TEDSalon London Spring 2011
Lisa Harouni: A primer on 3D printing
莉沙.哈鲁尼：3D打印入门
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2012年是3D打印年，这项有着三十年历史的技术终于变得易用和大众化。莉沙.哈鲁尼在这里介绍了这项引人入胜的制造工艺——能做出以前不可能做到的复杂产品。
Lisa Harouni - 3D printing entrepreneur
Lisa Harouni is the co-founder of Digital Forming, working in "additive manufacturing" -- or 3D printing. Full bio
Lisa Harouni is the co-founder of Digital Forming, working in "additive manufacturing" -- or 3D printing. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
It is actually a reality today
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现在已经成为现实
00:18
that you can download products from the Web --
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你可以从网上下载产品
00:22
product data, I should say, from the Web --
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严格地说，是产品的数据
00:25
perhaps tweak it and personalize it
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然后可以根据自己的偏好进行个性化定制
00:28
to your own preference or your own taste,
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然后可以根据自己的偏好进行个性化定制
00:30
and have that information sent
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把最终的信息发送到
00:33
to a desktop machine
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一台桌面电脑上
00:36
that will fabricate it for you on the spot.
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然后电脑可以当场为您制作出产品。
00:38
We can actually build for you,
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我们可以为你
00:40
very rapidly,
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非常快捷地
00:42
a physical object.
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制造出产品，
00:45
And the reason we can do this
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我们之所以能够这么做，
00:47
is through an emerging technology
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是因为我们通过一项新兴技术
00:49
called additive manufacturing,
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这项技术叫做添加剂制造
00:51
or 3D printing.
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或者3D打印技术
00:54
This is a 3D printer.
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这是一个3D打印机
00:56
They have been around
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它们已经有30年的历史了
00:58
for almost 30 years now,
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它们已经有30年的历史了
01:00
which is quite amazing to think of,
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真是不可思议
01:02
but they're only just starting
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但是它们刚刚开始
01:04
to filter into the public arena.
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进入到公众的视野里
01:06
And typically, you would take data,
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一般来说，你需要数据
01:09
like the data of a pen here,
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像这支笔的数据
01:12
which would be a geometric representation of that product in 3D,
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这些数据是产品的3维几何表示
01:15
and we would pass that data with material
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然后我们把数据和原料
01:17
into a machine.
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放进一个机器里
01:19
And a process that would happen in the machine
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机器会按照程序
01:21
would mean layer by layer that product would be built.
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一层一层地把产品造出来
01:23
And we can take out the physical product,
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然后我们就造出来了这个产品
01:26
and ready to use,
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马上就可以用
01:28
or to, perhaps, assemble into something else.
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或者可以和其他组合在一起
01:31
But if these machines have been around for almost 30 years,
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尽管这项技术已经存在了30年
01:34
why don't we know about them?
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为什么我们现在才知道？
01:36
Because typically they've been too inefficient,
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因为它们不够高效
01:39
inaccessible,
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不容易利用
01:42
they've not been fast enough,
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它们不够快
01:44
they've been quite expensive.
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还有，成本太贵
01:46
But today,
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但是今天
01:48
it is becoming a reality
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它成为了现实
01:50
that they are now becoming successful.
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一步步走向成功
01:52
Many barriers are breaking down.
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障碍被克服
01:54
That means that you guys
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现在人们
01:56
will soon be able to access one of these machines,
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可以很方便地使用这些机器
01:58
if not this minute.
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但不是马上
02:01
And it will change and disrupt
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这可以最终改变
02:03
the landscape of manufacturing,
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制造业
02:05
and most certainly our lives, our businesses
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和我们的生活，我们的商业
02:08
and the lives of our children.
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我们孩子的生活
02:10
So how does it work?
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它是如何做到的呢？
02:13
It typically reads CAD data,
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通常用的是CAD数据
02:15
which is a product design data
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它是一种设计数据
02:17
created on professional product design programs.
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这种数据利用专业的设计软件得到
02:19
And here you can see an engineer --
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这里你可以看到一位工程师
02:21
it could be an architect or it could be a professional product designer --
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或者是一位建筑师或一位专业的产品设计师
02:24
create a product in 3D.
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制造3D产品
02:27
And this data gets sent to a machine
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这些数据发往一个机器里
02:29
that slices the data
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在这台机器里数据
02:32
into two-dimensional representations of that product
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被分割成一片片地，用二维来表示
02:34
all the way through --
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就这样
02:36
almost like slicing it like salami.
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就像切生鱼片一样
02:39
And that data, layer by layer, gets passed through the machine,
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一层层的数据送到机器里
02:42
starting at the base of the product
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从这个产品的底层开始
02:44
and depositing material, layer upon layer,
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一层层的原料盖在一起
02:47
infusing the new layer of materials to the old layer
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新的一年盖住旧的一层
02:51
in an additive process.
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层层叠叠
02:53
And this material that's deposited
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这些一层层的原料
02:56
either starts as a liquid form
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或者是液态的
02:58
or a material powder form.
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或者是粉状的
03:01
And the bonding process can happen
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结合的方式
03:03
by either melting and depositing or depositing then melting.
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可以是化了再融合，也可以是融合了再化
03:06
In this case, we can see a laser sintering machine developed by EOS.
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这个例子中，我们看到EOS造的一个激光烧结机
03:09
It's actually using a laser
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它用激光
03:11
to fuse the new layer of material to the old layer.
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把新的一层化到旧的一层上面
03:14
And over time --
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这样一来
03:16
quite rapidly actually, in a number of hours --
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很快，大概几个小时
03:18
we can build a physical product,
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我们就能得到一个产品
03:20
ready to take out of the machine and use.
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马上可以拿出来用
03:22
And this is quite an extraordinary idea,
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这是非常了不起的想法
03:26
but it is reality today.
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现在已经成为了现实
03:29
So all these products that you can see on the screen
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你在屏幕上看到的这些产品
03:32
were made in the same way.
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都是利用这种方法造出来的
03:34
They were all 3D printed.
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它们都是3D打印出来的
03:36
And you can see,
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你可以看到
03:38
they're ranging from shoes,
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有鞋子
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rings that were made out of stainless steal,
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不锈钢的戒指
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phone covers out of plastic,
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手机塑料盖子
03:45
all the way through to spinal implants, for example,
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还有脊柱植入物
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that were created out of medical-grade titanium,
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它们是利用医用级别的钛做出来的
03:50
and engine parts.
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还有发动机零件
03:52
But what you'll notice about all of these products
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你可以看到所有的这些产品
03:54
is they're very, very intricate.
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都很精细复杂
03:56
The design is quite extraordinary.
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这项设计是非常不一般的
03:59
Because we're taking this data in 3D form,
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我们可以得到3D的数据
04:02
slicing it up before it gets past the machine,
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分切成一层层的，然后送到机器里
04:05
we can actually create structures
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我们实际上在创造
04:07
that are more intricate
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一种非常精细的结构
04:09
than any other manufacturing technology --
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这比所有其他制造业都精细
04:12
or, in fact, are impossible to build in any other way.
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或者说，这对其他制造工艺来说是不可能完成的任务
04:16
And you can create parts with moving components,
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你还可以做出有移动部分的零件
04:19
hinges, parts within parts.
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铰链，在零件中的零件
04:21
So in some cases, we can abolish totally
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因此在某些情况下，我们可以
04:24
the need for manual labor.
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用它来代替人工。
04:26
It sounds great.
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听起来很不错
04:28
It is great.
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的确很不错
04:30
We can have 3D printers today
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现在的3D打印机
04:32
that build structures like these.
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可以做出像这样的结构
04:34
This is almost three meters high.
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这个大概有3米高
04:37
And this was built
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它是用
04:39
by depositing artificial sandstone layer upon layer
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大约5到10毫米厚的人工沙石
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in layers of about five millimeters to 10 mm in thickness --
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一层一层地叠在一起
04:46
slowly growing this structure.
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就这样慢慢长出来的
04:48
This was created by an architectural firm called Shiro.
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这是由一家到Shiro的建筑公司做出来的，
04:51
And you can actually walk into it.
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你完全可以走进去。
04:53
And on the other end of the spectrum,
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在另一方面
04:55
this is a microstructure.
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还有这些很小些的结构
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It's created depositing layers
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它每一层的厚度
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of about four microns.
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仅有四微米。
05:02
So really the resolution is quite incredible.
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可做东西的范围是不可思议的
05:05
The detail that you can get today
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做到的细节部分
05:07
is quite amazing.
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也是非常了不起的。
05:10
So who's using it?
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那么谁在用这项技术呢？
05:12
Typically, because we can create products very rapidly,
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通常来说，因为我们可以很快得做出这些产品
05:15
it's been used by product designers,
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所以，产品设计师会用到它，
05:18
or anyone who wanted to prototype a product
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或者一些想把设计产品的原型
05:21
and very quickly create or reiterate a design.
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变成实物以用来改进设计的人会用到它。
05:24
And actually what's quite amazing about this technology as well
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实际上更让人惊奇的是，这项技术
05:28
is that you can create bespoke products en masse.
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可以用来定制产品
05:31
There's very little economies of scale.
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它们可以是很小的规模
05:34
So you can now create one-offs very easily.
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你可以很容易地做出一个一次性产品
05:37
Architects, for example,
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例如，设计师
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they want to create prototypes of buildings.
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他们想用设计的建筑原型来做出实物
05:41
Again you can see,
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你可以看到，
05:43
this is a building of the Free University in Berlin
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这是柏林自由大学的一栋建筑，
05:46
and it was designed by Foster and Partners.
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它是由福斯特建筑事务所设计的。
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Again, not buildable in any other way.
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这对其他方法来说是不可能的，
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And very hard to even create this by hand.
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用手来制作也是很困难的。
05:56
Now this is an engine component.
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这是一个发动机零件，
05:59
It was developed by a company called Within Technologies
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它是由一个叫Within Technologies 和 3T PRD的公司研发出来的。
06:02
and 3T RPD.
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它是由一个叫Within Technologies 和 3T PRD的公司研发出来的。
06:05
It's very, very, very detailed
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在这个设计中
06:07
inside with the design.
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有很多细节。
06:09
Now 3D printing
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现在3D打印设计
06:11
can break away barriers in design
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可以突破这些设计上的障碍，
06:13
which challenge the constraints
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从而可以实现批量化的生产。
06:15
of mass production.
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从而可以实现批量化的生产。
06:17
If we slice into this product which is actually sitting here,
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如果我们把它从中间切开，
06:20
you can see that it has a number of cooling channels pass through it,
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你可以看到里面有很多冷却管，
06:24
which means it's a more efficient product.
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这说明这个产品非常实用。
06:27
You can't create this with standard manufacturing techniques
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这不可以通过标准的制造工艺做出来，
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even if you tried to do it manually.
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甚至是手工来造。
06:32
It's more efficient
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它非常有效，
06:34
because we can now create all these cavities within the object
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我们可以做出产品的这些空洞，
06:37
that cool fluid.
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它可以用来冷却液体，
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And it's used by aerospace
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现在用于航天
06:41
and automotive.
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和汽车工业。
06:44
It's a lighter part
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它很轻，
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and it uses less material waste.
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生产废料也很少。
06:49
So it's overall performance and efficiency
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总的来说，相比于标准的批量化产品来说，它很有可行性又非常高效。
06:52
just exceeds standard mass produced products.
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总的来说，相比于标准的批量化产品来说，它很有可行性又非常高效。
06:55
And then taking this idea
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利用这项技术，
06:57
of creating a very detailed structure,
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我们可以用来做出其他很细节的结构。
06:59
we can apply it to honeycomb structures
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我们可以做出蜂窝结构，
07:01
and use them within implants.
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用于植入物。
07:04
Typically an implant
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一般来说，
07:06
is more effective within the body
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植入物有越多孔，
07:08
if it's more porous,
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它就越有效，
07:10
because our body tissue will grow into it.
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这是因为身体组织可以长在里面，
07:12
There's a lower chance of rejection.
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减少被排斥的机会。
07:15
But it's very hard to create that in standard ways.
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但是，如果用传统方法，这是非常困难的。
07:18
With 3D printing,
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利用3D打印技术，
07:20
we're seeing today
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今天我们可以看到，
07:22
that we can create much better implants.
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它能够做出更好的植入物。
07:24
And in fact, because we can create
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实际上，所有我们可以做的定制化的产品，
07:26
bespoke products en masse, one-offs,
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一次性的产品，
07:29
we can create implants
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植入物，
07:31
that are specific to individuals.
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还可以更为特别。
07:33
So as you can see,
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你可以看到，
07:35
this technology and the quality of what comes out of the machines is fantastic.
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这些技术以及利用其做出来的产品都是非常了不起的。
07:39
And we're starting to see it being used
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现在我们来看，
07:41
for final end products.
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它能做出的最终产品。
07:43
And in fact, as the detail is improving,
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实际上，细节的提高，
07:45
the quality is improving,
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质量的提高，
07:47
the price of the machines are falling
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3D打印机价格的降低，
07:50
and they're becoming quicker.
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能越来越快的做出产品。
07:52
They're also now small enough
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它们现在已经足够小，
07:54
to sit on a desktop.
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可以放到桌子上面。
07:56
You can buy a machine today for about $300
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今天你只需要花上300美元 ，
07:58
that you can create yourself,
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买一个3D打印机来自己做产品，
08:00
which is quite incredible.
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这是很不可思议的。
08:02
But then it begs the question,
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现在有人就会问，
08:04
why don't we all have one in our home?
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为什么我们不能自己在家里面有一个呢？
08:07
Because, simply, most of us here today
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因为，简单来说，在场的各位
08:09
don't know how to create the data
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不知道如何做出3D打印机能读取的数据。
08:11
that a 3D printer reads.
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不知道如何做出3D打印机能读取的数据。
08:13
If I gave you a 3D printer,
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如果我给你一个3D打印机，
08:15
you wouldn't know how to direct it
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你会不知道如果指导它
08:17
to make what you want it to.
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做出来你想要的东西。
08:19
But there are more and more
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现在，技术的进步，
08:21
technologies, software and processes today
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越来越多的软件，
08:23
that are breaking down those barriers.
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正在打破这些障碍。
08:25
I believe we're at a tipping point
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我相信现在正位于一个转折点，
08:27
where this is now something
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我们无法避免。
08:30
that we can't avoid.
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我们无法避免。
08:32
This technology
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这项技术，
08:34
is really going to disrupt
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正在重塑
08:36
the landscape of manufacturing
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制造业的布局。
08:38
and, I believe, cause a revolution
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我相信，3D打印会引起
08:40
in manufacturing.
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制造业的革新。
08:42
So today,
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今天，
08:44
you can download products from the Web --
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你可以从网上下载你想要的产品，
08:46
anything you would have on your desktop,
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任何你想要的，
08:48
like pens, whistles, lemon squeezers.
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像铅笔，口哨，柠檬榨汁机等。
08:51
You can use software like Google SketchUp
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你可以利用像Google SketchUp的软件，
08:54
to create products from scratch
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去很容易地做出这些产品。
08:56
very easily.
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去很容易地做出这些产品。
08:59
3D printing can be also used
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3D打印也可以用来
09:01
to download spare parts from the Web.
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从网上下载备用零件。
09:04
So imagine you have, say,
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想像一下，
09:06
a Hoover in your home
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有天你的吸尘器坏了，
09:08
and it has broken down. You need a spare part,
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你需要一个备用件，
09:11
but you realize that Hoover's been discontinued.
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但是发现，Hoover已经停产了。
09:14
Can you imagine going online --
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想像一下，你可以直接去网上，
09:16
this is a reality --
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现在已经成为现实
09:18
and finding that spare part
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在停产的数据库中，
09:20
from a database of geometries
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找到这个备用件，
09:22
of that discontinued product
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找到这个备用件，
09:24
and downloading that information, that data,
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下载关于这个产品的信息，
09:27
and having the product made for you at home,
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在家里把它做出来。
09:29
ready to use, on your demand?
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并且马上就能用。
09:32
And in fact, because we can create spare parts
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实际上，因为我们可以做出备用件，
09:34
with things the machines
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这些机器其实可以做出来它们自己。
09:36
are quite literally making themselves.
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这些机器其实可以做出来它们自己。
09:38
You're having machines fabricate themselves.
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机器可以自我复制。
09:41
These are parts of a RepRap machine,
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这些是RepRap机器的零件，
09:43
which is a kind of desktop printer.
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它是一种桌面打印机。
09:46
But what interests my company the most
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我们公司特别感兴趣的是，
09:49
is the fact that you can create
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你可以做出属于你的，
09:51
individual unique products en masse.
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独一无二的东西。
09:54
There's no need to do a run
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你不需要做出成千上万个，
09:56
of thousands of millions
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也不需要把零件送去中国组装。
09:58
or send that product to be injection molded in China.
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也不需要把零件送去中国组装。
10:01
You can just make it physically on the spot.
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你可以当场就做出来。
10:05
Which means
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这意味着，
10:07
that we can now present to the public
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我们可以向大众展示
10:09
the next generation of customization.
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下一代的客户定制。
10:12
This is something that is now possible today,
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有部分现在已经成为可能，
10:14
that you can direct personally
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你可以让打印机
10:16
how you want your products to look.
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做出你想要的产品。
10:19
We're all familiar with the idea
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我们都很熟悉，
10:21
of customization or personalization.
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定制或者个性化。
10:23
Brands like Nike are doing it.
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像耐克这样的品牌正在这样做。
10:25
It's all over the Web.
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完全都在网上进行。
10:27
In fact, every major household name
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实际上，每个家喻户晓的公司
10:29
is allowing you
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你都会
10:31
to interact with their products
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每天和他们的产品打交道。
10:33
on a daily basis --
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每天和他们的产品打交道。
10:35
all the way from Smart Cars
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从Smart汽车，
10:37
to Prada
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到Prada,
10:39
to Ray Ban, for example.
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再到Ray Ban.
10:41
But this is not really mass customization;
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但这不是大规模定制，
10:43
it's known as variant production,
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那是变种生产，
10:45
variations of the same product.
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同一种产品的变化。
10:48
What you could do is really influence your product now
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你现在能做的是完全的重塑
10:51
and shape-manipulate your product.
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你想要的产品。
10:54
I'm not sure about you guys,
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我不清楚你们有没有这种情况，
10:56
but I've had experiences
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我有过类似的经历，
10:58
when I've walked into a store and I've know exactly what I've wanted
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当我走进一家商店，想找那个我已经找了很久的
11:00
and I've searched everywhere for that perfect lamp
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一盏我知道可以摆在家里哪个地方的完美台灯，
11:03
that I know where I want to sit in my house
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一盏我知道可以摆在家里哪个地方的完美台灯，
11:05
and I just can't find the right thing,
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但却哪也找不到。
11:07
or that perfect piece of jewelry
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或者是一个完美的珠宝，
11:10
as a gift or for myself.
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用来送给我自己。
11:12
Imagine that you can now
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想像一下，
11:14
engage with a brand
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你可以跟厂家联系
11:17
and interact,
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你可以跟厂家联系
11:19
so that you can pass your personal attributes
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把自己的个人定制
11:22
to the products that you're about to buy.
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发给他们。
11:26
You can today
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今天，你可用这样的软件
11:28
download a product with software like this,
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来在3D模式下查看你想要的产品。
11:30
view the product in 3D.
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来在3D模式下查看你想要的产品。
11:32
This is the sort of 3D data
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这是那些打印机能读取的
11:34
that a machine will read.
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3D数据。
11:36
This is a lamp.
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这是一个台灯，
11:38
And you can start iterating the design.
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你可以重新来设计。
11:40
You can direct what color that product will be,
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你可以选你想要的颜色，
11:42
perhaps what material.
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或者材质。
11:44
And also, you can engage in shape manipulation of that product,
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你可以改变形状，
11:47
but within boundaries that are safe.
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当然是在允许的范围。
11:49
Because obviously the public are not professional product designers.
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因为很显然，绝大部分人不会是专业的产品设计师，
11:52
The piece of software will keep an individual
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这个软件可以帮助
11:55
within the bounds of the possible.
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人们在可选择的范围内进行个人定制。
11:59
And when somebody is ready to purchase the product
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当有人准备购买这个定制好的产品时，
12:01
in their personalized design,
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你点一下“确认”键，
12:03
they click "Enter" and this data gets converted
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这些个性化设计信息会转换成
12:06
into the data that a 3D printer reads
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3D打印机可以读取的格式，
12:10
and gets passed to a 3D printer,
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然后被送到3D打印机，
12:15
perhaps on someone's desktop.
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可能是某人的台式机。
12:18
But I don't think that that's immediate.
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但这并不会马上实现。
12:20
I don't think that will happen soon.
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我不认为会马上实现。
12:22
What's more likely, and we're seeing it today,
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现在我们能看到的情况是，
12:24
is that data gets sent
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那些数据传到
12:26
to a local manufacturing center.
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当地的制造中心。
12:28
This means lower carbon footprint.
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这意味着这种做法很低碳。
12:31
We're now, instead of shipping a product across the world,
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现在，我们不用把产品发往全世界，
12:34
we're sending data across the Internet.
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我们只需要把数据通过网络发往各地。
12:36
Here's the product being built.
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这是正在制造的产品，
12:39
You can see, this came out of the machine in one piece
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你可以看到，一块块的被做出来，
12:41
and the electronics were inserted later.
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电器部分会后面加进来。
12:43
It's this lamp, as you can see here.
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这是一个台灯，你可以看到。
12:45
So as long as you have the data,
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只要你有这些数据，
12:47
you can create the part on demand.
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你就可以按自己的需求去做出来。
12:49
And you don't necessarily need to use this
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你不只进行
12:51
for just aesthetic customization,
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审美定制。
12:53
you can use it for functional customization,
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还可以功能定制。
12:55
scanning parts of the body
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扫描产品部分，
12:57
and creating things that are made to fit.
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做出合适的产品。
12:59
So we can run this through to something like prosthetics,
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我们可以做出假肢，
13:02
which is highly specialized to an individual's handicap.
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这种因人而异的产品。
13:05
Or we can create very specific prosthetics
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或者为某人做出
13:09
for that individual.
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特别的假肢。
13:11
Scanning teeth today,
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扫描下你的牙齿，
13:13
you can have your teeth scanned
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扫描下你的牙齿以后，
13:15
and dental coatings made in this way to fit you.
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可以做出符合你的牙齿。
13:17
While you wait at the dentist,
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当你在等牙医的时候，
13:19
a machine will quietly be creating this for you
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一个机器正在做特别适合你的
13:22
ready to insert in the teeth.
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种植牙齿。
13:24
And the idea of now creating implants,
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这种想法也用来制造移植物，
13:28
scanning data, an MRI scan of somebody
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核磁共振成像（MRI）的数据
13:31
can now be converted into 3D data
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会变为3D格式，
13:33
and we can create very specific implants for them.
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我们可以利用它来做出特别的植入物。
13:37
And applying this
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利用这些
13:39
to the idea of building up what's in our bodies.
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造出我们身体
13:41
You know, this is pair of lungs and the bronchial tree.
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你看到，这是肺和支气管
13:44
It's very intricate.
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非常的错踪复杂。
13:46
You couldn't really create this or simulate it in any other way.
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你不能利用其他手段来模拟或制造出来。
13:48
But with MRI data,
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但是利用MRI数据，
13:50
we can just build the product,
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我们可以造出这个产品。
13:52
as you can see, very intricately.
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你可以看到，非常的复杂。
13:56
Using this process,
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利用这项工艺，
13:58
pioneers in the industry are layering up cells today.
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工业先驱们正在利用一层层的细胞
14:01
So one of the pioneers, for example, is Dr. Anthony Atala,
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其中的一位，Anthony Atala医生，
14:04
and he has been working
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他正在利用层叠的细胞，
14:06
on layering cells to create body parts --
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来做出身体器官——
14:08
bladders, valves, kidneys.
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膀胱，瓣膜，肾脏
14:12
Now this is not something that's ready for the public,
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这现在还没有用于大众，
14:14
but it is in working progress.
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但是正在其过程中。
14:17
So just to finalize, we're all individual.
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总结一下，我们都是不同的个体
14:19
We all have different preferences, different needs.
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我们都有不同的偏好，不同的需求。
14:22
We like different things.
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我们都喜欢不同的东西。
14:24
We're all different sizes and our companies the same.
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我们有不同的尺寸，公司也是这样。
14:26
Businesses want different things.
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生意上需要不同的东西。
14:28
Without a doubt in my mind,
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毋庸置疑，
14:30
I believe that this technology
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我相信这项技术，
14:32
is going to cause a manufacturing revolution
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会引发制造业的革命。
14:34
and will change the landscape of manufacturing as we know it.
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从而改变我们知道的制造业。
14:37
Thank you.
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谢谢。
14:39
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lisa Harouni - 3D printing entrepreneurLisa Harouni is the co-founder of Digital Forming, working in "additive manufacturing" -- or 3D printing.
Why you should listen
Lisa Harouni is the co-founder and CEO of Digital Forming, a company that works on the software side of 3D printing -- the design tools needed to run the new generaion of 3D printing processes. She has a background in economics, and worked in the G7 Economics team at Deutsche Bank AG before moving over to the consumer products business.
Lisa Harouni | Speaker | TED.com