TED-Ed
David Gallo: Deep ocean mysteries and wonders
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In the deepest, darkest parts of the oceans are ecosystems with more diversity than a tropical rainforest. Taking us on a voyage into the ocean -- from the deepest trenches to the remains of Titanic -- marine biologist David Gallo explores the wonder and beauty of marine life. Find more TED-Ed videos on our new YouTube channel: youtube.com/TEDEd.
David Gallo - Oceanographer
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Eu tinha muita dificuldade na escola por causa do TDA,
00:14
You know, I had a real rough time
in school with ADD,
in school with ADD,
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e tenho um doutorado.
00:17
and I have a PhD.
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Obtive um doutorado, mas acho difícil prestar atenção a
00:18
I earned a PhD, but ...
tough to pay attention --
tough to pay attention --
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00:21
biology, geology, physics,
chemistry -- really tough for me.
chemistry -- really tough for me.
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biologia, geologia, física, química -- tenho muita dificuldade.
Só uma coisa prendia minha atenção.
00:24
Only one thing grabbed my attention,
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E é esse planeta chamado Terra,
00:26
and it's that planet called Earth.
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00:30
But in this picture here,
you'll see that Earth is mostly water.
you'll see that Earth is mostly water.
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mas nessa imagem aqui vocês verão
que a Terra é basicamente água -- esse é o Pacífico.
00:33
That's the Pacific.
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70% da Terra é coberta por água e poderíamos dizer,
00:34
Seventy percent of Earth
is covered with water.
is covered with water.
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00:36
You can say, "Hey,
I know Earth. I live here."
I know Earth. I live here."
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"Ei, conheço o planeta Terra. Eu vivo aqui."
00:38
You don't know Earth.
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Não conhecemos a Terra.
00:40
You don't know this planet,
because most of it's covered with that --
because most of it's covered with that --
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Porque a maior parte dela é coberta por isso --
a profundidade média é de 3km.
00:43
average depth, two miles.
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00:44
And when you go outside
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E quando estamos na rua e olhamos
00:45
and look up at the Empire State
Building, Chrysler Building,
Building, Chrysler Building,
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para os edifícios Empire State e Chrysler,
a profundidade média do oceano é de 15 deles,
00:48
the average depth of the ocean
is 15 of those on top of one another.
is 15 of those on top of one another.
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um em cima do outro.
00:52
We've explored about five percent
of what's in that water.
of what's in that water.
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Temos explorado uns 5 por cento do que há nessas águas.
00:55
"Explored," meaning, for the first time,
go peek and see what's there.
go peek and see what's there.
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"Explorado", quer dizer pela primeira vez dar uma espiada e ver o que existe lá.
Por isso, quero mostrar a vocês hoje
00:59
So what I want to do today
is show you some things
is show you some things
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algumas coisas sobre este planeta e sobre os oceanos.
01:01
about this planet, about the oceans.
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01:03
I want to take you from shallow water
down to the deep water,
down to the deep water,
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Quero levá-los das águas rasas às profundas,
e espero, que como eu, vocês vejam algumas coisas
01:06
and hopefully, like me,
you'll see some things
you'll see some things
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que os motivem a explorar o planeta Terra.
01:09
that get you hooked
on exploring planet Earth.
on exploring planet Earth.
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Vocês conhecem corais, já viram muitos,
01:12
You know things like corals;
you've seen plenty of corals,
you've seen plenty of corals,
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quem já foi à praia e mergulhou com snorkel,
01:15
those of you who've been
to the beach, snorkeling,
to the beach, snorkeling,
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sabe que os corais são lugares fantásticos --
01:17
know corals are an amazing place
to go -- full of life,
to go -- full of life,
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cheios de vida, de seres grandes e pequenos, alguns simpáticos,
01:20
some big animals, small animals,
some nice, some dangerous,
some nice, some dangerous,
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outros perigosos, tubarões, baleias, essas coisas.
01:23
sharks, whales, all that stuff.
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01:25
They need to be protected from humanity.
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Eles precisam ser protegidos dos humanos.
São lugares incríveis, mas o que talvez não saibam
01:27
They're great places.
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01:28
But what you probably don't know
is in the very deep part of the ocean,
is in the very deep part of the ocean,
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é que nas profundezas do oceano, na parte mais profunda,
há erupções vulcânicas.
01:32
we have volcanic eruptions.
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01:33
Most volcanoes on Earth
are at the bottom of the sea --
are at the bottom of the sea --
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A maioria dos vulcões da Terra está no fundo do mar
mais de 80 por cento -- e há fogo de verdade,
01:36
more than 80 percent.
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01:37
And we actually have fire,
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fogo no interior do oceano, acontecendo agora.
01:39
fire deep inside the ocean,
going on right now.
going on right now.
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01:41
All over the world -- in the Pacific,
the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean.
the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean.
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Por todo o mundo, no Pacífico, Atlântico, Oceano Índico,
neste lugar, o solo oceânico, as rochas se liquefazem.
01:45
In this place, the ocean floor,
the rocks actually turn to liquid.
the rocks actually turn to liquid.
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Portanto, há ondas de verdade no solo oceânico.
01:48
So you actually have waves
on the ocean floor.
on the ocean floor.
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Poderiam dizer que não é possível existir vida lá, mas ao observamos em detalhe,
01:50
You'd say nothing could live there,
but when we look in detail,
but when we look in detail,
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mesmo lá, nos lugares mais profundos e escuros da Terra, encontramos vida,
01:53
even there, in the deepest,
darkest places on Earth, we find life,
darkest places on Earth, we find life,
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significando que a vida realmente quer surgir.
01:56
which tells us that life
really wants to happen.
really wants to happen.
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Há coisas fascinantes.
01:58
So, pretty amazing stuff.
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02:00
Every time we go to the bottom of the sea,
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Toda vez que vamos ao fundo do mar,
02:02
we explore with our submarines,
with our robots,
with our robots,
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exploramos com nossos submarinos e robôs,
vemos algo que é geralmente surpreendente,
02:05
we see something
that's usually surprising,
that's usually surprising,
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02:07
sometimes it's startling
and sometimes revolutionary.
and sometimes revolutionary.
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às vezes, fantástico e às vezes, revolucionário.
02:09
You see that puddle
of water sitting there.
of water sitting there.
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Vocês veem essa poça d'água bem ali.
E em volta dela há um pequeno penhasco,
02:12
And all around the water
there's a little cliff,
there's a little cliff,
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uma pequena praia de areias brancas.
02:14
there's a little white sandy beach.
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Vamos nos aproximar dela. Vocês a verão um pouco melhor,
02:16
We'll get closer, you'll see
the beach a little bit better,
the beach a little bit better,
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algumas ondas no mar, ali embaixo.
02:19
some of the waves
in that water, down there.
in that water, down there.
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O especial sobre essas águas é
02:21
The thing that's special about this water
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que são no fundo do Golfo do México.
02:23
is that it's at the bottom
of the Gulf of Mexico.
of the Gulf of Mexico.
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Então vocês estão no submarino olhando pela escotilha
02:25
So you're sitting inside a submarine,
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02:27
looking out the window
at a little pond of water beneath the sea.
at a little pond of water beneath the sea.
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uma pequena lagoa no fundo do mar.
02:31
We see ponds, we see
lakes, we see rivers --
lakes, we see rivers --
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Nós vemos lagoas, vemos lagos e rios --
02:35
in fact, right here is a river
at the bottom of the ocean
at the bottom of the ocean
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na verdade, bem aqui há um rio no fundo do oceano
indo da parte inferior à esquerda até lá em cima à direita.
02:37
going from the lower
left to the upper right.
left to the upper right.
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As águas estão fluindo por ali.
02:39
Water is actually flowing through there.
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02:41
This totally blew our minds.
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Isso realmente nos fascina: como existe isso lá no fundo?
02:43
How can you have this at the bottom?
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Estamos no oceano vendo mais água.
02:45
You're in the ocean looking at more water.
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02:47
And there's animals
that only live in that water.
that only live in that water.
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E há seres que só vivem nessas águas.
Portanto, o fundo do oceano --
02:50
So, the bottom of the ocean --
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02:52
I love this map, because it shows
in the middle of the ocean,
in the middle of the ocean,
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eu adoro este mapa porque ele mostra uma cordilheira bem no meio do oceano.
02:55
there's a mountain range.
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É a maior cordilheira da Terra.
02:56
It's the greatest mountain range
on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge --
on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge --
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É chamada de dorsal meso-oceânica --
70.000 km de extensão, e mal conseguimos vê-la.
02:59
50,000 miles long,
and we've hardly had a peek at it.
and we've hardly had a peek at it.
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03:03
Hardly had a peek at it.
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Quase não dá para vê-la.
Encontramos vales, milhares de vales,
03:04
We find valleys,
many thousands of valleys,
many thousands of valleys,
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03:07
larger, wider, deeper
than the Grand Canyon.
than the Grand Canyon.
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maiores, mais largos, mais profundos do que o Grand Canyon.
03:10
We find, as I said, underwater
lakes, rivers, waterfalls.
lakes, rivers, waterfalls.
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Encontramos lagos submersos, rios e cachoeiras.
A maior catarata do planeta
03:13
The largest waterfall on the planet
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está no oceano, próxima a Islândia.
03:14
is actually under the ocean,
up near Iceland.
up near Iceland.
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Tudo isso está nesses 5% que já exploramos.
03:17
All that stuff is in that five percent
that we've explored.
that we've explored.
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Portanto, o mais importante sobre o oceano é
03:21
So the deal about the ocean
is that to explore it,
is that to explore it,
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que para explorá-lo precisamos de tecnologia.
03:23
you've got to have technology.
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03:25
Not only technology,
but it's not just Dave Gallo
but it's not just Dave Gallo
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Não apenas tecnologia, mas não é só Dave Gallo
03:28
or one person exploring,
it's a team of people.
it's a team of people.
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ou uma pessoa a explorar. É uma equipe.
É preciso ter talento. É preciso ter a equipe.
03:30
You've got to have the talent, the team.
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É preciso ter a tecnologia e neste caso é o nosso navio, Atlantis,
03:32
You've got to have the technology.
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03:34
In this case, it's our ship, Atlantis,
and the submarine, Alvin.
and the submarine, Alvin.
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e o submarino, Alvin.
03:37
Inside that submarine --
this is an Alvin launch --
this is an Alvin launch --
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Agora, dentro desse submarino -- é o lançamento do Alvin --
há três pessoas. Elas estão sendo transferidas do convés.
03:39
there's three people.
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03:41
They're being wheeled out onto deck.
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Há mais 47 pessoas. A equipe trabalha nesse navio
03:42
There's 47 other people,
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03:44
the teamwork on that ship,
making sure that these people are okay.
making sure that these people are okay.
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se certificando de que as pessoas estão bem.
Todos no submarino estão pensando uma coisa neste momento:
03:47
Everybody in that submarine
is thinking one thing right now:
is thinking one thing right now:
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deveria ter ido ao banheiro novamente?
03:50
Should I have gone
to the bathroom one more time?
to the bathroom one more time?
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Porque ficamos dez horas lá --
03:53
Because you're in there for 10 hours --
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dez horas naquela pequena esfera.
03:55
10 hours in that little sphere.
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Três pessoas juntas e ninguém mais por perto.
03:57
Three of you together
and nobody is going to be around you.
and nobody is going to be around you.
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04:00
You go into the water
and once you hit the water, it's amazing.
and once you hit the water, it's amazing.
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Submergimos e ao atingir a água é fantástico.
04:03
There's a lovely color blue
that penetrates right inside you.
that penetrates right inside you.
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Há essa linda cor azul que penetra bem no nosso interior.
Não ouvimos mais o navio na superfície,
04:06
You don't hear the surface ship anymore,
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ouvimos aquele som de 'ping' do sonar.
04:08
you hear that pinging of a sonar.
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04:09
If you've got an iPhone
you've got sonar on there --
you've got sonar on there --
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Se você tiver um iPhone, você tem um sonar nele --
É o mesmo 'ping' que vai até o fundo e volta.
04:12
it's that same pinging that goes
down to the bottom and comes back up.
down to the bottom and comes back up.
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Os mergulhadores revisam o submarino para terem certeza que o exterior está bem.
04:15
Divers check out the sub to make
sure the outside is okay,
sure the outside is okay,
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e logo dizem "Podem ir",
04:18
and then they say "Go,"
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aí descemos até o fundo e a viagem é fantástica.
04:20
and down you go to the bottom
of the ocean and it's an amazing trip.
of the ocean and it's an amazing trip.
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Então por duas horas e meia submergimos até o fundo.
04:23
So for two and a half hours,
you sink down to the bottom.
you sink down to the bottom.
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E são duas horas de uma escuridão total.
04:26
And two hours of it
is totally pitch black.
is totally pitch black.
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04:29
We thought that nothing
could live inside that world
could live inside that world
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Pensávamos que nada poderia viver nesse mundo
no fundo do oceano.
04:31
at the bottom of the ocean.
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E encontramos coisas maravilhosas.
04:32
And when we look,
we find some amazing things.
we find some amazing things.
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Todo o percurso para baixo -- chamamos de "águas intermediárias" a partir da superfície
04:35
All the way down --
we call it the mid-water --
we call it the mid-water --
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04:37
from the top of the ocean
down to the bottom, we find life.
down to the bottom, we find life.
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do oceano até o fundo -- encontramos vida.
Sempre que paramos e olhamos, encontramos vida.
04:40
Whenever we stop and look, we find life.
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Vou mostrar algumas águas-vivas aqui porque
04:42
I'm going to show you some jellies.
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elas são algumas das criaturas mais incríveis da Terra.
04:44
They're absolutely some
of the coolest creatures on Earth.
of the coolest creatures on Earth.
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Vejam essa coisa balançando os tentáculos.
04:46
Look at that thing,
just flailing his arms around.
just flailing his arms around.
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Parece uma lagostinha.
04:49
That's like a little lobster.
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Aquela ali se parece com esses seres com a boca enganchada.
04:50
That one is like all these animals
with their mouths hooked together,
with their mouths hooked together,
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São seres coloniais.
04:54
the colonial animals.
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Alguns são pequenos, outros mais compridos que este palco.
04:55
Some animals are tiny,
some can be longer than this stage.
some can be longer than this stage.
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São seres incríveis e não podemos coletá-los com rede.
04:58
Just amazing animals.
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04:59
And you can't collect them with a net --
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Temos que ir lá com câmeras e dar uma olhada neles.
05:01
we have to go with our cameras
and take a look at them.
and take a look at them.
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Então toda vez que vamos, vemos novas espécies de vida.
05:03
So every time we go, new species of life.
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05:06
The ocean is full of life.
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O oceano é cheio de vida.
E ainda assim, a parte mais profunda do oceano --
05:08
And yet the deepest part of the ocean --
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quando vamos a essa cordilheira, encontramos águas termais.
05:10
when we go to that mountain range,
we find hot springs.
we find hot springs.
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Agora temos certeza, pois são águas venenosas,
05:13
Now we were sure --
because this is poisonous water,
because this is poisonous water,
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porque é tão fundo que acabaria com o Titanic
05:15
because it's so deep
it would crush the Titanic
it would crush the Titanic
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do mesmo jeito que amassamos um copo vazio com a mão.
05:17
the same way you crush
an empty cup in your hand --
an empty cup in your hand --
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Tínhamos certeza de que não haveria vida lá.
05:20
we were sure there would be
no life there at all.
no life there at all.
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Em vez disso, encontramos mais vida, diversidade e densidade
05:22
Instead, we find more life
and diversity and density
and diversity and density
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do que na floresta pluvial tropical.
05:25
than in the tropical rainforest.
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Então, em uma olhada pela escotilha
05:27
So, in one instance, in one peek
out the window of the sub,
out the window of the sub,
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descobrimos algo que revoluciona o modo
05:30
we discover something
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05:32
that revolutionizes the way
we think about life on Earth;
we think about life on Earth;
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como pensamos sobre a vida na Terra,
05:34
and that is, you don't always
have to have sunlight
have to have sunlight
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nem sempre precisamos da luz do sol para que exista vida.
05:37
to get life going.
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Também há seres grandes lá embaixo -- alguns parecem familiares.
05:38
There's big animals down there too,
some that look familiar.
some that look familiar.
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Aquele cara se chama Dumbo. Eu o adoro. Dumbo é incrível.
05:41
That guy's called Dumbo.
I love him. Dumbo's great.
I love him. Dumbo's great.
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Esse cara, ah.. queria ter mais imagens dele.
05:44
This guy -- oh man,
I wish I had more footage of this.
I wish I had more footage of this.
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05:47
We're trying to get an expedition
together to go look at this
together to go look at this
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Estamos tentando montar uma expedição para dar uma olhada nele
e talvez em um ano a gente consiga.
05:49
and maybe in a year we'll have that.
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05:52
Go online and look.
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Deem uma olhada na internet.
05:53
Vampyroteuthis infernalis.
The vampire squid.
The vampire squid.
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Vampyroteuthis infernalis. A lula-vampira-do-inferno.
Simplesmente incrível.
05:56
Incredibly cool.
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05:57
In the darkness of the deep sea,
he's got glowing tentacles,
he's got glowing tentacles,
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Ela tem tentáculos que brilham na escuridão do fundo do mar,
então se eu me aproximar de vocês como ela, ponho meus braços no escuro
06:00
so if I'm coming at you like him,
I put my arms out in the darkness
I put my arms out in the darkness
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e assim tudo que veem são essas coisinhas brilhantes por aqui.
06:04
so all you see are little
glowing things over here.
glowing things over here.
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Nesse meio tempo, vou me aproximando.
06:06
Meanwhile, I'm coming at you.
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06:07
When he wants to escape,
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Quando quer fugir, ela tem essas coisas brilhantes
06:09
he's got these glowing pods
on his butt that look like eyes.
on his butt that look like eyes.
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na traseira que parecem olhos.
Ela tem olhos brilhantes na traseira. Não é legal?
06:11
Glowing eyes on his butt.
How cool is that?
How cool is that?
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06:14
Just an amazing animal.
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É um ser impressionante, impressionante. (Risos)
06:15
(Laughter)
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A lula-vampira-do inferno, para se proteger,
06:16
"Vampire" squid,
because when it gets protective,
because when it gets protective,
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cobre seu próprio corpo com esse manto preto,
06:18
it pulls this black cape
over its whole body,
over its whole body,
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se enrola como uma bola. Um ser bizarro.
06:20
and curls up into a ball.
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06:22
Outrageous animal.
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Esse navio, "o navio dos sonhos" -- em abril, completará
06:24
This ship, "The Ship of Dreams" --
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06:26
a hundred years ago this coming April,
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cem anos que ele deveria ter chegado a Nova York.
06:28
this ship was supposed
to show up in New York.
to show up in New York.
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É o Titanic e eu co-liderei uma expedição até lá, ano passado.
06:30
It's the Titanic.
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06:32
I co-led an expedition
out there last year.
out there last year.
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Temos aprendido tanto sobre esse navio.
06:34
We are learning so much about that ship.
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O Titanic é um lugar interessante para a biologia
06:36
The Titanic is an interesting
place for biology,
place for biology,
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06:38
because animals are moving
in to live on the Titanic.
in to live on the Titanic.
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pois os seres estão indo morar nele.
Micróbios estão comendo o casco do Titanic.
06:42
Microbes are actually
eating the hull of the Titanic.
eating the hull of the Titanic.
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É onde Jack foi o rei do mundo bem naquela proa.
06:44
That's where Jack was king of the world
there on the bow of the Titanic.
there on the bow of the Titanic.
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Então, estamos indo bem e o que me anima mais é que
06:48
So we're doing real good.
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06:49
And what's exciting to me
is that we're making a virtual Titanic,
is that we're making a virtual Titanic,
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um dia faremos um Titanic virtual para que vocês em casa,
06:52
so you can sit there at home
with your joystick and your headset on,
with your joystick and your headset on,
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com um 'joystick' e um 'headset',
consigam realmente explorar o Titanic por conta própria.
06:56
and you can actually explore
the Titanic for yourself.
the Titanic for yourself.
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06:59
That's what we want to do,
make these virtual worlds,
make these virtual worlds,
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É o que queremos fazer --
criar esses mundos virtuais, e não é Dave Gallo
07:01
so it's not Dave Gallo or someone else
exploring the world; it's you.
exploring the world; it's you.
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ou outra pessoa explorando o mundo; é você.
Você mesmo o explora.
07:05
You explore it for yourself.
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E esta é a conclusão:
07:06
So here's the bottom line:
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Os oceanos são inexplorados
07:08
The oceans are unexplored
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e nem sei dizer-lhes como isso é importante
07:11
and I can't begin to tell
you how important that is,
you how important that is,
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07:13
because they're important to us.
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porque eles são importantes para nós.
07:15
Seven billion people live on this planet
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Sete bilhões de pessoas vivem neste planeta
e somos todos afetados pelo mar porque os oceanos
07:18
and all of us are impacted by the sea,
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07:20
because the oceans control the air
you breathe, the water you drink,
you breathe, the water you drink,
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controlam o ar que respiramos, a água que bebemos
07:24
the food you eat.
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e os alimentos que consumimos.
07:25
All those are controlled
in some way by the ocean,
in some way by the ocean,
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Tudo isso é controlado de algum modo pelo oceano
e é algo que nem temos explorado --
07:28
and this is a thing
that we haven't even explored --
that we haven't even explored --
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só cinco por cento.
07:30
five percent.
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O que eu gostaria de deixar com vocês é
07:32
The thing I want to leave you with is,
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que mostrei coisas bem legais nesses 5 por cento.
07:33
in that five percent,
I showed you some cool stuff.
I showed you some cool stuff.
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Há muito mais coisas legais, pois a cada mergulho
07:36
There's a lot more cool stuff --
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07:37
every dive we go on in the ocean,
we find something new about the sea.
we find something new about the sea.
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no oceano, encontramos algo novo sobre o mar.
07:42
So what's in that other 95 percent?
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Então o que há nos outros 95 por cento?
07:43
Did we get the exciting stuff
or is there more out there?
or is there more out there?
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Já obtivemos o que há de incrível ou há mais disso por lá?
Estou aqui para dizer-lhes que o oceano é cheio de surpresas.
07:46
And I'm here to tell you
that the ocean is full of surprises.
that the ocean is full of surprises.
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07:49
There's a quote I love by Marcel Proust:
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Há uma citação de Marcel Proust que eu adoro:
07:51
"The true voyage of exploration
is not so much in seeking new landscapes,"
is not so much in seeking new landscapes,"
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"A verdadeira viagem do descobrimento não consiste em buscar novas paisagens,"
coisa que já fazemos,
07:55
which we do,
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"mas sim em ter um novo olhar."
07:56
"but in having new eyes."
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Então, hoje, espero que ao mostrar-lhes um pouco disso,
07:57
And so I hope today,
by showing you some of this,
by showing you some of this,
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vocês tenham um novo olhar sobre este planeta,
08:00
it's given you some new eyes
about this planet,
about this planet,
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e pela primeira vez quero que pensem sobre ele de um jeito diferente.
08:02
and for the first time,
I want you to think about it differently.
I want you to think about it differently.
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Muito obrigado. Obrigado.
08:05
Thank you very much. Thank you.
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08:07
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gallo - OceanographerA pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land.
Why you should listen
David Gallo works to push the bounds of oceanic discovery. Active in undersea exploration (sometimes in partnership with legendary Titanic-hunter Robert Ballard), he was one of the first oceanographers to use a combination of manned submersibles and robots to map the ocean world with unprecedented clarity and detail. He was a co-expedition leader during an exploration of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, using Russian Mir subs.
On behalf of the Woods Hole labs, he appears around the country speaking on ocean and water issues. Most recently he co-led an expedition to create the first detailed and comprehensive map of the RMS Titanic and he co-led the successful international effort to locate the wreck site of Air France flight 447. He is involved in planning an international Antarctic expedition to locate and document the wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s ship, HMS Endurance.
David Gallo | Speaker | TED.com