TED2013
Jack Andraka: A promising test for pancreatic cancer ... from a teenager
Jack Andraka: Jack Andraka: Kipimo kinachotia matumaini cha kansa ya kongosho kutoka kwa kijana mdogo.
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Zaidi ya asilimia 85 ya kansa zote za kongosho zinagundulika kwa kuchelewa sana wakati nafasi ya kupona iko chini ya asilimia 2. Kwa nini iko hivi? Jack Andraka anaongelea jinsi alivyovumbua kipimo kinachotia matumaini cha kugundua kansa ya kongosho ambacho ni rahisi mno,kinafanya kazi kwa usahihi na hakihitaji kuingia katika mwili -- yote hayo kabla hata ya kutimiza miaka 16 ya kuzaliwa.
Jack Andraka - Cancer detector inventor
A paper on carbon nanotubes, a biology lecture on antibodies and a flash of insight led 15-year-old Jack Andraka to design a cheaper, more sensitive cancer detector. Full bio
A paper on carbon nanotubes, a biology lecture on antibodies and a flash of insight led 15-year-old Jack Andraka to design a cheaper, more sensitive cancer detector. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Have you ever experienced a moment in your life
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Je umeshawahi kukutana na wakati maishani
00:16
that was so painful and confusing
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ambao ulikuwa ni wa huzuni sana
00:19
that all you wanted to do
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kiasi kitu pekee ulichotaka
00:21
was learn as much as you could to make sense of it all?
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kufanya ni kujifunza zaidi na zaidi ili kuelewa hali hiyo?
00:25
When I was 13, a close family friend
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Nilipokuwa na miaka 13, rafiki wa karibu wa familia
00:28
who was like an uncle to me
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ambaye alikuwa kama mjomba kwangu
00:30
passed away from pancreatic cancer.
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alifariki kwa kansa ya kongosho.
00:33
When the disease hit so close to home,
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Wakati ugonjwa ulipokumba karibu sana na nyumbani,
00:35
I knew I needed to learn more,
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Nilitambua nahitaji kujifunza zaidi,
00:37
so I went online to find answers.
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nikaingia mtandaoni kutafuta majibu.
00:40
Using the Internet, I found a variety of statistics
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kwa kutumia mtandao, nikapata takwimu mbalimbali
00:43
on pancreatic cancer,
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kuhusu kansa ya kongosho,
00:45
and what I had found shocked me.
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na kilichonishtusha.
00:47
Over 85 percent of all pancreatic cancers
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zaidi ya asilimia 85 ya kansa zote za kongosho
00:51
are diagnosed late,
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zinagundulika kwa kuchelewa sana,
00:53
when someone has less than a two percent chance of survival.
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wakati mtu ana chini ya asilimia ya kuishi.
00:57
Why are we so bad at detecting pancreatic cancer?
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kwa nini hatufanyi vizuri kugundua kansa ya kongosho?
01:01
The reason? Today's current modern medicine
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Sababu?mfumo wetu wa utabibu na dawa
01:05
is a 60-year-old technique.
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una umri wa miaka karibu 60 sasa.
01:07
That's older than my dad.
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Umri huo ni mkubwa kuliko wa baba yangu
01:09
(Laughter)
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(vicheko)
01:13
But also, it's extremely expensive,
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lakini pia, ni wa gharama kubwa sana,
01:15
costing 800 dollars per test,
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unagharimu dola za kimarekani 800 kwa kipimo,
01:19
and it's grossly inaccurate,
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lakini pia vipimo havina uhakika,
01:21
missing 30 percent of all pancreatic cancers.
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na kushindwa kugundua asilimia 30 ya kansa zote za kongosho
01:25
Your doctor would have to be ridiculously suspicious
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Daktari wako itabidi awe ni mdadisi wa ajabu sana
01:28
that you have the cancer in order to give you this test.
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kuamua kukuandikia kipimo hiki.
01:31
Learning this, I knew there had to be a better way.
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nilipojua hili, nikajua lazima iwepo njia bora zaidi.
01:35
So I set up a scientific criteria
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kwa nikaweka kigezo
01:37
as to what a sensor would have to look like
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cha kipimo kinavyotakiwa kuwa
01:39
in order to effectively diagnose pancreatic cancer.
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ili kugundua vizuri kansa ya kongosho.
01:43
The sensor would have to be inexpensive, rapid,
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Kipimo kinahitajika kuwa cha gharama nafuu, haraka,
01:47
simple, sensitive, selective,
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rahisi,kinachogundua haraka,
01:50
and minimally invasive.
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na kisichohitaji kuingia kwa sehemu kubwa mwilini.
01:53
Now, there's a reason why this test
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Kuna sababu kwa nini kipimo hiki hakijabadilishwa
01:55
hasn't been updated in over six decades,
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kwa karibia miaka sitini,
01:59
and that's because, when we're looking for pancreatic cancer,
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kwa sababu,tunapoangalia kansa ya kongosho,
02:02
we're looking at your bloodstream,
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tunaangalia mzunguko wako wa damu
02:03
which is already abundant in all these tons and tons of protein,
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ambao tayari umejaa tani nyingi za protini,
02:08
and you're looking for this miniscule difference
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na unatafuta chembe tofauti ndogo sana
02:10
in this tiny amount of protein,
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katika protini ndogo sana,
02:12
just this one protein.
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protini hii moja tu.
02:13
That's next to impossible.
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jambo hili ni gumu sana
02:15
However, undeterred due to my teenage optimism --
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lakini, bila kukatishwa tamaa kutokana na shauku ya ujana
02:19
(Applause) —
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(makofi)
02:25
I went online to a teenager's two best friends,
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nikaenda mtandaoni kwa marafiki wawili sana wa kijana
02:28
Google and Wikipedia.
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Google na Wikipedia
02:30
I got everything for my homework from those two sources.
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Nilipata kila kitu kutoka vyanzo hivyo viwili,
02:34
And what I had found was an article
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nilichokipata ilikuwa ni chapisho
02:37
that listed a database of over 8,000 different proteins
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ambalo lilionyesha taarifa za protini 8000 tofauti
02:41
that are found when you have pancreatic cancer.
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ambazo zinaonekana ukiwa na kansa ya kongosho.
02:43
So I decided to go and make it my new mission
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kwa hiyo nikaamua hii iwe kazi yangu mpya
02:47
to go through all these proteins and see which ones
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kupitia protini zote hizi na kuona zipi
02:50
could serve as a biomarker for pancreatic cancer.
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zinaweza kuwa kitambulishi cha kansa ya kongosho.
02:52
And to make it a bit simpler for myself,
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na kunirahisishia mambo,
02:55
I decided to map out a scientific criteria. And here it is.
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nikachagua kigezo, na ni hiki.
02:59
Essentially first, the protein would have to be found
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Kwanza, protini lazima ionekane
03:01
in all pancreatic cancers at high levels in the bloodstream
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katika kansa zote za kongosho kwa kiasi kikubwa,katika damu
03:04
in the earliest stages, but also only in cancer.
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katika hatua za mwanzoni.
03:09
And so I'm just plugging and chugging through this gargantuan task,
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Kwa hiyo nikawa nafanya majaribio katika kazi hii ngumu,
03:12
and finally, on the 4,000th try,
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na mwishowe, katika jaribio la 4000,
03:15
when I'm close to losing my sanity,
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wakati nakaribia kuwa kichaa,
03:17
I find the protein.
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nikaipata hiyo protini.
03:19
And the name of the protein I'd located
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jina la protini niliyoiona
03:21
was called mesothelin,
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linaitwa mesothelin,
03:23
and it's just your ordinary, run-of-the-mill type protein,
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na ni protini ya kawaida tu,
03:26
unless of course you have pancreatic,
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ikiwa tu hauna kansa ya kongosho
03:27
ovarian or lung cancer,
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ya kizazi au ya mapafu,
03:29
in which case it's found at these very high levels in your bloodstream.
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ikiwa unazo,protini hii inakua nyingi sana katika damu
03:32
But also the key is
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lakini pia muhimu ni
03:34
that it's found in the earliest stages of the disease,
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kwamba inapatikana katika hatua za mwanzo kabisa za ugonjwa,
03:37
when someone has close to 100 percent chance
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wakati mtu ana nafasi ya asilimia 100
03:39
of survival.
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ya kupona kabisa.
03:40
So now that I'd found a reliable protein I could detect,
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baada ya kupata protini ya uhakika,kuigundua
03:44
I then shifted my focus to actually detecting that protein,
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nikabadilisha mwelekeo kwenda katika kuigundua sasa,
03:47
and, thus, pancreatic cancer.
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na hivyo, kugundua pia kansa ya kongosho.
03:49
Now, my breakthrough came in a very unlikely place,
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mafanikio yangu yalipatina mahali pasipotarajiwa kabisa,
03:53
possibly the most unlikely place for innovation:
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labda sehemu isiyotegemewa kwa uvumbuzi kabisa:
03:55
my high school biology class,
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katika darasa langu la biolojia la sekondari,
03:57
the absolute stifler of innovation.
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mahali ambapo ubunifu unazuiwa kabisa.
04:00
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(vicheko)(makofi)
04:05
And I had snuck in this article on these things called
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na nilifanikiwa kuliona andiko kuhusu vitu vinaitwa
04:08
carbon nanotubes, and that's just a long, thin pipe of carbon
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tyubu ndogo sana za kaboni.
04:12
that's an atom thick
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ambazo upana wake ni kama wa atom
04:13
and one 50 thousandth the diameter of your hair.
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na kipenyo chake moja ya hamsini ya kipenyo cha nywele yako.
04:16
And despite their extremely small sizes,
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pamoja na udogo huu
04:18
they have these incredible properties.
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zina tabia za ajabu sana.
04:20
They're kind of like the superheroes of material science.
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ni kama mashujaa wa sayansi ya maada.
04:22
And while I was sneakily reading this article
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wakati nasoma chapisho
04:25
under my desk in my biology class,
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chini ya dawati katika darasa la elimu ya viumbe,
04:27
we were supposed to be paying attention
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tulitakiwa tuwe makini
04:28
to these other kind of cool molecules called antibodies.
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katika molekyuli ziitwazo antibodi
04:32
And these are pretty cool because they only react
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na hizi zimetulia sana kwa kuwa zinaweza ungana tu
04:34
with one specific protein,
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na protini moja,
04:36
but they're not nearly as interesting as carbon nanotubes.
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lakini sio za kupendeza kama tyubu ndogo za kaboni
04:38
And so then, I was sitting in class,
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kwa hiyo nilikuwa darasani,
04:42
and suddenly it hit me:
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na ghafla nikatambua:
04:44
I could combine what I was reading about,
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Kwamba naweza kuunganisha nilichokuwa nasoma,
04:47
carbon nanotubes,
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tyubu ndogo za kaboni,
04:48
with what I was supposed to be thinking about, antibodies.
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na kile nilichotakiwa kuwaza, antibodi.
04:51
Essentially, I could weave a bunch of these antibodies
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naweza nikazungusha antibodi hizi
04:54
into a network of carbon nanotubes
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katika mkusanyiko wa tyubu ndogo za kaboni
04:56
such that you have a network
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kiasi kwamba unakuwa na mkusanyiko
04:58
that only reacts with one protein,
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ambao unaungana na protini moja
05:00
but also, due to the properties of these nanotubes,
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lakini,pia kutokana na tabia za tyubu ndogo za kaboni,
05:03
it would change its electrical properties
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itabadilisha tabia zake za kiumeme
05:05
based on the amount of protein present.
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kulingana na kiasi cha protini kilichopo
05:08
However, there's a catch.
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lakini kuna jambo la kuzingatia.
05:10
These networks of carbon nanotubes are extremely flimsy,
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muunganiko huu wa tybu ndogo za kaboni ni laini sana
05:13
and since they're so delicate, they need to be supported.
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kwa kuwa ni laini sana,zinahitaji kutegemezwa
05:17
So that's why I chose to use paper.
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ndio maana nikachagua karatasi.
05:19
Making a cancer sensor out of paper
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Kutengeneza kipimo cha kansa kwa karatasi
05:21
is about as simple as making chocolate chip cookies,
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ni rahisi kama kutengeneza biskuti za chokleti
05:23
which I love.
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ambazo nazipenda
05:27
You start with some water, pour in some nanotubes,
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unaanza na maji,unamimina nanotubes,
05:30
add antibodies, mix it up,
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ongeza antibodies, changanya,
05:33
take some paper, dip it, dry it,
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chukua karatasi,chovya,ikaushe,
05:35
and you can detect cancer.
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na unaweza ukagundua kansa.
05:38
(Applause)
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(makofi)
05:45
Then, suddenly, a thought occurred
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ghafla, wazo likanijia,
05:48
that kind of put a blemish on my amazing plan here.
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lililoweka doa katika mpango wangu wa ajabu.
05:53
I can't really do cancer research
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siwezi nikafanya utafiti wa kansa
05:54
on my kitchen countertop.
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katika jiko langu.
05:56
My mom wouldn't really like that.
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mama yangu hatapenda kitu hicho.
05:58
So instead, I decided to go for a lab.
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kwa hiyo, nikaamua kwenda maabara.
06:01
So I typed up a budget, a materials list,
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nikaandika bajeti, orodha ya vifaa,
06:03
a timeline, and a procedure,
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ratiba na taratibu zitakazotumika,
06:06
and I emailed it to 200 different professors
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nikatuma kama barua pepe kwa maprofesa 200 tofauti
06:08
at Johns Hopkins University
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katika chuo cha Johns Hopkins
06:10
and the National Institutes of Health,
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na katika taasisi ya afya ya taifa,
06:12
essentially anyone that had anything to do with pancreatic cancer.
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kimsingi yoyote ambaye alikuwa na chochote kuhusu kansa ya kongosho.
06:15
And I sat back waiting for these positive emails to be pouring in,
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nikakaa nikisubiri majibu mazuri kuingia,
06:18
saying, "You're a genius!
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yakisema, "wewe una kipaji cha ajabu!
06:19
You're going to save us all!"
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unaenda kutusaidia sisi wote!"
06:21
And — (Laughter)
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na - (vicheko)
06:25
Then reality took hold,
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baadae ukweli ukaanza kuonekana,
06:26
and over the course of a month,
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na ndani ya mwezi mmoja,
06:29
I got 199 rejections out of those 200 emails.
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nikapata majibu ya kukataa 199 kati ya barua pepe zile 200.
06:33
One professor even went through my entire procedure,
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profesa mmoja akapitia mpango wangu wote
06:36
painstakingly -- I'm not really sure where he got all this time --
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sijui alipata wapi muda wote huu --
06:39
and he went through and said why each and every step
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na akaanza kusema kwa nini kila hatua
06:43
was like the worst mistake I could ever make.
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ni kosa kubwa sana.
06:46
Clearly, the professors did not have as high
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wazi wazi kabisa kila profesa hakuwa na maono makubwa
06:48
of an opinion of my work as I did.
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kuhusu kazi yangu kama nilivyokuwa mimi.
06:51
However, there was a silver lining.
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lakini, kulikuwa bado na tumaini.
06:54
One professor said, "Maybe I might be able to help you, kid."
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profesa mmoja, "labda naweza kukusaidia kijana."
06:57
So I went in that direction.
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kwa hiyo nikaenda katika mwelekeo huo.
06:59
(Laughter)
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(vicheko)
07:03
As you can never say no to a kid.
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kwa kuwa hauwezi kumkatalia mtoto.
07:06
And so then, three months later,
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kwa hiyo miezi mitatu baadae,
07:08
I finally nailed down a harsh deadline with this guy,
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nilifanikiwa kupanga kukutana na mtu huyu,
07:11
and I get into his lab,
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nikaingia katika maabara yake,
07:12
I get all excited, and then I sit down,
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nikawa na shauku kubwa, halafu nikakaa chini
07:15
I start opening my mouth and talking,
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nikaanza kuongea,
07:16
and five seconds later he calls in another Ph.D.
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sekunde tano baadaye akamwita Daktari wa fasafa
07:19
Ph.D.'s just flock into this little room,
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madaktari wa falsafa wakajaa katika chumba hiki kidogo,
07:23
and they're just firing these questions at me,
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wakawa wananiuliza maswali,
07:25
and by the end, I kind of felt like I was in a clown car.
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na mwishowe,nikahisi kama nilikuwa katika gari lililojaa watu wengi mno
07:28
There were 20 Ph.D.'s plus me and the professor
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Kulikuwa na madaktari wa falsafa 20, mimi na huyu Profesa
07:29
crammed into this tiny office space
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tumejazana katika ofisi ndogo
07:32
with them firing these rapid-fire questions at me,
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wakinirushia maswali ya haraka haraka
07:35
trying to sink my procedure.
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wakijaribu kuzamisha mpango wangu.
07:37
How unlikely is that? I mean, pshhh.
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Jinsi gani jambo hili lilivyokuwa gumu?
07:40
(Laughter)
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(vicheko)
07:44
However, subjecting myself to that interrogation,
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bila kujali kuhojiwa kote kule,
07:47
I answered all of their questions,
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nilijibu maswali yao yote,
07:48
and I guessed on quite a few but I got them right,
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nilibahatisha katika baadhi ya maswali lakini nilikuwa sahihi,
07:50
and I finally landed the lab space I needed.
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mwishowe nikafanikiwa kupata nafasi ya maabara niliyoihitaji.
07:55
But it was shortly afterwards that I discovered
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muda mfupi baadae ndipo nikagundua
07:57
my once brilliant procedure
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mpango wango mahiri
07:59
had something like a million holes in it,
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kuwa na makosa karibia milioni moja,
08:01
and over the course of seven months,
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na ndani ya miezi saba,
08:03
I painstakingly filled each and every one of those holes.
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nikaanza kazi nzito ya kusahihisha makosa haya yote moja baada ya jingine.
08:06
The result? One small paper sensor
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Matokeo yake? kipimo cha karatasi
08:09
that costs three cents and takes five minutes to run.
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kikigharimu senti tatu za dola kikichukua dakika tano.
08:12
This makes it 168 times faster,
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hii inakifanya kiwe mara 168 haraka zaidi,
08:16
over 26,000 times less expensive,
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kikiwa na gharama ya chini ya mara 26,000
08:19
and over 400 times more sensitive
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na kikiwa cha uhakika kwa zaidi ya mara 400
08:21
than our current standard for pancreatic cancer detection.
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kushinda kipimo cha sasa cha kansa ya kongosho
08:24
(Applause)
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(makofi)
08:34
One of the best parts of the sensor, though,
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moja kati ya vitu muhimu kuhusu kipimo hiki,
08:36
is that it has close to 100 percent accuracy,
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ni kuwa kinatoa majibu sahihi kwa karibia asilimia 100,
08:39
and can detect the cancer in the earliest stages
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na kinagundua kansa katika hatua za mwanzo kabisa
08:41
when someone has close to 100 percent chance of survival.
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wakati mtu ana nafasi ya asilimia 100 ya kupona.
08:45
And so in the next two to five years,
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kwa hiyo ndani ya miaka miwili mpaka mitano ijayo,
08:47
this sensor could potentially lift for pancreatic cancer survival rates
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kipimo hiki kinaweza kikaongeza watu kupona kansa ya kongosho
08:50
from a dismal 5.5 percent
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kutoka asilimia 5.5
08:52
to close to 100 percent,
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mpaka karibu na asilimia 100,
08:54
and it would do similar for ovarian and lung cancer.
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na pia itafanya hivyo hivyo kwa kansa ya kizazi na ya mapafu.
08:57
But it wouldn't stop there.
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lakini haitaishia hapo tu.
09:00
By switching out that antibody,
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Kwa kuifunga hiyo antibodi,
09:01
you can look at a different protein,
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unaweza ukaangalia protini mbalimbali,
09:03
thus, a different disease,
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kwa hiyo pia magonjwa mbalimbali,
09:05
potentially any disease in the entire world.
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lakini uwezo huu ni kwa ugonjwa wowote duniani
09:08
So that ranges from heart disease
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kutoka ugonjwa wa moyo
09:10
to malaria, HIV, AIDS,
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mpaka Malaria,HIV,AIDS,
09:13
as well as other forms of cancer -- anything.
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pia ni aina nyingine za kansa-- ugonjwa wowote ule.
09:16
And so hopefully one day
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Kwa hiyo, tumaini ni kuwa siku moja
09:18
we can all have that one extra uncle,
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wote tunaweza tukawa na yule mjomba wa ziada,
09:20
that one mother, that one brother, sister,
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yule mama,yule kaka,dada,
09:23
we can have that one more family member to love,
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tunaweza kuwa na ndugu wa kumpenda,
09:26
and that our hearts will be rid of that one disease burden
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na mioyo yetu itapunguziwa mzigo wa ugonjwa mmoja
09:31
that comes from pancreatic, ovarian and lung cancer,
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utokanao na kansa ya kongosho,kizazi na mapafu,
09:34
and potentially any disease,
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au ugonjwa wowote mwingine,
09:36
that through the Internet anything is possible.
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na kupitia mtandao mengi yanawezekana.
09:39
Theories can be shared,
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tunaweza kushirikishana nadharia,
09:40
and you don't have to be a professor
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na sio lazima uwe profesa
09:42
with multiple degrees to have your ideas valued.
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na shahada nyingi ili mawazo yako yathaminike.
09:45
It's a neutral space,
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ni eneo lililo wazi kwa mtu yeyote
09:46
where what you look like, age or gender,
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ambapo mwonekano,umri wako au jinsia,
09:49
it doesn't matter.
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haijalishi.
09:50
It's just your ideas that count.
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ni mawazo yako tu ndiyo yanayojalisha.
09:52
For me, it's all about looking at the Internet
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Kwangu mimi,ni suala la kuangalia mtandao wa intaneti
09:55
in an entirely new way
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kwa mtazamo mpya kabisa
09:57
to realize that there's so much more to it
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ili kujua kuna mengi sana ndani yake
09:59
than just posting duck-face pictures of yourself online.
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badala ya kuweka picha zako tu mtandaoni.
10:04
You could be changing the world.
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unaweza ukaibadilisha dunia.
10:08
So if a 15-year-old
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kwa hiyo kama kijana wa miaka 15
10:10
who didn't even know what a pancreas was
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ambaye alikuwa hajui hata kongosho ni nini
10:13
could find a new way to detect pancreatic cancer,
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anaweza akavumbua njia mpya ya kugundua kansa ya kongosho.
10:16
just imagine what you could do.
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jaribu kufikiri unaweza ukafanya mangapi.
10:19
Thank you.
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Asante sana
10:20
(Applause)
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(makofi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jack Andraka - Cancer detector inventorA paper on carbon nanotubes, a biology lecture on antibodies and a flash of insight led 15-year-old Jack Andraka to design a cheaper, more sensitive cancer detector.
Why you should listen
After Andraka’s proposal to build and test his idea for a pancreatic cancer detector was rejected from 199 labs, the teen landed at Johns Hopkins. There, he built his device using inexpensive strips of filter paper, carbon nanotubes and antibodies sensitive to mesothelin, a protein found in high levels in people with pancreatic cancer. When dipped in blood or urine, the mesothelin adheres to these antibodies and is detectable by predictable changes in the nanotubes’ electrical conductivity.
In preliminary tests, Andraka’s invention has shown 100 percent accuracy. It also finds cancers earlier than current methods, costs a mere 3 cents and earned the high schooler the 2012 Intel Science Fair grand prize.
Jack Andraka | Speaker | TED.com