TEDSalon London Spring 2011
Lisa Harouni: A primer on 3D printing
麗莎·哈魯妮: 立體印刷入門
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2012是3D印刷年，這項有著30年歷史的技術終於變的易用和大眾化。麗莎·哈魯妮在這裡介紹了這項引人入勝的製造工藝 -- 包括它能做出以前不可能做到的複雜產品的能力
Lisa Harouni - 3D printing entrepreneur
Lisa Harouni is the co-founder of Digital Forming, working in "additive manufacturing" -- or 3D printing. Full bio
Lisa Harouni is the co-founder of Digital Forming, working in "additive manufacturing" -- or 3D printing. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
It is actually a reality today
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今日的現實
00:18
that you can download products from the Web --
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就是各位可以從網路下載產品
00:22
product data, I should say, from the Web --
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或應該說是產品的資料
00:25
perhaps tweak it and personalize it
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然後修改 加以個人化
00:28
to your own preference or your own taste,
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以符合你的個人的喜好或口味
00:30
and have that information sent
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並將這份資訊
00:33
to a desktop machine
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傳送到到一部桌上型機器
00:36
that will fabricate it for you on the spot.
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替你當場做出實物
00:38
We can actually build for you,
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就是說 我們實際上
00:40
very rapidly,
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可以快速地
00:42
a physical object.
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為你做出實物
00:45
And the reason we can do this
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我們仰賴的
00:47
is through an emerging technology
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是一種新興科技
00:49
called additive manufacturing,
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稱作添加式製造
00:51
or 3D printing.
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或3D列印
00:54
This is a 3D printer.
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這是一台3D打印機
00:56
They have been around
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這種機器
00:58
for almost 30 years now,
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已經出現將近30年了
01:00
which is quite amazing to think of,
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這點還蠻讓人訝異的
01:02
but they're only just starting
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因為它們最近
01:04
to filter into the public arena.
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才開始滲透入公共領域的應用
01:06
And typically, you would take data,
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通常的用法是把資料
01:09
like the data of a pen here,
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像這些筆的資料
01:12
which would be a geometric representation of that product in 3D,
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就是這些產品在三度空間中的幾何呈現數據
01:15
and we would pass that data with material
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把這些資料連同原料
01:17
into a machine.
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一起傳送給機器
01:19
And a process that would happen in the machine
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機器裡的製造過程
01:21
would mean layer by layer that product would be built.
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就是一層一層地建構這項產品
01:23
And we can take out the physical product,
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當我們把實體的產品拿出來
01:26
and ready to use,
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就可以直接使用
01:28
or to, perhaps, assemble into something else.
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或是把它組裝成其他東西
01:31
But if these machines have been around for almost 30 years,
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不過 如果這種機器已經存在將近30年之久
01:34
why don't we know about them?
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為什麼我們對它一無所知？
01:36
Because typically they've been too inefficient,
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因為這種機器非常沒有效率
01:39
inaccessible,
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難以取得
01:42
they've not been fast enough,
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速度不夠快
01:44
they've been quite expensive.
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又很昂貴
01:46
But today,
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但是今天
01:48
it is becoming a reality
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這種機器已經逐漸
01:50
that they are now becoming successful.
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變得越來越成功
01:52
Many barriers are breaking down.
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我們已經突破許多障礙
01:54
That means that you guys
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這表示 在座各位
01:56
will soon be able to access one of these machines,
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很快可以有機會使用這種機器
01:58
if not this minute.
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就算不是此時此刻
02:01
And it will change and disrupt
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而這會改變和瓦解
02:03
the landscape of manufacturing,
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現有的製造格局
02:05
and most certainly our lives, our businesses
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影響我們的生活，我們的商業
02:08
and the lives of our children.
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和孩子的生活
02:10
So how does it work?
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可是這是怎樣達成的呢？
02:13
It typically reads CAD data,
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它經由讀取CAD(電腦輔助設計)資訊
02:15
which is a product design data
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一種產品設計資料
02:17
created on professional product design programs.
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由專業的產品設計軟體產生
02:19
And here you can see an engineer --
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而這裡你看以看到一名工程師 --
02:21
it could be an architect or it could be a professional product designer --
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也可能是一名建築師，或者是一名產品設計師 --
02:24
create a product in 3D.
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設計了一個3D的產品
02:27
And this data gets sent to a machine
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這個資料輸送到一個機器
02:29
that slices the data
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將數據“切片”
02:32
into two-dimensional representations of that product
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把這個產品進行整體的
02:34
all the way through --
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二維分解
02:36
almost like slicing it like salami.
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就像切香腸一樣
02:39
And that data, layer by layer, gets passed through the machine,
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這些資料，分層通過機器
02:42
starting at the base of the product
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從產品底部開始
02:44
and depositing material, layer upon layer,
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一層一層的澆注材料
02:47
infusing the new layer of materials to the old layer
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使用加成工藝讓上一層的材料
02:51
in an additive process.
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不斷滲入下一層
02:53
And this material that's deposited
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這種澆注材料
02:56
either starts as a liquid form
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最開始可能是液體狀
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or a material powder form.
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也可能是粉末狀
03:01
And the bonding process can happen
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而粘合工藝的原理
03:03
by either melting and depositing or depositing then melting.
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可以是先融化再澆注，也可以是先澆注再融化
03:06
In this case, we can see a laser sintering machine developed by EOS.
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在這個例子裡 我們看到的是EOS開發的鐳射燒結機
03:09
It's actually using a laser
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它利用鐳射
03:11
to fuse the new layer of material to the old layer.
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將新加層的材料熔接到前一層
03:14
And over time --
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經過一段時間 --
03:16
quite rapidly actually, in a number of hours --
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其實很快，也就是幾個小時 --
03:18
we can build a physical product,
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我們就可以做出實物
03:20
ready to take out of the machine and use.
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拿出機器并投入使用
03:22
And this is quite an extraordinary idea,
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這想法很棒
03:26
but it is reality today.
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並已成為現實
03:29
So all these products that you can see on the screen
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你們在螢幕上見到的
03:32
were made in the same way.
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都是用同樣方法做出來的
03:34
They were all 3D printed.
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3D列印的產物
03:36
And you can see,
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可以看到
03:38
they're ranging from shoes,
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它可以做出鞋子
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rings that were made out of stainless steal,
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不銹鋼制的戒指
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phone covers out of plastic,
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塑膠的手機殼
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all the way through to spinal implants, for example,
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以及採用醫用鈦製成的
03:48
that were created out of medical-grade titanium,
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脊柱植入物
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and engine parts.
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還有引擎零件
03:52
But what you'll notice about all of these products
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請注意 所有這些產品
03:54
is they're very, very intricate.
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都非常非常複雜
03:56
The design is quite extraordinary.
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有著令人驚歎的設計
03:59
Because we're taking this data in 3D form,
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因為我們使用的是3D形式的資料
04:02
slicing it up before it gets past the machine,
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在製作前全部分解
04:05
we can actually create structures
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我們可以創造出
04:07
that are more intricate
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極其複雜的結構
04:09
than any other manufacturing technology --
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比現有的任何一種製造技術都複雜
04:12
or, in fact, are impossible to build in any other way.
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事實上，採用其他技術都無法做出如此複雜的結構
04:16
And you can create parts with moving components,
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你可以做出帶有移動元件的零件
04:19
hinges, parts within parts.
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鉸鏈，層層嵌套的零件
04:21
So in some cases, we can abolish totally
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在某些例子裡，我們可以完全摒棄
04:24
the need for manual labor.
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手工的需要
04:26
It sounds great.
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聽起來很棒
04:28
It is great.
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而它的確很棒
04:30
We can have 3D printers today
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今天的3D打印機
04:32
that build structures like these.
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可以做出這樣的結構
04:34
This is almost three meters high.
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這個差不多有3米高
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And this was built
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它是由
04:39
by depositing artificial sandstone layer upon layer
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層層澆注人工砂岩
04:42
in layers of about five millimeters to 10 mm in thickness --
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每層5到10毫米厚
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slowly growing this structure.
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慢慢生成的一個結構
04:48
This was created by an architectural firm called Shiro.
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這是Shiro建築師事務所的作品
04:51
And you can actually walk into it.
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人們可以走到裡面去
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And on the other end of the spectrum,
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而在另一個極端
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this is a microstructure.
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這是一個微縮結構
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It's created depositing layers
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這裡的澆注層
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of about four microns.
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只有大約4微米
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So really the resolution is quite incredible.
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這個精細度是很驚人的
05:05
The detail that you can get today
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今天所能做出的細節
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is quite amazing.
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是很驚人的
05:10
So who's using it?
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那麼誰在用呢？
05:12
Typically, because we can create products very rapidly,
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一般來說，因為它能快速製作產品
05:15
it's been used by product designers,
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所以產品設計師是常用者
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or anyone who wanted to prototype a product
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另外就是任何想製作產品模型
05:21
and very quickly create or reiterate a design.
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並且需要快速製作或複製設計的人
05:24
And actually what's quite amazing about this technology as well
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這項科技的另一個驚人之處
05:28
is that you can create bespoke products en masse.
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就是你可以對個性化產品進行一次性成型
05:31
There's very little economies of scale.
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這樣它的規模效應很小
05:34
So you can now create one-offs very easily.
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你也能輕鬆地做出一次性設計
05:37
Architects, for example,
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譬如建築師
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they want to create prototypes of buildings.
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他們要做建築模型
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Again you can see,
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你們看到的
05:43
this is a building of the Free University in Berlin
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是柏林自由大學的一幢建築
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and it was designed by Foster and Partners.
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由福斯特建築事務所設計
05:48
Again, not buildable in any other way.
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它無法由（除3D列印之外的）其他技術實現
05:51
And very hard to even create this by hand.
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既是是手工製作也很困難
05:56
Now this is an engine component.
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這是一個引擎部件
05:59
It was developed by a company called Within Technologies
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由Within技術公司
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and 3T RPD.
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與3T RPD公司開發
06:05
It's very, very, very detailed
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它有非常精細的
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inside with the design.
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內部設計
06:09
Now 3D printing
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3D列印
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can break away barriers in design
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能打破設計的藩籬
06:13
which challenge the constraints
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這大大挑戰了
06:15
of mass production.
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工業生產的限制
06:17
If we slice into this product which is actually sitting here,
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如果我們把這裡的產品剖開來
06:20
you can see that it has a number of cooling channels pass through it,
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可以看到這裡有數條貫穿的冷卻管道
06:24
which means it's a more efficient product.
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這說明這個產品效率更高
06:27
You can't create this with standard manufacturing techniques
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你無法用標準的製造技術來實現它們
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even if you tried to do it manually.
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完全手工也不行
06:32
It's more efficient
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它效率更高的原因便是
06:34
because we can now create all these cavities within the object
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因為我們可以製造物體內的所有用來冷卻液體
06:37
that cool fluid.
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的腔體
06:39
And it's used by aerospace
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它現在被使用於航空航天
06:41
and automotive.
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和汽車工業
06:44
It's a lighter part
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它很輕
06:47
and it uses less material waste.
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生產廢料也很少
06:49
So it's overall performance and efficiency
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總的來說 相比於標準的量產品
06:52
just exceeds standard mass produced products.
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它很可行也具有更高效率
06:55
And then taking this idea
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運用這項技術
06:57
of creating a very detailed structure,
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我們可以做出其它很細節的結構
06:59
we can apply it to honeycomb structures
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我們可以做出蜂窩結構
07:01
and use them within implants.
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用於植入體內
07:04
Typically an implant
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一般來說
07:06
is more effective within the body
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植入體有越多孔洞
07:08
if it's more porous,
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它就越有效
07:10
because our body tissue will grow into it.
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這是因為身體組織可以長在裡面
07:12
There's a lower chance of rejection.
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減少被排斥的機會
07:15
But it's very hard to create that in standard ways.
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但是 如果用傳統方法 這是非常困難的。
07:18
With 3D printing,
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利用3D列印技術
07:20
we're seeing today
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我們可以看到
07:22
that we can create much better implants.
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它能夠做出更好的植入體
07:24
And in fact, because we can create
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實際上 由於我們可以打造
07:26
bespoke products en masse, one-offs,
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客製化、一次性的產品
07:29
we can create implants
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我們可以特地打造
07:31
that are specific to individuals.
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專屬于個人的植入體
07:33
So as you can see,
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你可以看到
07:35
this technology and the quality of what comes out of the machines is fantastic.
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這些技術以及利用其做出來的產品都是非常了不起的
07:39
And we're starting to see it being used
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現在我們來看
07:41
for final end products.
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它能做出的最終產品
07:43
And in fact, as the detail is improving,
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實際上 隨著細節的提高
07:45
the quality is improving,
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以及質量的提高
07:47
the price of the machines are falling
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3D印表機價格也正在降低
07:50
and they're becoming quicker.
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并能越來越快的做出產品
07:52
They're also now small enough
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現在它們已經足夠小到
07:54
to sit on a desktop.
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可以放到桌子上面
07:56
You can buy a machine today for about $300
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今天你只需要花上300美元
07:58
that you can create yourself,
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便可以買一個3D印表機來自己做產品
08:00
which is quite incredible.
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這是很不可思議的
08:02
But then it begs the question,
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現在有人就會問
08:04
why don't we all have one in our home?
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為什麼我們不能自己在家裡有一個呢？
08:07
Because, simply, most of us here today
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因為 簡單的說 在場的各位
08:09
don't know how to create the data
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不知道如何做出
08:11
that a 3D printer reads.
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3D打印機能讀取的數據
08:13
If I gave you a 3D printer,
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如果我給你一個3D打印機
08:15
you wouldn't know how to direct it
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你會不知道如何指導它
08:17
to make what you want it to.
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做出你想要的東西
08:19
But there are more and more
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現在 技術的進步
08:21
technologies, software and processes today
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越來越多的軟體
08:23
that are breaking down those barriers.
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正在打破這些障礙
08:25
I believe we're at a tipping point
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我相信現在
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where this is now something
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正位於一個轉折點
08:30
that we can't avoid.
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我們無法忽視它
08:32
This technology
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這項技術，
08:34
is really going to disrupt
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正在重塑
08:36
the landscape of manufacturing
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製造業的佈局
08:38
and, I believe, cause a revolution
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我相信，3D列印會引發
08:40
in manufacturing.
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製造業的革新。
08:42
So today,
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今天，
08:44
you can download products from the Web --
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你可以從網路上下載你想要的產品
08:46
anything you would have on your desktop,
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任何你想要的
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like pens, whistles, lemon squeezers.
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像鉛筆，口哨，檸檬榨汁機等
08:51
You can use software like Google SketchUp
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你可以利用像Google SketchUp的軟體
08:54
to create products from scratch
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很容易的
08:56
very easily.
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做出這些產品
08:59
3D printing can be also used
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3D列印也可以用來
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to download spare parts from the Web.
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從網路上下載備用零件
09:04
So imagine you have, say,
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想像一下
09:06
a Hoover in your home
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某天你的吸塵器壞了
09:08
and it has broken down. You need a spare part,
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你需要一個備用零件
09:11
but you realize that Hoover's been discontinued.
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但是發現，Hoover已經停產了
09:14
Can you imagine going online --
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想像一下 你可以直接去網路上 --
09:16
this is a reality --
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這已成為現實 --
09:18
and finding that spare part
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在停產的數據庫中
09:20
from a database of geometries
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找到這個備用零件
09:22
of that discontinued product
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找到這個備用零件
09:24
and downloading that information, that data,
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下載關於這個產品的信息
09:27
and having the product made for you at home,
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并在家裡把它做出來
09:29
ready to use, on your demand?
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並且馬上在你需要時就能用
09:32
And in fact, because we can create spare parts
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實際上 因為我們可以做出備用零件
09:34
with things the machines
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這些機器
09:36
are quite literally making themselves.
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其實可以做出它們自己
09:38
You're having machines fabricate themselves.
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機器可以自我複製
09:41
These are parts of a RepRap machine,
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這些是RepRap機器的零件
09:43
which is a kind of desktop printer.
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它是一種桌上打印機
09:46
But what interests my company the most
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但我們公司特別感興趣的是
09:49
is the fact that you can create
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你可以做出屬於你
09:51
individual unique products en masse.
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獨一無二的東西
09:54
There's no need to do a run
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你不需要做出
09:56
of thousands of millions
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成千上萬個
09:58
or send that product to be injection molded in China.
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也不需要把零件送去中國組裝
10:01
You can just make it physically on the spot.
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你可以當場就做出來
10:05
Which means
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這意味著
10:07
that we can now present to the public
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我們可以向大眾展示
10:09
the next generation of customization.
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新一代的客戶訂製
10:12
This is something that is now possible today,
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有一部分現在已經成為可能
10:14
that you can direct personally
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你可以讓打印機
10:16
how you want your products to look.
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做出你想要的產品
10:19
We're all familiar with the idea
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我們都很熟悉
10:21
of customization or personalization.
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訂製或做個性化
10:23
Brands like Nike are doing it.
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像Nike這樣的品牌正在這樣做
10:25
It's all over the Web.
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完全都在網路上進行
10:27
In fact, every major household name
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實際上，每個家喻戶曉的公司
10:29
is allowing you
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都使你在日常生活中
10:31
to interact with their products
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和他們的產品
10:33
on a daily basis --
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互饋信息 --
10:35
all the way from Smart Cars
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從智能汽車
10:37
to Prada
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到Prada
10:39
to Ray Ban, for example.
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再到Ray Ban
10:41
But this is not really mass customization;
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但這不是大規模訂製
10:43
it's known as variant production,
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這是一種變種生產
10:45
variations of the same product.
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同一種產品的變化
10:48
What you could do is really influence your product now
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你現在能做的是完全的重塑
10:51
and shape-manipulate your product.
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你想要的產品
10:54
I'm not sure about you guys,
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我不清楚你們有沒有這種情況
10:56
but I've had experiences
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我有過類似的經歷
10:58
when I've walked into a store and I've know exactly what I've wanted
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當我走進一家商店
11:00
and I've searched everywhere for that perfect lamp
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想找那個我已經找了很久的
11:03
that I know where I want to sit in my house
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一盞我知道可以擺在家裡哪個地方的完美檯燈
11:05
and I just can't find the right thing,
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但卻哪裡也找不到
11:07
or that perfect piece of jewelry
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或者是一個完美的珠寶
11:10
as a gift or for myself.
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用來送給我自己
11:12
Imagine that you can now
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想像一下
11:14
engage with a brand
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你可以跟名牌商聯繫
11:17
and interact,
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接洽
11:19
so that you can pass your personal attributes
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把自己的個人訂製
11:22
to the products that you're about to buy.
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發送給他們
11:26
You can today
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今天 你可以用這樣的軟體
11:28
download a product with software like this,
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在3D模式下
11:30
view the product in 3D.
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查看你想要的產品
11:32
This is the sort of 3D data
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這是那些打印機能讀取的
11:34
that a machine will read.
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3D數據
11:36
This is a lamp.
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這是一個檯燈
11:38
And you can start iterating the design.
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你可以重新設計
11:40
You can direct what color that product will be,
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你可以選你想要的顏色
11:42
perhaps what material.
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或者材質
11:44
And also, you can engage in shape manipulation of that product,
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你可以自我的改變形狀
11:47
but within boundaries that are safe.
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當然 是在允許的範圍
11:49
Because obviously the public are not professional product designers.
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因為很顯然的 絕大部分人不會是專業的產品設計師
11:52
The piece of software will keep an individual
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這個軟體可以幫助
11:55
within the bounds of the possible.
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人們在可選擇的範圍內進行個人訂製
11:59
And when somebody is ready to purchase the product
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當有人準備購買這個訂製好的產品時
12:01
in their personalized design,
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你點一下確認鍵
12:03
they click "Enter" and this data gets converted
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這些個性化設計信息會轉換成
12:06
into the data that a 3D printer reads
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3D打印機可以讀取的格式
12:10
and gets passed to a 3D printer,
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然後被送到可能在某人桌上的那一台
12:15
perhaps on someone's desktop.
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3D打印機
12:18
But I don't think that that's immediate.
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但這並不會馬上實現
12:20
I don't think that will happen soon.
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我不認為會馬上實現
12:22
What's more likely, and we're seeing it today,
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現在我們能看到的情況是
12:24
is that data gets sent
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那些數據傳到
12:26
to a local manufacturing center.
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當地的製造中心
12:28
This means lower carbon footprint.
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這意味著這種做法很節碳
12:31
We're now, instead of shipping a product across the world,
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現在 我們不用把產品發送到全世界
12:34
we're sending data across the Internet.
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我們只需要把數據透過網路傳送到各地
12:36
Here's the product being built.
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這是正在製造的產品
12:39
You can see, this came out of the machine in one piece
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你可以看到 一塊塊的被做出來
12:41
and the electronics were inserted later.
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電器部分會後面加進來
12:43
It's this lamp, as you can see here.
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這是一個檯燈 你可以看到
12:45
So as long as you have the data,
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只要你有這些數據
12:47
you can create the part on demand.
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你就可以按自己的需求去做出來
12:49
And you don't necessarily need to use this
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你不只進行
12:51
for just aesthetic customization,
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美感訂製
12:53
you can use it for functional customization,
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還可以做功能訂製
12:55
scanning parts of the body
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掃描產品部分
12:57
and creating things that are made to fit.
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做出合適的產品
12:59
So we can run this through to something like prosthetics,
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我們可以做出義肢
13:02
which is highly specialized to an individual's handicap.
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這種因人而異的產品
13:05
Or we can create very specific prosthetics
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或者為某人做出
13:09
for that individual.
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專屬的義肢
13:11
Scanning teeth today,
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掃描你的牙齒
13:13
you can have your teeth scanned
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掃描你的牙齒之後
13:15
and dental coatings made in this way to fit you.
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可以做出符合你的牙齒
13:17
While you wait at the dentist,
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當你在等牙醫的時候
13:19
a machine will quietly be creating this for you
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一個機器正在製作特別適合你的
13:22
ready to insert in the teeth.
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牙齒植體
13:24
And the idea of now creating implants,
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這種想法也用來製造植入體
13:28
scanning data, an MRI scan of somebody
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核磁共振成像(MRI)的數據
13:31
can now be converted into 3D data
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轉換為3D格式
13:33
and we can create very specific implants for them.
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我們可以利用它來做出獨有的植入體
13:37
And applying this
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利用這樣的概念
13:39
to the idea of building up what's in our bodies.
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可以製造出我們身體內的器官
13:41
You know, this is pair of lungs and the bronchial tree.
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你看到 這是肺和支氣管
13:44
It's very intricate.
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非常的錯綜複雜
13:46
You couldn't really create this or simulate it in any other way.
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你不能利用其它手段來模擬或製造出來
13:48
But with MRI data,
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但是利用MRI數據
13:50
we can just build the product,
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我們可以製出這種產品
13:52
as you can see, very intricately.
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如你所見 非常複雜
13:56
Using this process,
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利用這項工藝
13:58
pioneers in the industry are layering up cells today.
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工業先驅們正在利用一層層的細胞
14:01
So one of the pioneers, for example, is Dr. Anthony Atala,
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其中的一位，Anthony Atala醫師
14:04
and he has been working
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他正在利用層疊的細胞
14:06
on layering cells to create body parts --
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來做出身體器官
14:08
bladders, valves, kidneys.
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膀胱，瓣膜，腎臟
14:12
Now this is not something that's ready for the public,
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這現在還沒有用在大眾
14:14
but it is in working progress.
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但是它正在發展中
14:17
So just to finalize, we're all individual.
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總結一下，我們都是不同的個體
14:19
We all have different preferences, different needs.
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我們都有不同的偏好，不同的需求
14:22
We like different things.
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我們都喜歡不同的東西
14:24
We're all different sizes and our companies the same.
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我們有不同的尺寸，公司也是這樣
14:26
Businesses want different things.
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生意上需要不同的東西
14:28
Without a doubt in my mind,
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毋庸置疑
14:30
I believe that this technology
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我相信這項技術
14:32
is going to cause a manufacturing revolution
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會引發製造業的革命
14:34
and will change the landscape of manufacturing as we know it.
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從而改變我們知道的製造業
14:37
Thank you.
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謝謝
14:39
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lisa Harouni - 3D printing entrepreneurLisa Harouni is the co-founder of Digital Forming, working in "additive manufacturing" -- or 3D printing.
Why you should listen
Lisa Harouni is the co-founder and CEO of Digital Forming, a company that works on the software side of 3D printing -- the design tools needed to run the new generaion of 3D printing processes. She has a background in economics, and worked in the G7 Economics team at Deutsche Bank AG before moving over to the consumer products business.
Lisa Harouni | Speaker | TED.com