TEDxBrussels
Mikko Hypponen: Three types of online attack
米科·哈普宁(Mikko Hypponen) ：在线攻击的三种类型
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网络犯罪专家米科·哈普宁给我们讲述威胁我们隐私和资料的三类在线攻击—只有两种被看为犯罪。 “我们是不是盲目相信未来的政府？因为，我们失去的任何权利，就永远地失去了。”
Mikko Hypponen - Cybersecurity expert
As computer access expands, Mikko Hypponen asks: What's the next killer virus, and will the world be able to cope with it? And also: How can we protect digital privacy in the age of government surveillance? Full bio
As computer access expands, Mikko Hypponen asks: What's the next killer virus, and will the world be able to cope with it? And also: How can we protect digital privacy in the age of government surveillance? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:20
In the 1980s
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20世纪80年代
00:23
in the communist Eastern Germany,
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在共产主义的东德，
00:26
if you owned a typewriter,
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如果你有一台打字机，
00:30
you had to register it with the government.
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你就得去跟政府登记。
00:32
You had to register
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你必须登记
00:34
a sample sheet of text
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出自那台打字机的
00:36
out of the typewriter.
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一份文本的样本。
00:38
And this was done
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这样做后，
00:40
so the government could track where text was coming from.
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政府就能跟踪文本出自何方。
00:43
If they found a paper
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如果他们发现一张纸上
00:46
which had the wrong kind of thought,
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写着错误的观点，
00:49
they could track down
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他们就能跟踪
00:51
who created that thought.
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是谁产生这样的观点。
00:53
And we in the West
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而在西方
00:56
couldn't understand how anybody could do this,
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我们不能理解有人怎么能做这种事，
00:59
how much this would restrict freedom of speech.
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这将会多么限制言论自由啊。
01:02
We would never do that
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我们永远不会在我们自己的国家
01:04
in our own countries.
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里这样做。
01:07
But today in 2011,
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可是，2011年的今天，
01:10
if you go and buy a color laser printer
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如果你从任何一家大型的激光打印机厂商
01:14
from any major laser printer manufacturer
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买一台彩色激光打印机
01:17
and print a page,
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打印出一页，
01:19
that page will end up
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这页纸最后
01:21
having slight yellow dots
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会有一些小黄点
01:24
printed on every single page
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印在每一页上
01:26
in a pattern which makes the page unique
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图案让这页纸是独特
01:29
to you and to your printer.
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对你和你的打印机都是。
01:33
This is happening
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这就是今天
01:35
to us today.
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发生在我们身上的。
01:38
And nobody seems to be making a fuss about it.
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似乎没有人为此大惊小怪。
01:42
And this is an example
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这是个
01:45
of the ways
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展示
01:47
that our own governments
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我们的政府
01:50
are using technology
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使用科技
01:52
against us, the citizens.
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来对付我们这些公民们的例子。
01:56
And this is one of the main three sources
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这是今天网络问题的
01:59
of online problems today.
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三大来源之一。
02:01
If we take a look at what's really happening in the online world,
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如果我们看一下在线世界到底发生了什么，
02:04
we can group the attacks based on the attackers.
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我们根据攻击者来分组。
02:07
We have three main groups.
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我们有三个主要的组。
02:09
We have online criminals.
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我们有在线罪犯。
02:11
Like here, we have Mr. Dimitry Golubov
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这里，我们有位德米特里 戈卢博夫（Dimitry Golubov）先生
02:13
from the city of Kiev in Ukraine.
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来自乌克兰的基辅市。
02:15
And the motives of online criminals
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在线罪犯的动机
02:18
are very easy to understand.
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非常容易理解。
02:20
These guys make money.
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这些家伙为了赚钱。
02:22
They use online attacks
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他们通过在线攻击
02:24
to make lots of money,
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赚很多钱，
02:26
and lots and lots of it.
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很多很多钱。
02:28
We actually have several cases
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我们实际上有好几个案子
02:30
of millionaires online, multimillionaires,
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都是在线百万富翁，千万富翁，
02:33
who made money with their attacks.
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都是通过在线攻击赚的。
02:35
Here's Vladimir Tsastsin form Tartu in Estonia.
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这里还有来自爱沙尼亚的塔尔图的弗拉基米尔·莎斯森。
02:38
This is Alfred Gonzalez.
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这位是阿尔弗雷德·冈萨雷斯（Alfred Gonzalez）。
02:40
This is Stephen Watt.
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这是斯蒂芬·瓦特 （Stephen Watt）
02:42
This is Bjorn Sundin.
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这是比昂·松丁（Bjorn Sundin）
02:44
This is Matthew Anderson, Tariq Al-Daour
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这是马修·安德森（ Matthew Anderson），塔利克·阿尔杜（Tariq Al-Daour）
02:47
and so on and so on.
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等等等等。
02:49
These guys
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这些人
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make their fortunes online,
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在线挣了很多钱，
02:53
but they make it through the illegal means
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但他们挣的钱是非法的
02:56
of using things like banking trojans
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通过使用类似银行木马
02:58
to steal money from our bank accounts
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从我们账户偷钱
03:00
while we do online banking,
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当我们在网上进行银行业务，
03:02
or with keyloggers
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或者使用键盘记录
03:04
to collect our credit card information
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来收集我们的信用卡信息
03:07
while we are doing online shopping from an infected computer.
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当我们通过被感染的电脑来在线购物的时候。
03:10
The U.S. Secret Service,
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美国情报局，
03:12
two months ago,
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两个月前，
03:14
froze the Swiss bank account
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冻结了萨姆 杰恩先生
03:16
of Mr. Sam Jain right here,
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在瑞士的银行账户，
03:18
and that bank account had 14.9 million U.S. dollars on it
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那个账户冻结的时候
03:21
when it was frozen.
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帐上有一千四百九十万美金。
03:23
Mr. Jain himself is on the loose;
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杰恩先生本人仍逍遥法外；
03:25
nobody knows where he is.
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没人知道他在哪。
03:28
And I claim it's already today
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今天我断言
03:31
that it's more likely for any of us
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我们当中的任何一位都有可能
03:34
to become the victim of a crime online
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成为在线犯罪的受害者
03:37
than here in the real world.
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甚至超越现实世界。
03:40
And it's very obvious
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而且很显然
03:42
that this is only going to get worse.
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这种情况越来越糟。
03:44
In the future, the majority of crime
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将来，大多数的犯罪
03:46
will be happening online.
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会发生在线上。
03:50
The second major group of attackers
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第二类主要的攻击集团
03:52
that we are watching today
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我们今天观察的
03:54
are not motivated by money.
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不是出于金钱。
03:56
They're motivated by something else --
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他们的动机源于别处 --
03:58
motivated by protests,
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出于抗议，
04:00
motivated by an opinion,
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出于发表意见，
04:02
motivated by the laughs.
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出于被嘲笑过。
04:05
Groups like Anonymous
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这些匿名集团
04:07
have risen up over the last 12 months
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在过去的12个月中很活跃
04:10
and have become a major player
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并且变成了在线攻击领域的
04:12
in the field of online attacks.
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主要的参与者
04:15
So those are the three main attackers:
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这些就是三组主要的攻击者：
04:17
criminals who do it for the money,
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为了钱的罪犯，
04:19
hacktivists like Anonymous
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匿名的攻击活跃者
04:22
doing it for the protest,
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为了抗议而作的，
04:24
but then the last group are nation states,
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而最后一组是民族国家，
04:27
governments doing the attacks.
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政府在攻击。
04:31
And then we look at cases
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我们看一下例子
04:33
like what happened in DigiNotar.
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就像DigiNotar公司发生的。
04:35
This is a prime example of what happens
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这是政府攻击的
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when governments attack
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典型例子
04:39
against their own citizens.
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来反对自己的民众。
04:41
DigiNotar is a Certificate Authority
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DigiNotar是荷兰的
04:44
from The Netherlands --
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一个权威证书
04:46
or actually, it was.
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或者说它曾经是。
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It was running into bankruptcy
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它去年秋天遭遇
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last fall
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破产
04:53
because they were hacked into.
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因为他们遭到入侵。
04:55
Somebody broke in
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有人闯进去
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and they hacked it thoroughly.
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彻底毁了它。
05:00
And I asked last week
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我上周
05:02
in a meeting with Dutch government representatives,
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在与荷兰政府代表开会时问过，
05:06
I asked one of the leaders of the team
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我问一位领导
05:11
whether he found plausible
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是否他发现有可能
05:14
that people died
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有人会
05:17
because of the DigiNotar hack.
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因为Diginotar攻击而死亡。
05:20
And his answer was yes.
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他的回答是肯定的。
05:25
So how do people die
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那么，究竟如何人们的死亡
05:27
as the result of a hack like this?
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归咎于这样一个攻击呢？
05:30
Well DigiNotar is a C.A.
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DigiNotar是一个权威证书。
05:32
They sell certificates.
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他们卖证书。
05:34
What do you do with certificates?
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你用证书做什么？
05:36
Well you need a certificate
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你需要证书的情况会是
05:38
if you have a website that has https,
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你有一个有https的网站，
05:40
SSL encrypted services,
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SSL加密服务，
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services like Gmail.
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类似Gmail的服务。
05:46
Now we all, or a big part of us,
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当今我们所有人或大部分人，
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use Gmail or one of their competitors,
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使用Gmail或它对手们中的任何一家，
05:50
but these services are especially popular
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这些服务在极权主义国家
05:52
in totalitarian states
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尤其流行
05:54
like Iran,
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比如伊朗，
05:56
where dissidents
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持异议者
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use foreign services like Gmail
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使用诸如Gmail的国外服务
06:01
because they know they are more trustworthy than the local services
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因为他们知道这些比当地的服务更可靠
06:04
and they are encrypted over SSL connections,
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他们通过SSL的连接加密，
06:07
so the local government can't snoop
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所以当地政府窥探不到
06:09
on their discussions.
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他们的讨论。
06:11
Except they can if they hack into a foreign C.A.
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他们也能，如果他们攻击了一个国外权威证书，
06:14
and issue rogue certificates.
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出具伪劣证书。
06:16
And this is exactly what happened
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这恰恰就是发生在
06:18
with the case of DigiNotar.
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DigiNotar的案子中。
06:24
What about Arab Spring
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阿拉伯跳是怎么回事？
06:26
and things that have been happening, for example, in Egypt?
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比如说在埃及发生的那些事？
06:29
Well in Egypt,
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在埃及，
06:31
the rioters looted the headquarters
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暴徒们洗劫了
06:33
of the Egyptian secret police
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埃及秘密警察的总部
06:35
in April 2011,
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那是2011年4月，
06:37
and when they were looting the building they found lots of papers.
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他们洗劫时找到很多文件。
06:40
Among those papers,
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在这些文件中，
06:42
was this binder entitled "FINFISHER."
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有一个名叫FINFISHER的夹子。
06:44
And within that binder were notes
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夹子中有些笔记
06:47
from a company based in Germany
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是来自一家德国公司
06:49
which had sold the Egyptian government
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这家公司卖给埃及政府
06:52
a set of tools
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一套工具
06:54
for intercepting --
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用来截取--
06:56
and in very large scale --
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很大比例是
06:58
all the communication of the citizens of the country.
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国家公众的所有通信。
07:00
They had sold this tool
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他们把这套工具
07:02
for 280,000 Euros to the Egyptian government.
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以28万欧元卖给埃及政府。
07:05
The company headquarters are right here.
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公司的总部就在那里。
07:08
So Western governments
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所以，西方政府
07:10
are providing totalitarian governments with tools
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给极权政府提供工具
07:13
to do this against their own citizens.
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来反对他们自己的民众。
07:16
But Western governments are doing it to themselves as well.
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但西方政府也同样对他们自己这样做。
07:19
For example, in Germany,
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比如，在德国，
07:21
just a couple of weeks ago
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就是几周前
07:23
the so-called State Trojan was found,
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发现一个叫Scuinst Trojan 的
07:26
which was a trojan
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木马病毒
07:28
used by German government officials
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被德国政府官方用来
07:30
to investigate their own citizens.
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调查他们自己的民众。
07:32
If you are a suspect in a criminal case,
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如果你是一宗刑事案件的嫌疑，
07:36
well it's pretty obvious, your phone will be tapped.
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很显然，你的电话会被监听。
07:38
But today, it goes beyond that.
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可是今天，事情已经超越了。
07:40
They will tap your Internet connection.
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他们会监视你的网络连接。
07:42
They will even use tools like State Trojan
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他们会用类似Scuinst Trojan的工具
07:45
to infect your computer with a trojan,
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用一个木马来感染你的电脑，
07:48
which enables them
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这样就让他们
07:50
to watch all your communication,
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监视你所有的通信，
07:52
to listen to your online discussions,
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监听你的在线讨论，
07:55
to collect your passwords.
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收集你的密码。
08:01
Now when we think deeper
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当我们更深的想一下
08:03
about things like these,
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这些事情，
08:06
the obvious response from people should be
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人们的反应显然应是
08:11
that, "Okay, that sounds bad,
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“对啊，听起来很糟糕，
08:14
but that doesn't really affect me because I'm a legal citizen.
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但因为我是合法公民，也不会真正影响我啦。
08:17
Why should I worry?
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为什么我要担忧呢？
08:19
Because I have nothing to hide."
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我没有什么可隐藏的。”
08:22
And this is an argument,
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这就是争论所在，
08:24
which doesn't make sense.
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没什么道理。
08:26
Privacy is implied.
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隐私是不言而喻。
08:29
Privacy is not up for discussion.
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隐私用不着讨论。
08:34
This is not a question
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这不是个
08:36
between privacy
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隐私
08:40
against security.
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反对安全的问题。
08:43
It's a question of freedom
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而是一个
08:46
against control.
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自由反对管制的问题。
08:49
And while we might trust our governments
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我们2011年的当下
08:53
right now, right here in 2011,
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会信任我们的政府，
08:56
any right we give away will be given away for good.
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我们放弃的任何权力会永远失去。
08:59
And do we trust, do we blindly trust,
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我们会不会信任未来的政府，
09:02
any future government,
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盲目地信任，
09:04
a government we might have
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一个50年后的
09:06
50 years from now?
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政府呢？
09:10
And these are the questions
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这些就是我们要为下一个50年
09:13
that we have to worry about for the next 50 years.
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而担忧的问题。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mikko Hypponen - Cybersecurity expertAs computer access expands, Mikko Hypponen asks: What's the next killer virus, and will the world be able to cope with it? And also: How can we protect digital privacy in the age of government surveillance?
Why you should listen
The chief research officer at F-Secure Corporation in Finland, Mikko Hypponen has led his team through some of the largest computer virus outbreaks in history. His team took down the world-wide network used by the Sobig.F worm. He was the first to warn the world about the Sasser outbreak, and he has done classified briefings on the operation of the Stuxnet worm -- a hugely complex worm designed to sabotage Iranian nuclear enrichment facilities.
As a few hundred million more Internet users join the web from India and China and elsewhere, and as governments and corporations become more sophisticated at using viruses as weapons, Hypponen asks, what's next? Who will be at the front defending the world’s networks from malicious software? He says: "It's more than unsettling to realize there are large companies out there developing backdoors, exploits and trojans."
Even more unsettling: revelations this year that the United States' NSA is conducting widespread digital surveillance of both US citizens and anyone whose data passes through a US entity, and that it has actively sabotaged encryption algorithms. Hypponen has become one of the most outspoken critics of the agency's programs and asks us all: Why are we so willing to hand over digital privacy?
Read his open-season Q&A on Reddit:"My TED Talk was just posted. Ask me anything.
See the full documentary on the search for the Brain virus.
Mikko Hypponen | Speaker | TED.com