology
similar to other species
similar to other species
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ima morfologiju šake i zapešća
sličnu onoj drugih vrsta
sličnu onoj drugih vrsta
10:25
that did make and use stone tools,
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koje su izrađivale i
upotrebljavale kameno oruđe,
upotrebljavale kameno oruđe,
10:28
suggesting it had the capability.
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što bi moglo značiti
da je bio sposoban za to.
da je bio sposoban za to.
Sad kad znamo da su dvije vrste
istovremeno postojale u Africi
istovremeno postojale u Africi
10:31
With two species coexisting
in Africa at 300,000 years,
in Africa at 300,000 years,
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prije 300 000 godina,
ne možemo sa sigurnošću tvrditi
da znamo tko su tvorci oruđa
da znamo tko su tvorci oruđa
10:35
we can no longer assume
we know the maker of tools
we know the maker of tools
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10:38
at sites with no associated species.
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na nalazištima gdje nisu otkriveni
nikakvi ljudski nalazi.
nikakvi ljudski nalazi.
10:43
So where does Homo naledi fit
in our human evolutionary lineage?
in our human evolutionary lineage?
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Dakle, kako se Homo naledi uklapa
u evolucijsku liniju ljudi?
u evolucijsku liniju ljudi?
10:47
Who is it most closely related to?
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Tko mu je najbliži srodnik?
10:49
Who did it evolve from?
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Od koga se razvio?
10:51
We're still trying to figure all that out.
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Još uvijek to pokušavamo dokučiti.
10:53
It's ironic, because
paleoanthropologists are renowned
paleoanthropologists are renowned
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Ironija je u tome što su
paleoantropolozi čuveni
paleoantropolozi čuveni
10:56
for having small sample sizes.
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po tome što raspolažu malim uzorcima.
10:58
We now have a large sample size,
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Sad imamo na raspolaganju veliki uzorak,
11:00
and more questions than answers.
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a više je pitanja nego odgovora.
11:02
Homo naledi has taught us,
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Homo naledi nas je naučio,
11:04
has brought us a little bit closer
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još malo približio,
11:06
to better understanding
our evolutionary past.
our evolutionary past.
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boljem razumijevanju
naše evolucijske prošlosti.
naše evolucijske prošlosti.
11:10
So while Mrs. Ples will always hold
a special place in my heart,
a special place in my heart,
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Iako će gđa Ples zauvijek imati
posebno mjesto u mojem srcu,
posebno mjesto u mojem srcu,
11:14
she now shares that space
with several thousand others.
with several thousand others.
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sada ga dijeli s nekoliko tisuća drugih.
11:16
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:18
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
11:19
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juliet Brophy - PaleoanthropologistJuliet Brophy explores human evolution in southern Africa.
Why you should listen
Juliet Brophy's research interests involve using morphometric analyses of fossil teeth to examine taxonomic differences among Plio-Pleistocene fossil human ancestors (hominins) and to evaluate their evolutionary relationships. Her most recent focus investigates the teeth of Australopithecus sediba and Homo naledi from South Africa. Her ongoing research helped establish the phylogenetic position of these fossils.
Brophy also documents the paleoenvironments associated with the South African hominins and assesses how changes in these environments might have influenced human evolution. She works as an assistant professor biological anthropologist with a specialization in paleoanthropology in the Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University.
Juliet Brophy | Speaker | TED.com