TED-Ed
David Gallo: Deep ocean mysteries and wonders
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In the deepest, darkest parts of the oceans are ecosystems with more diversity than a tropical rainforest. Taking us on a voyage into the ocean -- from the deepest trenches to the remains of Titanic -- marine biologist David Gallo explores the wonder and beauty of marine life. Find more TED-Ed videos on our new YouTube channel: youtube.com/TEDEd.
David Gallo - Oceanographer
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:14
You know, I had a real rough time
in school with ADD,
in school with ADD,
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你知道吗，在学校的时候我因为小儿多动症吃尽苦头
但我还是拿到了博士学位
00:17
and I have a PhD.
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00:18
I earned a PhD, but ...
tough to pay attention --
tough to pay attention --
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虽然我拿到博士学位，但是要我专心读
00:21
biology, geology, physics,
chemistry -- really tough for me.
chemistry -- really tough for me.
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生物、地质、物理、化学 -- 还是很难
只有一件东西吸引了我的注意力
00:24
Only one thing grabbed my attention,
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那就是这颗叫做地球的行星
00:26
and it's that planet called Earth.
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但在这张图上你会看到
00:30
But in this picture here,
you'll see that Earth is mostly water.
you'll see that Earth is mostly water.
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地球的大部分都是水 -- 那是太平洋
00:33
That's the Pacific.
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地球的70%都被水所覆盖。你可能会说：
00:34
Seventy percent of Earth
is covered with water.
is covered with water.
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00:36
You can say, "Hey,
I know Earth. I live here."
I know Earth. I live here."
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“嗨，我知道地球，我就住在这儿”
但你真的不了解地球
00:38
You don't know Earth.
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你并不了解因为它的大部分都被这个所覆盖
00:40
You don't know this planet,
because most of it's covered with that --
because most of it's covered with that --
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平均深度是2英里
00:43
average depth, two miles.
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当你走出门抬头看看
00:44
And when you go outside
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00:45
and look up at the Empire State
Building, Chrysler Building,
Building, Chrysler Building,
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诸如帝国大厦，克莱斯勒大厦这些高楼
海洋的平均深度是它们叠在一起
00:48
the average depth of the ocean
is 15 of those on top of one another.
is 15 of those on top of one another.
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总高度的15倍
00:52
We've explored about five percent
of what's in that water.
of what's in that water.
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我们已经探索了这个水世界的大约5%
00:55
"Explored," meaning, for the first time,
go peek and see what's there.
go peek and see what's there.
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“探索”，意思是说初步地去看看里面都有什么
所以我今天就想给大家看看
00:59
So what I want to do today
is show you some things
is show you some things
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这个星球的一些东西，关于海洋的一些东西
01:01
about this planet, about the oceans.
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01:03
I want to take you from shallow water
down to the deep water,
down to the deep water,
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我将带着大家从浅水到深水
希望你们能像我一样发现点什么
01:06
and hopefully, like me,
you'll see some things
you'll see some things
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然后迷上探索地球
01:09
that get you hooked
on exploring planet Earth.
on exploring planet Earth.
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大家都知道珊瑚，你们都看过很多珊瑚
01:12
You know things like corals;
you've seen plenty of corals,
you've seen plenty of corals,
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去过海滩浮潜的人一定见到过很多珊瑚
01:15
those of you who've been
to the beach, snorkeling,
to the beach, snorkeling,
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珊瑚区是个很神奇的地方
01:17
know corals are an amazing place
to go -- full of life,
to go -- full of life,
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那里充满了生命，大的，小的，友善的，
01:20
some big animals, small animals,
some nice, some dangerous,
some nice, some dangerous,
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01:23
sharks, whales, all that stuff.
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危险的，鲨鱼，鲸，等等
01:25
They need to be protected from humanity.
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需要保护它们不受人类的伤害
01:27
They're great places.
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珊瑚礁很棒，但你可能不知道
01:28
But what you probably don't know
is in the very deep part of the ocean,
is in the very deep part of the ocean,
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在深海里，在海洋里很深的地方
有火山喷发
01:32
we have volcanic eruptions.
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01:33
Most volcanoes on Earth
are at the bottom of the sea --
are at the bottom of the sea --
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地球上大部分的火山是在海底
超过80% -- 而且真的有火
01:36
more than 80 percent.
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01:37
And we actually have fire,
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在深深大洋下面的火，就在熊熊燃烧
01:39
fire deep inside the ocean,
going on right now.
going on right now.
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在全世界，在太平洋，大西洋，印度洋
01:41
All over the world -- in the Pacific,
the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean.
the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean.
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在这个地方，在海底，岩石变为液态
01:45
In this place, the ocean floor,
the rocks actually turn to liquid.
the rocks actually turn to liquid.
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所以海床是有波浪涌动的
01:48
So you actually have waves
on the ocean floor.
on the ocean floor.
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你会说这里不可能有生物，但当你走近去看
01:50
You'd say nothing could live there,
but when we look in detail,
but when we look in detail,
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即使在这儿，即使在地球上最深最黑暗的地方，
依然能发现生命的存在
依然能发现生命的存在
01:53
even there, in the deepest,
darkest places on Earth, we find life,
darkest places on Earth, we find life,
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01:56
which tells us that life
really wants to happen.
really wants to happen.
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可见生命是多么强烈地渴望生存
怎么样，很神奇吧
01:58
So, pretty amazing stuff.
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每次我们潜入海底
02:00
Every time we go to the bottom of the sea,
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使用潜艇和机器人来探索
02:02
we explore with our submarines,
with our robots,
with our robots,
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通常都有意外收获
02:05
we see something
that's usually surprising,
that's usually surprising,
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02:07
sometimes it's startling
and sometimes revolutionary.
and sometimes revolutionary.
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时而令人惊奇，时而颠覆我们的观念
你看看那个水坑
02:09
You see that puddle
of water sitting there.
of water sitting there.
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围绕着水有小的峭壁
02:12
And all around the water
there's a little cliff,
there's a little cliff,
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有个小白沙滩
02:14
there's a little white sandy beach.
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我们来走近一点，看清楚一些
02:16
We'll get closer, you'll see
the beach a little bit better,
the beach a little bit better,
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就在那儿水上有一些波纹
02:19
some of the waves
in that water, down there.
in that water, down there.
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02:21
The thing that's special about this water
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这里的特别之处在于
这里是墨西哥湾的海底
02:23
is that it's at the bottom
of the Gulf of Mexico.
of the Gulf of Mexico.
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于是你坐在潜艇里看着窗外
02:25
So you're sitting inside a submarine,
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02:27
looking out the window
at a little pond of water beneath the sea.
at a little pond of water beneath the sea.
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看着海洋之下的这个小池塘
知道吗，我们不但看到过池塘，还看到过湖泊，看到过河流
02:31
We see ponds, we see
lakes, we see rivers --
lakes, we see rivers --
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实际上这儿就有一条大洋海底的河
02:35
in fact, right here is a river
at the bottom of the ocean
at the bottom of the ocean
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从左下方流向右上方
02:37
going from the lower
left to the upper right.
left to the upper right.
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02:39
Water is actually flowing through there.
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水确实是这样流过去的
这彻底挑战了我们的观念：这些怎么能在海底存在？
02:41
This totally blew our minds.
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02:43
How can you have this at the bottom?
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02:45
You're in the ocean looking at more water.
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你在海洋里但是看到了另外的水
02:47
And there's animals
that only live in that water.
that only live in that water.
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而且有些动物只生存在这另外的水里
所以，在大洋的海底
02:50
So, the bottom of the ocean --
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我喜欢这张图，因为它展示了在大洋中间的山脉
02:52
I love this map, because it shows
in the middle of the ocean,
in the middle of the ocean,
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02:55
there's a mountain range.
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这个山脉是地球上最伟大的山脉
02:56
It's the greatest mountain range
on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge --
on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge --
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叫做大洋中脊 --
5万英里长，我们从未好好看过它
02:59
50,000 miles long,
and we've hardly had a peek at it.
and we've hardly had a peek at it.
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我们从未好好看过它
03:03
Hardly had a peek at it.
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03:04
We find valleys,
many thousands of valleys,
many thousands of valleys,
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我们找到了山谷，成千上万的山谷
比大峡谷更大，更宽，更深的山谷
03:07
larger, wider, deeper
than the Grand Canyon.
than the Grand Canyon.
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我们找到了，就像刚才说的，水下的湖泊，河流，瀑布
03:10
We find, as I said, underwater
lakes, rivers, waterfalls.
lakes, rivers, waterfalls.
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这世界上最大的瀑布
03:13
The largest waterfall on the planet
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实际上是在冰岛附近的大洋海底
03:14
is actually under the ocean,
up near Iceland.
up near Iceland.
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所有这些都是在我们所探索过的这5%里面
03:17
All that stuff is in that five percent
that we've explored.
that we've explored.
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所以关于海洋就是
03:21
So the deal about the ocean
is that to explore it,
is that to explore it,
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要探索它必须要有技术
03:23
you've got to have technology.
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不只需要技术，也不仅仅是我大卫盖勒
03:25
Not only technology,
but it's not just Dave Gallo
but it's not just Dave Gallo
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或者某一个人去探索。需要的是一个团队
03:28
or one person exploring,
it's a team of people.
it's a team of people.
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你需要有才能。你得需要一个团队
03:30
You've got to have the talent, the team.
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你需要有相应的技术，在这儿就是我们的船，亚特兰蒂斯号
03:32
You've got to have the technology.
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03:34
In this case, it's our ship, Atlantis,
and the submarine, Alvin.
and the submarine, Alvin.
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还有潜水艇，阿尔文号
03:37
Inside that submarine --
this is an Alvin launch --
this is an Alvin launch --
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现在，在潜水艇里面 -- 这是阿尔文号的一次下水
03:39
there's three people.
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潜艇里面有三个人。他们正被运到甲板上
03:41
They're being wheeled out onto deck.
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另外还有47人的团队在船上工作
03:42
There's 47 other people,
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03:44
the teamwork on that ship,
making sure that these people are okay.
making sure that these people are okay.
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为下水的人提供保障
在潜艇上的每个人现在都在想同一件事：
03:47
Everybody in that submarine
is thinking one thing right now:
is thinking one thing right now:
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我是不是要再上个厕所
03:50
Should I have gone
to the bathroom one more time?
to the bathroom one more time?
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因为你要在里面待10个小时 --
03:53
Because you're in there for 10 hours --
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10个小时都在那个小空间里
03:55
10 hours in that little sphere.
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只有3个人，除此以外没有其他人
03:57
Three of you together
and nobody is going to be around you.
and nobody is going to be around you.
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你进入水里，触水的一刹那感觉很奇妙
04:00
You go into the water
and once you hit the water, it's amazing.
and once you hit the water, it's amazing.
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那种可爱的蓝色渗透进来
04:03
There's a lovely color blue
that penetrates right inside you.
that penetrates right inside you.
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你再也听不到海面上船只的声音
你只听到声纳发出的脉冲信号
04:06
You don't hear the surface ship anymore,
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如果你有一个iPhone，你也会产生这种声呐信号
04:08
you hear that pinging of a sonar.
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04:09
If you've got an iPhone
you've got sonar on there --
you've got sonar on there --
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04:12
it's that same pinging that goes
down to the bottom and comes back up.
down to the bottom and comes back up.
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与那个往下达到海底再反射回来的脉冲信号是一样的
潜水员会检车潜水艇四周以确保安全
04:15
Divers check out the sub to make
sure the outside is okay,
sure the outside is okay,
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然后他们会说“下水”
04:18
and then they say "Go,"
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下水后你回一路潜到海底，这过程令人叹为观止
04:20
and down you go to the bottom
of the ocean and it's an amazing trip.
of the ocean and it's an amazing trip.
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04:23
So for two and a half hours,
you sink down to the bottom.
you sink down to the bottom.
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你会用两个半小时的时间潜到海底
其中两个小时是漆黑的
04:26
And two hours of it
is totally pitch black.
is totally pitch black.
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我们都以为没有东西可以在
04:29
We thought that nothing
could live inside that world
could live inside that world
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海底世界存活
04:31
at the bottom of the ocean.
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04:32
And when we look,
we find some amazing things.
we find some amazing things.
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但当我们去看的时候，我们发现很奇妙的东西
一路向下潜，我们称从海面到海底间的水
04:35
All the way down --
we call it the mid-water --
we call it the mid-water --
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04:37
from the top of the ocean
down to the bottom, we find life.
down to the bottom, we find life.
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为“中层水”，我们都发现生物的存在，
04:40
Whenever we stop and look, we find life.
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无论我们停在哪，都会发现生物
04:42
I'm going to show you some jellies.
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我要给大家看看一些水目的画面，因为
04:44
They're absolutely some
of the coolest creatures on Earth.
of the coolest creatures on Earth.
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他们真的是世界上最酷的生物之一
看看那双正在挥舞的触须
04:46
Look at that thing,
just flailing his arms around.
just flailing his arms around.
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那真像一对小龙虾
04:49
That's like a little lobster.
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那对很像好几只动物的嘴连接在一起
04:50
That one is like all these animals
with their mouths hooked together,
with their mouths hooked together,
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他们是群居动物
有些动物很小，有些则比这个讲台还大
04:54
the colonial animals.
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04:55
Some animals are tiny,
some can be longer than this stage.
some can be longer than this stage.
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真是令人赞叹的动物，而且你还不能用网子捕捉他们
04:58
Just amazing animals.
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04:59
And you can't collect them with a net --
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05:01
we have to go with our cameras
and take a look at them.
and take a look at them.
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我们还是得带着摄像机亲自去那里观察
05:03
So every time we go, new species of life.
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所以每次我们去都会发现新品种生物
05:06
The ocean is full of life.
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海洋里充满了生物
然而在海洋的最深处
05:08
And yet the deepest part of the ocean --
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但我们去那个洋脊时，竟然发现了温泉
05:10
when we go to that mountain range,
we find hot springs.
we find hot springs.
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我们一度确信那里没有生物，因为那水有毒
05:13
Now we were sure --
because this is poisonous water,
because this is poisonous water,
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也因为它是那么深，水压足以把泰坦尼克号压垮
05:15
because it's so deep
it would crush the Titanic
it would crush the Titanic
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就像你可以把手中的空杯子压扁一样
05:17
the same way you crush
an empty cup in your hand --
an empty cup in your hand --
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05:20
we were sure there would be
no life there at all.
no life there at all.
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我们真的以为那里不会有生物了
但是我们却发现了比热带雨林还多的生物
05:22
Instead, we find more life
and diversity and density
and diversity and density
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其生物多样性令人称奇
05:25
than in the tropical rainforest.
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05:27
So, in one instance, in one peek
out the window of the sub,
out the window of the sub,
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那么举个实例，有一次我们往潜水艇窗外一看
我们发现了一个会彻底改变
05:30
we discover something
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05:32
that revolutionizes the way
we think about life on Earth;
we think about life on Earth;
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我们对地球生命的想法的东西，就是
05:34
and that is, you don't always
have to have sunlight
have to have sunlight
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你并不一定要阳光才能让生物存活
05:37
to get life going.
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海底还有一些大型的动物，有些看起来还很眼熟
05:38
There's big animals down there too,
some that look familiar.
some that look familiar.
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这玩样儿叫小飞象，我很喜欢它，小飞象棒极了
05:41
That guy's called Dumbo.
I love him. Dumbo's great.
I love him. Dumbo's great.
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05:44
This guy -- oh man,
I wish I had more footage of this.
I wish I had more footage of this.
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这家伙，哦，我真希望我能拍到更多的影像
05:47
We're trying to get an expedition
together to go look at this
together to go look at this
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我们很想搞个探险，一起去看看这个东西
05:49
and maybe in a year we'll have that.
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希望能在一年内出发
05:52
Go online and look.
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上网去看吧
05:53
Vampyroteuthis infernalis.
The vampire squid.
The vampire squid.
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吸血鬼乌贼（幽灵蛸）
05:56
Incredibly cool.
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酷极了
05:57
In the darkness of the deep sea,
he's got glowing tentacles,
he's got glowing tentacles,
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在最深最暗的海里，他有着发光的触须
06:00
so if I'm coming at you like him,
I put my arms out in the darkness
I put my arms out in the darkness
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所以我如果像它一样靠近你，在黑暗中我把我的手臂伸出
06:04
so all you see are little
glowing things over here.
glowing things over here.
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你会看到这些小小的发光点围绕着你
06:06
Meanwhile, I'm coming at you.
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但同时我已经靠近你了
06:07
When he wants to escape,
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如果它要逃跑，它就把这些发光的吸盘
06:09
he's got these glowing pods
on his butt that look like eyes.
on his butt that look like eyes.
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放在屁股上，看起来就像眼睛
06:11
Glowing eyes on his butt.
How cool is that?
How cool is that?
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屁股上发着光的眼睛，很酷吧
06:14
Just an amazing animal.
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真是非常非常奇妙的动物（笑声）
06:15
(Laughter)
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06:16
"Vampire" squid,
because when it gets protective,
because when it gets protective,
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吸血鬼乌贼，当它觉得危险时
06:18
it pulls this black cape
over its whole body,
over its whole body,
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它就会用自己的“黑斗篷”覆盖全身
卷起来成球状，不可思议的生物
06:20
and curls up into a ball.
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06:22
Outrageous animal.
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06:24
This ship, "The Ship of Dreams" --
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这艘船，这艘一百年前的“梦幻之船”
06:26
a hundred years ago this coming April,
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这艘船本应四月抵达伦敦
06:28
this ship was supposed
to show up in New York.
to show up in New York.
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就是泰坦尼克号，去年我与人一起带了探险队去那儿
06:30
It's the Titanic.
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06:32
I co-led an expedition
out there last year.
out there last year.
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我们从这艘船上学到了很多东西
06:34
We are learning so much about that ship.
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泰坦尼克号对生物学家而言是个有趣的地方
06:36
The Titanic is an interesting
place for biology,
place for biology,
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06:38
because animals are moving
in to live on the Titanic.
in to live on the Titanic.
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因为动物搬到泰坦尼克号上去住了
微生物正在腐蚀泰坦尼克号的船体
06:42
Microbes are actually
eating the hull of the Titanic.
eating the hull of the Titanic.
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这里就是杰克说自己是世界之王的船头
06:44
That's where Jack was king of the world
there on the bow of the Titanic.
there on the bow of the Titanic.
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我们进展顺利，而让我们兴奋的是
06:48
So we're doing real good.
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06:49
And what's exciting to me
is that we're making a virtual Titanic,
is that we're making a virtual Titanic,
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有一天我们会作出虚拟的泰坦尼克，你可以坐在家中
06:52
so you can sit there at home
with your joystick and your headset on,
with your joystick and your headset on,
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摇着摇杆，带着耳机
亲自实际地探索泰坦尼克
06:56
and you can actually explore
the Titanic for yourself.
the Titanic for yourself.
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这就是我们想做的
06:59
That's what we want to do,
make these virtual worlds,
make these virtual worlds,
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作出虚拟的世界，所以探险世界不再是我大卫盖洛
07:01
so it's not Dave Gallo or someone else
exploring the world; it's you.
exploring the world; it's you.
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或其他人的动作，而是你自己去做
07:05
You explore it for yourself.
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你自己去探险
07:06
So here's the bottom line:
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最后我想说。
海洋还是“未开垦的处女地”
07:08
The oceans are unexplored
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07:11
and I can't begin to tell
you how important that is,
you how important that is,
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我无法告诉你这有多重要
07:13
because they're important to us.
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因为海洋对我们真的很重要。
07:15
Seven billion people live on this planet
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70 亿人生活在这个星球上
我们所有人都被海洋影响，因为海洋
07:18
and all of us are impacted by the sea,
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07:20
because the oceans control the air
you breathe, the water you drink,
you breathe, the water you drink,
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控制着你呼吸的空气、 你喝的水
以及你吃的食物。
07:24
the food you eat.
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海洋对这些事都有某种程度上的影响
07:25
All those are controlled
in some way by the ocean,
in some way by the ocean,
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而我们对海洋的探索真的少之又少
07:28
and this is a thing
that we haven't even explored --
that we haven't even explored --
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仅仅百分之五
07:30
five percent.
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我想要留给你们的东西是
07:32
The thing I want to leave you with is,
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就在我展示的这些很酷的“百分之五”中
07:33
in that five percent,
I showed you some cool stuff.
I showed you some cool stuff.
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每次我们去海里潜水，我们都会发现更多
07:36
There's a lot more cool stuff --
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07:37
every dive we go on in the ocean,
we find something new about the sea.
we find something new about the sea.
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更酷的东西，每次都有新发现。
所以在另外百分之九十五里到底有什么？
07:42
So what's in that other 95 percent?
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07:43
Did we get the exciting stuff
or is there more out there?
or is there more out there?
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我们已经拍到了所有令人兴奋的东西，还是还有更多？
07:46
And I'm here to tell you
that the ocean is full of surprises.
that the ocean is full of surprises.
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我不得不说，海洋充满了惊喜。
07:49
There's a quote I love by Marcel Proust:
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我很爱一段话马塞尔.普鲁斯特的名言：
07:51
"The true voyage of exploration
is not so much in seeking new landscapes,"
is not so much in seeking new landscapes,"
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"真正的探险航行不仅仅是发现新大陆"
07:55
which we do,
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这正是我们在做的，
"而在于拥有新的眼界"。
07:56
"but in having new eyes."
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07:57
And so I hope today,
by showing you some of this,
by showing you some of this,
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所以今天我希望借由这些展示
能给各位以全新的视角来审视我们的地球
08:00
it's given you some new eyes
about this planet,
about this planet,
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并且用一种新的方式来思考。
08:02
and for the first time,
I want you to think about it differently.
I want you to think about it differently.
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谢谢。谢谢。
08:05
Thank you very much. Thank you.
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（掌声）
08:07
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gallo - OceanographerA pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land.
Why you should listen
David Gallo works to push the bounds of oceanic discovery. Active in undersea exploration (sometimes in partnership with legendary Titanic-hunter Robert Ballard), he was one of the first oceanographers to use a combination of manned submersibles and robots to map the ocean world with unprecedented clarity and detail. He was a co-expedition leader during an exploration of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, using Russian Mir subs.
On behalf of the Woods Hole labs, he appears around the country speaking on ocean and water issues. Most recently he co-led an expedition to create the first detailed and comprehensive map of the RMS Titanic and he co-led the successful international effort to locate the wreck site of Air France flight 447. He is involved in planning an international Antarctic expedition to locate and document the wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s ship, HMS Endurance.
David Gallo | Speaker | TED.com