TED-Ed
David Gallo: Deep ocean mysteries and wonders
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In the deepest, darkest parts of the oceans are ecosystems with more diversity than a tropical rainforest. Taking us on a voyage into the ocean -- from the deepest trenches to the remains of Titanic -- marine biologist David Gallo explores the wonder and beauty of marine life. Find more TED-Ed videos on our new YouTube channel: youtube.com/TEDEd.
David Gallo - Oceanographer
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
你知道嗎，因為我是過動兒，求學過程真是受盡苦頭
00:14
You know, I had a real rough time
in school with ADD,
in school with ADD,
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但我還是拿到了博士學位
00:17
and I have a PhD.
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雖然我拿到博士，但是要我專心讀那些
00:18
I earned a PhD, but ...
tough to pay attention --
tough to pay attention --
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00:21
biology, geology, physics,
chemistry -- really tough for me.
chemistry -- really tough for me.
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生物、地質、物理、化學 -- 還真的很難
只有一件事抓住了我的注意力
00:24
Only one thing grabbed my attention,
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就是這個叫做地球的行星
00:26
and it's that planet called Earth.
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00:30
But in this picture here,
you'll see that Earth is mostly water.
you'll see that Earth is mostly water.
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但是在這張照片裡你看到的
地球大部份是水 -- 那是太平洋
00:33
That's the Pacific.
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地球的百分之七十都被水覆蓋。你可以宣稱
00:34
Seventy percent of Earth
is covered with water.
is covered with water.
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00:36
You can say, "Hey,
I know Earth. I live here."
I know Earth. I live here."
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「嘿！我知道地球啊！我就住在這裡。」
00:38
You don't know Earth.
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但你真的不了解地球
00:40
You don't know this planet,
because most of it's covered with that --
because most of it's covered with that --
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你不了解這個星球，因為它大部分都被那個蓋住了 --
平均深度是二哩
00:43
average depth, two miles.
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00:44
And when you go outside
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你到外面抬頭看看
00:45
and look up at the Empire State
Building, Chrysler Building,
Building, Chrysler Building,
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像帝國大廈，克萊斯勒大樓這樣的建築物
海洋的平均深度是15座這樣的
00:48
the average depth of the ocean
is 15 of those on top of one another.
is 15 of those on top of one another.
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建築物加起來這麼深
00:52
We've explored about five percent
of what's in that water.
of what's in that water.
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我們已經探索水裡大約百分之五的東西
00:55
"Explored," meaning, for the first time,
go peek and see what's there.
go peek and see what's there.
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「探索」的意思也不過就是初步地看看那裡到底有什麼
所以我今天要做的是，我想讓你們看看
00:59
So what I want to do today
is show you some things
is show you some things
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一些關於這個星球，關於海洋的東西
01:01
about this planet, about the oceans.
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01:03
I want to take you from shallow water
down to the deep water,
down to the deep water,
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我想要帶著你從淺水到深海
希望你能像我一樣，看見一些東西
01:06
and hopefully, like me,
you'll see some things
you'll see some things
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讓你迷上探索地球
01:09
that get you hooked
on exploring planet Earth.
on exploring planet Earth.
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你們都知道珊瑚吧，你們都看過很多的珊瑚
01:12
You know things like corals;
you've seen plenty of corals,
you've seen plenty of corals,
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那些去過海邊浮潛的人
01:15
those of you who've been
to the beach, snorkeling,
to the beach, snorkeling,
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都知道珊瑚區是很了不起的地方
01:17
know corals are an amazing place
to go -- full of life,
to go -- full of life,
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那裡充滿了生命，有大的動物，小的動物，有些很安全
01:20
some big animals, small animals,
some nice, some dangerous,
some nice, some dangerous,
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有些很危險，鯊魚、鯨魚那些東西
01:23
sharks, whales, all that stuff.
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01:25
They need to be protected from humanity.
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應該把牠們列為保護區，不讓人靠近
這些是很棒的地方，但是你可能不知道
01:27
They're great places.
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01:28
But what you probably don't know
is in the very deep part of the ocean,
is in the very deep part of the ocean,
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在深海，在非常深的海洋底下
我們有火山爆發
01:32
we have volcanic eruptions.
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01:33
Most volcanoes on Earth
are at the bottom of the sea --
are at the bottom of the sea --
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地球絕大部分的火山都在海底
超過百分之八十 -- 那裡真的有火
01:36
more than 80 percent.
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01:37
And we actually have fire,
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在海洋深處現在就有火在燃燒
01:39
fire deep inside the ocean,
going on right now.
going on right now.
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01:41
All over the world -- in the Pacific,
the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean.
the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean.
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在全世界，在太平洋、大西洋和印度洋
在這個地方，海底的石頭變成液狀
01:45
In this place, the ocean floor,
the rocks actually turn to liquid.
the rocks actually turn to liquid.
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所以海底其實是有波浪
01:48
So you actually have waves
on the ocean floor.
on the ocean floor.
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你可能會認為生物不能在那裡存活，但是當我們細看
01:50
You'd say nothing could live there,
but when we look in detail,
but when we look in detail,
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即使在那裡，即使在地球最深最暗的地方，我們仍然發現生命
01:53
even there, in the deepest,
darkest places on Earth, we find life,
darkest places on Earth, we find life,
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這告訴我們，地球的生命力真的很強
01:56
which tells us that life
really wants to happen.
really wants to happen.
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所以，真是挺神奇的
01:58
So, pretty amazing stuff.
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02:00
Every time we go to the bottom of the sea,
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每次我們去海底
02:02
we explore with our submarines,
with our robots,
with our robots,
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我們都乘坐潛水艇探險，並使用機器人
通常我們都會看見一些出乎意料的東西
02:05
we see something
that's usually surprising,
that's usually surprising,
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02:07
sometimes it's startling
and sometimes revolutionary.
and sometimes revolutionary.
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有時候很嚇人，有時候很顛覆傳統思維
02:09
You see that puddle
of water sitting there.
of water sitting there.
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你看看那個水坑
有個小懸崖環繞著水坑
02:12
And all around the water
there's a little cliff,
there's a little cliff,
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還有個小白沙灘
02:14
there's a little white sandy beach.
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我們靠近點看，你可以更清楚地看見那個海灘
02:16
We'll get closer, you'll see
the beach a little bit better,
the beach a little bit better,
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水裡有波浪，就在下面
02:19
some of the waves
in that water, down there.
in that water, down there.
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這灘水的特別之處在於
02:21
The thing that's special about this water
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這裡是在墨西哥灣底
02:23
is that it's at the bottom
of the Gulf of Mexico.
of the Gulf of Mexico.
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所以你其實是坐在潛水艇裡往窗外看著
02:25
So you're sitting inside a submarine,
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02:27
looking out the window
at a little pond of water beneath the sea.
at a little pond of water beneath the sea.
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這個在海洋深處的小池塘
02:31
We see ponds, we see
lakes, we see rivers --
lakes, we see rivers --
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你知道嗎？我們不但看過池塘，還看過湖泊，看過河流
02:35
in fact, right here is a river
at the bottom of the ocean
at the bottom of the ocean
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事實上就在這裡，這裡就是一條海底的河流
從左下方流到右上方
02:37
going from the lower
left to the upper right.
left to the upper right.
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真的有水流經那裡
02:39
Water is actually flowing through there.
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02:41
This totally blew our minds.
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這完全出乎意料之外：海底怎麼會有這個？
02:43
How can you have this at the bottom?
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你在海洋中看著更多的「水」
02:45
You're in the ocean looking at more water.
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02:47
And there's animals
that only live in that water.
that only live in that water.
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還有那些只能存活在那種水裡的動物
所以在海底 --
02:50
So, the bottom of the ocean --
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02:52
I love this map, because it shows
in the middle of the ocean,
in the middle of the ocean,
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我很愛這張地圖，因為它畫出在海洋中間有一座山脈
02:55
there's a mountain range.
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那座山脈是地球上最大的山脈
02:56
It's the greatest mountain range
on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge --
on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge --
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叫做中洋脊 --
綿延五萬哩長，而我們從未好好看過它
02:59
50,000 miles long,
and we've hardly had a peek at it.
and we've hardly had a peek at it.
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03:03
Hardly had a peek at it.
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從未好好看過它
我們發現了山谷，成千上萬的山谷
03:04
We find valleys,
many thousands of valleys,
many thousands of valleys,
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03:07
larger, wider, deeper
than the Grand Canyon.
than the Grand Canyon.
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比大峽谷還長、還寬、還深
03:10
We find, as I said, underwater
lakes, rivers, waterfalls.
lakes, rivers, waterfalls.
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我們還發現我之前說過的海底湖泊、河流及瀑布
全球最大的瀑布
03:13
The largest waterfall on the planet
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其實是坐落在靠近冰島的海洋底下
03:14
is actually under the ocean,
up near Iceland.
up near Iceland.
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這些東西就是那已探索的百分之五
03:17
All that stuff is in that five percent
that we've explored.
that we've explored.
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那麼關於海洋的
03:21
So the deal about the ocean
is that to explore it,
is that to explore it,
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探索關鍵在於你必須要有科技配合
03:23
you've got to have technology.
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03:25
Not only technology,
but it's not just Dave Gallo
but it's not just Dave Gallo
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光有科技還不夠，光靠我大衛蓋羅
03:28
or one person exploring,
it's a team of people.
it's a team of people.
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或類似的單人探險也不夠。這需要一個團隊
你一定要有人才。你一定要有一個團隊
03:30
You've got to have the talent, the team.
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你也得要有科技配合，這裡我指的是我們的船亞特蘭提斯號
03:32
You've got to have the technology.
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03:34
In this case, it's our ship, Atlantis,
and the submarine, Alvin.
and the submarine, Alvin.
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及這個潛水艇阿爾文號
03:37
Inside that submarine --
this is an Alvin launch --
this is an Alvin launch --
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那麼在這個潛水艇裡面 -- 這是阿爾文號下水情況 --
有一個三人團隊。他們正被推到甲板上
03:39
there's three people.
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03:41
They're being wheeled out onto deck.
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另外還有一個47人的團隊在船上工作
03:42
There's 47 other people,
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03:44
the teamwork on that ship,
making sure that these people are okay.
making sure that these people are okay.
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確保這三人團隊一切安好
在潛水艇上的每一個人現在都在想同一件事：
03:47
Everybody in that submarine
is thinking one thing right now:
is thinking one thing right now:
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我應該再上一次廁所嗎？
03:50
Should I have gone
to the bathroom one more time?
to the bathroom one more time?
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因為你要在那裡面待十小時 --
03:53
Because you're in there for 10 hours --
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十小時都在那個小空間裡
03:55
10 hours in that little sphere.
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只有這三人在一起，沒有別人在你身邊了
03:57
Three of you together
and nobody is going to be around you.
and nobody is going to be around you.
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04:00
You go into the water
and once you hit the water, it's amazing.
and once you hit the water, it's amazing.
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你進到海裡，你一但碰到水，那真是不可思議
04:03
There's a lovely color blue
that penetrates right inside you.
that penetrates right inside you.
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這漂亮的藍色沈浸入你的身體
你再也聽不到海面上的船聲音
04:06
You don't hear the surface ship anymore,
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你只聽見聲納的脈衝信號
04:08
you hear that pinging of a sonar.
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04:09
If you've got an iPhone
you've got sonar on there --
you've got sonar on there --
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如果你有一只iPhone，你也會產生這種聲納 --
與那個往下打到海底再反射回來的脈衝信號是一樣的
04:12
it's that same pinging that goes
down to the bottom and comes back up.
down to the bottom and comes back up.
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潛水員會檢查潛水艇四周以確保安全
04:15
Divers check out the sub to make
sure the outside is okay,
sure the outside is okay,
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然後他們會說「下水」
04:18
and then they say "Go,"
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下水後你會一路潛到海底，這過程令人嘆為觀止
04:20
and down you go to the bottom
of the ocean and it's an amazing trip.
of the ocean and it's an amazing trip.
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所以你以兩個半小時的時間潛沈到海底
04:23
So for two and a half hours,
you sink down to the bottom.
you sink down to the bottom.
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其中有兩個小時是漆黑的
04:26
And two hours of it
is totally pitch black.
is totally pitch black.
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04:29
We thought that nothing
could live inside that world
could live inside that world
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我們都以為沒有東西可以在
海底世界存活
04:31
at the bottom of the ocean.
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但當我們去看的時候，我們發現很奇妙的東西
04:32
And when we look,
we find some amazing things.
we find some amazing things.
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一路向下潛 -- 我們稱從海面到海底間的水
04:35
All the way down --
we call it the mid-water --
we call it the mid-water --
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04:37
from the top of the ocean
down to the bottom, we find life.
down to the bottom, we find life.
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為「中層水」 -- 我們都發現生物存在
無論我們停在哪，都會發現生物
04:40
Whenever we stop and look, we find life.
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我要給大家看看一些水母的畫面，因為
04:42
I'm going to show you some jellies.
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牠們真的是世界上最酷的生物之一
04:44
They're absolutely some
of the coolest creatures on Earth.
of the coolest creatures on Earth.
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看看那隻在揮舞牠的觸器
04:46
Look at that thing,
just flailing his arms around.
just flailing his arms around.
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那真像一隻小龍蝦
04:49
That's like a little lobster.
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那隻很像有好幾隻動物用嘴接在一起
04:50
That one is like all these animals
with their mouths hooked together,
with their mouths hooked together,
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牠們是群居的動物
04:54
the colonial animals.
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有些動物很小，有些則比這個講台還長
04:55
Some animals are tiny,
some can be longer than this stage.
some can be longer than this stage.
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真是令人讚嘆的動物，而且你還不能用網子捕捉牠們
04:58
Just amazing animals.
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04:59
And you can't collect them with a net --
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我們還得帶著攝影機親自去那裡觀察
05:01
we have to go with our cameras
and take a look at them.
and take a look at them.
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所以每次我們去都會發現新品種生物
05:03
So every time we go, new species of life.
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05:06
The ocean is full of life.
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海洋裡充滿了生物
然而最深的海洋 --
05:08
And yet the deepest part of the ocean --
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當我們去那個洋脊時還發現了溫泉
05:10
when we go to that mountain range,
we find hot springs.
we find hot springs.
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我們一度很確信那裡沒有生物，因為那水有毒
05:13
Now we were sure --
because this is poisonous water,
because this is poisonous water,
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也因為它是那麼深，水壓足以把鐵達尼號壓垮
05:15
because it's so deep
it would crush the Titanic
it would crush the Titanic
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就像你可以把手中的空杯子壓扁一樣
05:17
the same way you crush
an empty cup in your hand --
an empty cup in your hand --
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我們真的以為那裡不會有生物了
05:20
we were sure there would be
no life there at all.
no life there at all.
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但是我們卻發現了比熱帶雨林還多的生物
05:22
Instead, we find more life
and diversity and density
and diversity and density
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其多樣性及密度也比熱帶雨林高
05:25
than in the tropical rainforest.
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那麼舉個實例，有一次我們往潛水艇窗外一看
05:27
So, in one instance, in one peek
out the window of the sub,
out the window of the sub,
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我們發現了一個會徹底改變
05:30
we discover something
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05:32
that revolutionizes the way
we think about life on Earth;
we think about life on Earth;
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我們對地球生命的想法的東西，就是
05:34
and that is, you don't always
have to have sunlight
have to have sunlight
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你並不一定要陽光才能讓生物存活
05:37
to get life going.
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海底還有一些大型的動物 -- 有些看起來還很眼熟
05:38
There's big animals down there too,
some that look familiar.
some that look familiar.
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這玩意叫小飛象，我很愛牠。小飛象棒極了
05:41
That guy's called Dumbo.
I love him. Dumbo's great.
I love him. Dumbo's great.
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這傢伙，噢，我真希望我能拍到更多的影像
05:44
This guy -- oh man,
I wish I had more footage of this.
I wish I had more footage of this.
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05:47
We're trying to get an expedition
together to go look at this
together to go look at this
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我們很想搞個探險，一起去看看這個東西
希望能在一年內出發
05:49
and maybe in a year we'll have that.
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05:52
Go online and look.
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上網去看吧
05:53
Vampyroteuthis infernalis.
The vampire squid.
The vampire squid.
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Vampyroteuthisinfornalis （幽靈蛸拉丁文學名），一般叫吸血鬼烏賊
酷極了
05:56
Incredibly cool.
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05:57
In the darkness of the deep sea,
he's got glowing tentacles,
he's got glowing tentacles,
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在最深最暗的海裡，牠有著發光的觸器
所以我如果像牠一樣靠近你，在黑暗中我把我的手臂伸出
06:00
so if I'm coming at you like him,
I put my arms out in the darkness
I put my arms out in the darkness
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你只會看到這些小小的發光點圍繞你
06:04
so all you see are little
glowing things over here.
glowing things over here.
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但同時我已經靠近你了
06:06
Meanwhile, I'm coming at you.
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06:07
When he wants to escape,
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如果牠要逃跑，牠就把這些發光的吸盤
06:09
he's got these glowing pods
on his butt that look like eyes.
on his butt that look like eyes.
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放在屁股上，看起來就像眼睛
屁股上長着發光的眼睛，很酷吧？
06:11
Glowing eyes on his butt.
How cool is that?
How cool is that?
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06:14
Just an amazing animal.
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真是非常非常奇妙的動物（笑聲）
06:15
(Laughter)
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吸血鬼烏賊，當牠覺得危險時
06:16
"Vampire" squid,
because when it gets protective,
because when it gets protective,
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就把背鰭覆蓋自己的身體
06:18
it pulls this black cape
over its whole body,
over its whole body,
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捲起來成球狀。不可思議的動物。
06:20
and curls up into a ball.
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06:22
Outrageous animal.
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這艘船，這艘「夢幻之船」 -- 在一百年前的
06:24
This ship, "The Ship of Dreams" --
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06:26
a hundred years ago this coming April,
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四月這艘船應該抵達紐約
06:28
this ship was supposed
to show up in New York.
to show up in New York.
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就是鐵達尼號。去年我與人一起領了探險隊去哪裡
06:30
It's the Titanic.
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06:32
I co-led an expedition
out there last year.
out there last year.
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我們從這艘船上學到了好多東西
06:34
We are learning so much about that ship.
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鐵達尼號對生物學而言是個很有趣的地方
06:36
The Titanic is an interesting
place for biology,
place for biology,
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06:38
because animals are moving
in to live on the Titanic.
in to live on the Titanic.
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因為動物搬到鐵達尼號去住了
微生物正在腐蝕鐵達尼號的船體
06:42
Microbes are actually
eating the hull of the Titanic.
eating the hull of the Titanic.
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這裡就是傑克說自己是世界之王時的鐵達尼號船頭
06:44
That's where Jack was king of the world
there on the bow of the Titanic.
there on the bow of the Titanic.
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所以，我們進展良好，而讓我興奮之處是
06:48
So we're doing real good.
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06:49
And what's exciting to me
is that we're making a virtual Titanic,
is that we're making a virtual Titanic,
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有一天我們會作出虛擬的鐵達尼號，你可以坐在家中
06:52
so you can sit there at home
with your joystick and your headset on,
with your joystick and your headset on,
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搖著搖桿，帶著耳機
親自實際地探索鐵達尼號
06:56
and you can actually explore
the Titanic for yourself.
the Titanic for yourself.
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06:59
That's what we want to do,
make these virtual worlds,
make these virtual worlds,
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這就是我們想做的 --
作出虛擬的世界，所以探險世界不再是我大衛蓋羅
07:01
so it's not Dave Gallo or someone else
exploring the world; it's you.
exploring the world; it's you.
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或其他人的工作，而是你自己去做
你自己去探險
07:05
You explore it for yourself.
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那麼以下是我的結論
07:06
So here's the bottom line:
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海洋還是「蠻荒之地」
07:08
The oceans are unexplored
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我無法告訴你這有多重要
07:11
and I can't begin to tell
you how important that is,
you how important that is,
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07:13
because they're important to us.
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因為海洋對我們真的很重要
07:15
Seven billion people live on this planet
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有七十億人口住在地球
所有的人都被海洋影響著，因為海洋
07:18
and all of us are impacted by the sea,
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07:20
because the oceans control the air
you breathe, the water you drink,
you breathe, the water you drink,
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控制著你呼吸的空氣，你喝的水
07:24
the food you eat.
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以及你吃的食物
07:25
All those are controlled
in some way by the ocean,
in some way by the ocean,
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海洋對這些事都有某種程度的影響
而我們對海洋的探勘真的是少之又少 --
07:28
and this is a thing
that we haven't even explored --
that we haven't even explored --
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僅僅百分之五
07:30
five percent.
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我想要留給你們的事情
07:32
The thing I want to leave you with is,
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就在我展示的這些很酷的「百分之五」中
07:33
in that five percent,
I showed you some cool stuff.
I showed you some cool stuff.
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每次我們去海裡潛水，我們都會發現更多
07:36
There's a lot more cool stuff --
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07:37
every dive we go on in the ocean,
we find something new about the sea.
we find something new about the sea.
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更酷的東西，我們對海洋都有新的發現
07:42
So what's in that other 95 percent?
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所以在其他的百分之九十五裡有甚麼？
07:43
Did we get the exciting stuff
or is there more out there?
or is there more out there?
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我們是已經找到了所有令人興奮的東西，還是還有更多？
我要在這裡告訴大家，海洋充滿了驚喜
07:46
And I'm here to tell you
that the ocean is full of surprises.
that the ocean is full of surprises.
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07:49
There's a quote I love by Marcel Proust:
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我很愛一句馬歇爾·普魯士的名言：
07:51
"The true voyage of exploration
is not so much in seeking new landscapes,"
is not so much in seeking new landscapes,"
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「真正的探險航行不在發現新大陸」
在這方面，我們的確有發現「新大陸」
07:55
which we do,
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「而在於擁有新的眼界。」
07:56
"but in having new eyes."
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所以今天我希望藉由這些展示
07:57
And so I hope today,
by showing you some of this,
by showing you some of this,
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能讓你們以新的眼光來看地球
08:00
it's given you some new eyes
about this planet,
about this planet,
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並且我要你們能首次以不同的角度來思考它
08:02
and for the first time,
I want you to think about it differently.
I want you to think about it differently.
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謝謝。謝謝。
08:05
Thank you very much. Thank you.
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08:07
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gallo - OceanographerA pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land.
Why you should listen
David Gallo works to push the bounds of oceanic discovery. Active in undersea exploration (sometimes in partnership with legendary Titanic-hunter Robert Ballard), he was one of the first oceanographers to use a combination of manned submersibles and robots to map the ocean world with unprecedented clarity and detail. He was a co-expedition leader during an exploration of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, using Russian Mir subs.
On behalf of the Woods Hole labs, he appears around the country speaking on ocean and water issues. Most recently he co-led an expedition to create the first detailed and comprehensive map of the RMS Titanic and he co-led the successful international effort to locate the wreck site of Air France flight 447. He is involved in planning an international Antarctic expedition to locate and document the wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s ship, HMS Endurance.
David Gallo | Speaker | TED.com