ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Reed Hastings - Entrepreneur, philanthropist
As co-founder and CEO of Netflix, Reed Hastings is revolutionizing the world of entertainment.

Why you should listen

Reed Hastings co-founded Netflix in 1997. Today the company develops, licenses and delivers entertainment across a wide variety of genres and languages to hundreds of millions of people in 190 countries. In 1991, he founded Pure Software, which made tools for software developers. After a 1995 IPO and several acquisitions, Pure was acquired by Rational Software in 1997.

Hastings is an active educational philanthropist and served on the California State Board of Education from 2000 to 2004. He is on the board of several educational organizations including DreamBox Learning, KIPP and Pahara. He's also a board member of Facebook and was on the board of Microsoft from 2007 to 2012. He received a BA from Bowdoin College in 1983 and an MSCS in artificial intelligence from Stanford University in 1988. Between Bowdoin and Stanford, he served in the Peace Corps as a high school math teacher in Swaziland. 

More profile about the speaker
Reed Hastings | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.

Why you should listen

Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.

Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.

Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.

Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.

This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.

He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.

In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.

Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.

More profile about the speaker
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com
TED2018

Reed Hastings: How Netflix changed entertainment -- and where it's headed

里德 · 哈斯廷斯: 奈飞(Netflix)如何改变娱乐行业——以及未来它将驶向何方

Filmed:
1,975,627 views

奈飞改变了娱乐世界——首先是DVD邮寄,继而是流媒体服务,随后又出现了一些轰动一时的原创节目,如《女子监狱》和《怪奇物语》——但其背后都承担了一定的风险。在与TED策展人克里斯 · 安德森的谈话中,奈飞的联合创始人兼首席执行官里德 · 哈斯廷斯讨论了公司大胆的内部文化,为他们的推荐提供动力的强大算法,他们今年投资的价值80亿美元的内容,以及他支持创新教育的慈善活动等等。
- Entrepreneur, philanthropist
As co-founder and CEO of Netflix, Reed Hastings is revolutionizing the world of entertainment. Full bio - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Chris克里斯 Anderson安德森: I have been long
so fascinated入迷 and amazed吃惊
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克里斯 · 安德森(CA):
一直以来,奈飞在许多方面
都令我十分着迷和惊叹。
00:16
by so many许多 aspects方面 of NetflixNetflix公司.
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00:17
You're full充分 of surprises惊喜, if I may可能 say so.
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我可以这么说,你们总是让我们充满惊喜,
00:20
One of those surprises惊喜 happened发生,
I think about six years年份 ago.
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其中一个我认为发生在大概六年前。
00:24
So, the company公司 back then
was doing really well,
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公司那时运营得非常好,
00:28
but you were basically基本上 a streaming service服务
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但你们基本上也只是提供流媒体服务,
00:30
for other people's人们 films影片 and TV电视 content内容.
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内容是其他公司制作的电影和电视内容。
00:34
You'd persuaded说服了 Wall Street
that you were right
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你们说服了华尔街投资者,认为应该
00:36
to make the kind of radical激进 shift转移
away from just sending发出 people DVDsDVD光盘,
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把给用户寄送DVD的模式进行彻底转变,
改成通过流媒体的方式提供服务。
00:40
so you were doing it by streaming.
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00:42
And you were growing生长 like a weed野草 --
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于是你们像野草一样成长——
现在拥有超过600万订阅用户
和健康的增长率,
00:44
you had more than six million百万 subscribers用户
and healthy健康 growth发展 rates利率,
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00:47
and yet然而, you chose选择 that moment时刻
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然而,你选择那个时刻,
00:49
to kind of make a giant巨人 --
really, a bet-the-company公司间 decision决定.
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做出那个巨大的、等于赌上了公司的决定。
00:55
What was that decision决定,
and what motivated动机 it?
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那个决定是什么?它的动力是什么?
00:58
Reed芦苇 Hastings黑斯廷斯: Well,
cable电缆 networks网络 from all time
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里德 · 哈斯廷斯(RH):
所有有线电视网络公司都是
01:01
have started开始 on other people's人们 content内容
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先用其他公司的内容起家,
01:03
and then grown长大的 into doing
their own拥有 originals原件.
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然后成长到自己进行原创自制。
01:06
So we knew知道 of the general一般 idea理念
for quite相当 a while.
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所以我们很早就知道这个惯常做法了。
01:10
And we had actually其实 tried试着 to get into
original原版的 content内容 back in 2005,
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我们真正开始尝试原创内容是在2005年,
01:14
when we were on DVDDVD only
and buying购买 films影片 at Sundance圣丹斯电影节 --
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当时我们还只有DVD模式,
还在圣丹斯电影节上购买电影——
01:18
Maggie劣质煤 Gyllenhaal吉伦哈尔, "Sherrybaby谢里巴,"
we published发表 on DVDDVD --
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马吉 · 盖伦哈尔的《雪莉宝贝》,
我们发行了DVD——
01:21
we were a mini微型 studio工作室.
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我们当时是个迷你工作室。
01:22
And it didn't work out,
because we were subscale子刻度.
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但那个模式没成功,因为我们规模太小。
01:25
And then, as you said, in 2011,
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然后,如你所说,在2011年,
01:28
Ted摊晒 SarandosSarandos, my partner伙伴 at NetflixNetflix公司
who runs运行 content内容,
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泰德 · 萨兰多斯,我在奈飞负责内容的伙伴,
01:32
got very excited兴奋 about "House of Cards."
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对“纸牌屋”非常兴奋。
01:35
And at that time,
it was 100 million百万 dollars美元,
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那时,投资是1亿美元,
01:37
it was a fantastic奇妙 investment投资,
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那是一项了不起的投资,
01:41
and it was in competition竞争 with HBOHBO.
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当时在与HBO竞争。
01:44
And that was really the breakthrough突破,
that he picked采摘的 right upfront前期.
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那是个真正的突破,他一开始就选对了。
01:47
CACA: But that was a significant重大 percentage百分比
of the revenue收入 of the company公司
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CA:但那笔钱占到了公司当时
营收的很大一部分。
01:50
at that time.
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01:52
But how could you get confident信心
that that was actually其实 worth价值 doing?
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但你如何确信这值得去做?
01:56
If you got that wrong错误,
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如果你错了,
01:58
it might威力 have been really
devastating破坏性的 for the company公司.
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就可能是对公司毁灭性的打击。
02:00
RHRH: Yeah, we weren't confident信心.
I mean, that's the whole整个 tension张力 of it.
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RH:是的,我们也不是那么有信心。
我意思是我们全都提心吊胆的。
02:04
We were like, "Holy ...!" --
I can't say that.
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我们就想说:“我…”——我不能说脏话。
02:08
Yeah, it was scary害怕.
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是的,挺吓人的。
02:10
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
02:13
CACA: And with that, it wasn't just
producing生产 new content内容.
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CA:那么当时,不仅是制作新的内容。
02:17
You also, pretty漂亮 much with that,
if I understand理解 right,
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你们还差不多是,如果我没理解错,
02:19
introduced介绍 this idea理念 of binge-viewing狂欢,观看.
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引入了刷剧这个概念。
02:21
It wasn't, "We're going to do
these episodes发作 and build建立 excitement激动" --
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它不是在“一集一集地累积兴奋点”,而是
02:25
boom繁荣! -- all at one time.
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嘣!——一气呵成。
02:27
And that consumer消费者 mode模式
hadn't有没有 really been tested测试.
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那个消费模式还没有真正被验证过。
02:29
Why did you risk风险 that?
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你们为什么会冒那个风险?
02:31
RHRH: Well, you know,
we had grown长大的 up shipping运输 DVDsDVD光盘.
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RH:你知道,我们最初是靠邮寄DVD起家的。
那时候有DVD系列,套装。
02:34
And then there were series系列,
box sets, on DVDDVD.
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02:36
And all of us had that experience经验
watching观看 some of the great HBOHBO content内容
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我们所有人都有观看
某些HBO好剧的那种体验,
02:41
you know, with the DVDDVD --
next下一个 episode插曲, next下一个 episode插曲.
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有DVD就可以一集接一集地看。
02:44
And so that was the trigger触发
to make us think,
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这就是我们思考的引线,
02:47
wow, you know, with episodic情节 content内容,
especially特别 serialized连载,
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哇,对于剧集内容,尤其是连续剧,
02:51
it's so powerful强大 to have
all the episodes发作 at once一旦.
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一次拥有所有集数真是非常爽。
02:54
And it's something
that linear线性 TV电视 can't do.
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这是线性电视节目做不到的。
02:57
And so both of those
made制作 it really positive.
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所以这两点都让我们看好它。
03:01
CACA: And so, did it work out on the math数学
pretty漂亮 much straight直行 away,
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CA:那么,是不是可以直接计算出来,
03:04
that an hour小时 spent花费 watching观看
"House of Cards," say,
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用户观看《纸牌屋》1小时,
03:08
was more profitable有利可图 to you
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相比观看其他公司版权内容1小时,
03:10
than an hour小时 spent花费 watching观看
someone有人 else's别人的 licensed领有牌照 content内容?
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你们是不是收益更多?
03:14
RHRH: You know, because we're subscription订阅,
we don't have to track跟踪 it at that level水平.
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RH:实际上,由于我们是订阅模式,
我们不需要这样去监测数据。
03:19
And so it's really about
making制造 the brand stronger,
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所以重点是为了让品牌更强大,
03:21
so that more people want to join加入.
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这样才会有更多的人想加入进来。
03:23
And "House of Cards" absolutely绝对 did that,
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而《纸牌屋》的确做到了这点,
因为那时很多人谈论它,
03:25
because then many许多 people
would talk about it
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03:28
and associate关联 that brand with us,
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并将那个品牌与我们联系起来,
03:30
whereas "Mad Men男人" we carried携带的 --
great show显示, AMCAmc show显示 --
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而我们播的《广告狂人》,
大剧,AMC剧——
03:34
but they didn't associate关联 it with NetflixNetflix公司,
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大家不会觉得与奈飞有联系,
即便人们是在奈飞上观看的。
03:36
even if they watched看着 it on NetflixNetflix公司.
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03:38
CACA: And so you added添加
all these other remarkable卓越 series系列,
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CA:所以你增加了
所有这些很棒的电视剧,
03:42
"Narcos纳尔科斯," "Jessica杰西卡 Jones琼斯,"
"Orange橙子 is the New Black黑色," "The Crown王冠,"
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《毒枭》,《杰西卡 · 琼斯》,
《女子监狱》,《王冠》,
03:47
"Black黑色 Mirror镜子" -- personal个人 favorite喜爱 --
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《黑镜》——我个人最爱——
03:50
"Stranger陌生人 Things" and so on.
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《怪奇物语》等等。
03:51
And so, this coming未来 year,
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那么,在新的一年,
03:54
the level水平 of investment投资 you're planning规划
to make in new content内容
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你们在新内容方面的投入水平
03:57
is not 100 million百万.
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不再是1亿美元了。
03:59
It's what?
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那是多少呢?
04:00
RHRH: It's about eight billion十亿 dollars美元
around the world世界.
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RH:全球大约80亿美元。
04:03
And it's not enough足够.
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那还不够。
04:06
There are so many许多 great shows节目
on other networks网络.
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其他网络电视公司有太多好剧了。
04:10
And so we have a long way to go.
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所以我们还有很长的路要走。
04:12
CACA: But eight billion十亿 --
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CA:但是80亿美元——
04:14
that's pretty漂亮 much higher更高 than any other
content内容 commissioner专员 at this point?
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目前是不是已经比其他
任何内容公司都要高很多了?
RH:不,迪斯尼也在这个范围,
04:19
RHRH: No, Disney迪士尼 is in that realm领域,
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04:21
and if they're able能够 to acquire获得 Fox狐狸,
they're even bigger.
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如果他们成功收购了
福克斯,他们会更多一些。
04:26
And then, really, that's spread传播 globally全球,
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更何况还要在全球摊开,
04:29
so it's not as much as it sounds声音.
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所以并没有听起来那么多。
04:32
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
04:34
CACA: But clearly明确地, from the Barry巴里 Dillers迪勒
and others其他 in the media媒体 business商业,
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CA:但是很明显,
从巴里 · 迪勒斯和其他媒体公司,
04:38
it feels感觉 like from nowhere无处,
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这有点像一夜之间,
04:40
this company公司 has come and has
really revolutionized革命性 the business商业.
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这家公司就起来了,
并彻底改变了这个行业。
04:43
It's like, as if Blockbuster百视通 one day said,
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这有点,好像百视达突然说:
04:45
"We're going to make Blockbuster百视通 videos视频,"
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“我们打算制作百视达影视”,
04:47
and then, six years年份 later后来,
was as big as Disney迪士尼.
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而6年之后,它的规模
就像迪斯尼一样大了。
04:51
I mean, that story故事 would never
have happened发生, and yet然而 it did.
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我意思是,那种事原本
不可能发生,但的确发生了。
04:55
RHRH: That's the bitch婊子 about the internet互联网 --
it moves移动 fast快速, you know?
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RH:这就是互联网的坏处,
它变化太快,对吧?
05:00
Everything around us moves移动 really quick.
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我们周遭这一切都变化很快。
05:02
CACA: I mean, there must必须 be something
unusual异常 about Netflix'snetflix ' s culture文化
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CA:我想奈飞文化中一定有独特的东西,
05:07
that allowed允许 you to take such这样
bold胆大 -- I won't惯于 say "reckless鲁莽" --
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让你们做出如此大胆,我不会说鲁莽,
05:12
bold胆大, well thought-through思想通 decisions决定.
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大胆的、深思熟虑的决定。
05:14
RHRH: Yeah, absolutely绝对.
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RH:是的,当然。
我们的确有一个优点是,
我们虽然以DVD起家,
05:15
We did have one advantage优点,
which哪一个 is we were born天生 on DVDDVD,
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05:18
and we knew知道 that that
was going to be temporary临时.
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但我们知道那一切都是暂时的。
没有谁认为我们准备
一直就这么邮寄光碟。
05:20
No one thought we'd星期三 be
mailing邮件 discs光盘 for 100 years年份.
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05:23
So then you have a lot of paranoia偏执
about what's coming未来 next下一个,
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所以你会执着地思考接下来该做什么,
05:26
and that's part部分 of the founding创建 ethos社会思潮,
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这是创业精神的一部分,
05:29
is really worrying令人担忧
about what's coming未来 next下一个.
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是真的担心接下来会发生什么。
05:32
So that's an advantage优点.
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所以那就是优点。
就文化而言,
05:33
And then in terms条款 of the culture文化,
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我们非常看重自由和责任。
05:35
it's very big on freedom自由
and responsibility责任.
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我为自己在一个季度内
尽可能少做决定而感到自豪。
05:37
I pride自豪 myself on making制造 as few少数 decisions决定
as possible可能 in a quarter25美分硬币.
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05:41
And we're getting得到 better
and better at that.
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我们在这点上做得越来越好。
05:43
There are some times
I can go a whole整个 quarter25美分硬币
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有些时候甚至整个季度,
05:46
without making制造 any decisions决定.
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我没做过任何决策。
05:47
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
05:49
(Applause掌声)
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(鼓掌)
05:51
CACA: But there are some really
surprising奇怪 things about your people.
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CA:但你们的员工确实
体现了一些让人惊讶的事实。
05:55
For example, I looked看着 at one survey调查.
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比如,我看过一份调查。
05:58
It looks容貌 like NetflixNetflix公司 employees雇员,
compared相比 to your peers'同行,
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好像奈飞的雇员,相比你们的同行,
06:02
are basically基本上 the highest最高 paid支付
for equivalent当量 jobs工作.
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基本上收入是同等工作中最高的。
06:05
And the least最小 likely容易 to want to leave离开.
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离职的意愿也是最低的。
06:08
And if you Google谷歌
the NetflixNetflix公司 culture文化 deck甲板,
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如果在谷歌上搜索奈飞文化版块,
06:14
you see this list名单 of quite相当 surprising奇怪
admonitions告诫 to your employees雇员.
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就能看到一条条针对你们员工的告诫。
06:18
Talk about a few少数 of them.
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来谈谈其中几个吧。
06:20
RHRH: Well, you know, my first company公司 --
we were very process处理 obsessed痴迷.
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RH:在我第一家公司,我们对流程非常着迷。
06:24
This was in the 1990s.
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那是在1990年代。
06:26
And every一切 time someone有人 made制作 a mistake错误,
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每次有人犯错误,
06:28
we tried试着 to put a process处理 in place地点
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我们都会建立一个流程
06:30
to make sure that mistake错误
didn't happen发生 again --
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去确保这个错误不会再次发生——
06:32
so, very semiconductor-yield半导体产量 orientation方向.
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很像半导体公司提高良率的导向。
06:36
And the problem问题 is, we were trying
to dummy-proof防哑巴 the system系统.
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问题在于,我们努力让系统做到防呆。
06:39
And then, eventually终于,
only dummies假人 wanted to work there.
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然而最终只有傻瓜才愿意在那里工作。
06:43
Then, of course课程, the market市场 shifted --
in that case案件, it was C++ to JavaJava的.
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然后,当然,市场发生了变化,
那时是C++向Java转变。
06:47
But you know, there's always some shift转移.
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但你知道的,总是会有一些变化。
06:49
And the company公司 was unable无法 to adapt适应,
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而那个公司不能够适应,
06:51
and it got acquired后天
by our largest最大 competitor竞争者.
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于是它被我们最大的竞争对手收购了。
06:54
And so with NetflixNetflix公司, I was super focused重点
on how to run with no process处理
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于是在奈飞,我非常专注于
如何在没有流程的情况下运行,
但不能乱。
07:00
but not have chaos混沌.
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07:01
And so then we've我们已经 developed发达
all these mechanisms机制,
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所以后来我们开发出这些机制,
07:04
super high-talented才华横溢 people, alignment对准,
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特别有才能的人,齐头并进,
07:07
talking openly公然, sharing分享 information信息 --
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开放交流,信息共享——
07:09
internally国内, people are stunned目瞪口呆
at how much information信息 --
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在公司内部,大家对
能看到这么多信息很震惊——
07:12
all the core核心 strategies策略, etc等等.
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所有的核心战略,等等。
07:14
We're like the "anti-Apple反苹果" --
you know how they compartmentalize划分?
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我们像是“反苹果”——
你知道他们是如何相互隔离的?
07:17
We do the opposite对面, which哪一个 is:
everybody每个人 gets得到 all the information信息.
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我们正相反,我们的策略是:
每个人都可以获得所有信息。
07:21
So what we're trying to do is build建立
a sense of responsibility责任 in people
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我们努力做的是构建员工的责任感
07:25
and the ability能力 to do things.
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和完成事情的能力。
07:26
I find out about big decisions决定 now
that are made制作 all the time,
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我发现常常有些重大的决定,
07:30
I've never even heard听说 about it,
which哪一个 is great.
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是我从来没有听说过的,这是好事。
07:32
And mostly大多, they go well.
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大多数决策都进展良好。
07:35
CACA: So you just wake唤醒 up
and read them on the internet互联网.
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CA:于是你早晨起床上网
才看到这些决策。
RH:有时候是这样。
07:37
RHRH: Sometimes有时.
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CA:“哦,我们刚进入了中国市场!”
07:38
CACA: "Oh, we just entered进入 China中国!"
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RH:是的,噢,那可是件大事。
07:40
RHRH: Yeah, well that would be a big one.
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07:43
CACA: But you allow允许 employees雇员 to set
their own拥有 vacation假期 time, and ...
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CA:你还允许员工自己
安排休假时间,还有…
07:48
There's just --
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这只是——
07:50
RHRH: Sure, that's a big
symbolic象征 one, vacation假期,
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RH:当然,假期安排是非常有代表性的,
07:53
because most people, in practice实践,
do that, anyway无论如何.
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因为大部分人其实反正也要休假。
07:56
But yeah, there's a whole整个 lot
of that freedom自由.
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但是的确,有很多这样的自由。
08:01
CACA: And courage勇气, you ask for
as a fundamental基本的 value.
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CA:另外,你还倡导把勇气作为基本价值。
08:07
RHRH: Yeah, we want people
to speak说话 the truth真相.
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RH:是的,我们想让人们说出真相。
08:09
And we say, "To disagree不同意
silently默默 is disloyal不忠的."
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我们说:“沉默地反对代表不忠诚”。
08:13
It's not OK to let some decision决定
go through通过 without saying your piece,
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在做出决定之前,必须说出你的意见,
08:18
and typically一般, writing写作 it down.
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通常还要把它写下来。
08:20
And so we're very focused重点
on trying to get to good decisions决定
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所以我们看重的是,通过不断辩论
08:23
through通过 the debate辩论 that always happens发生.
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来做出好的决定。
08:27
And we try not to make it intense激烈,
like yelling大呼小叫 at each other --
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我们尽量不让辩论过激,变成互相吼叫,
08:30
nothing like that.
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不能那样。
08:31
You know, it's really curiosity好奇心
drawing画画 people out.
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你知道,是真正的好奇心
让人们主动开始表达。
08:35
CACA: You've got this other
secret秘密 weapon武器 at NetflixNetflix公司, it seems似乎,
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CA:看起来在奈飞你还有其他秘密武器,
08:38
which哪一个 is this vast广大 trove宝库 of data数据,
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这就是大量的数据,
08:40
a word we've我们已经 heard听说
a certain某些 amount about this week.
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这个词这周我们已经听了好多次。
08:43
You've often经常 taken采取
really surprising奇怪 stances立场
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在奈飞,你们同样会采用非常惊人的立场
08:47
towards building建造 smart聪明
algorithms算法 at NetflixNetflix公司.
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去构建智能算法。
08:50
Back in the day, you opened打开 up
your algorithm算法 to the world世界
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回到那天,你们向全球开放你们的算法,
08:54
and said, "Hey, can anyone任何人 do better
than this recommendation建议 we've我们已经 got?
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还说“嘿,谁能把推荐
做得比我们这个更好?
08:57
If so, we'll pay工资 you a million百万 dollars美元."
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如果有,我们会支付100万美元”。
08:59
You paid支付 someone有人 a million百万 dollars美元,
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你们给了某人100万美元,
09:01
because it was like 10 percent百分
better than yours你的.
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因为他的算法比你们的好10%。
RH:没错。
09:03
RHRH: That's right.
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CA:那是个好决定吗?
你还会不会再做一次?
09:04
CACA: Was that a good decision决定?
Would you do that again?
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RH:没错,当时真是觉得
极其兴奋,那是2007年。
09:07
RHRH: Yeah, it was super exciting扣人心弦
at the time; this was about 2007.
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09:10
But you know, we haven't没有 doneDONE it again.
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不过你也知道,从那以后
我们还没再那样做过。
09:12
So clearly明确地, it's a very specialized专门 tool工具.
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所以显然,它是一个很特殊的形式。
09:15
And so think of that as
a lucky幸运 break打破 of good timing定时,
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应该把那看作是一个幸运的时机,
09:19
rather than a general一般 framework骨架.
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而不是常规做法。
09:21
So what we've我们已经 doneDONE is invest投资 a lot
on the algorithms算法,
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所以我们所做的是在算法上投入更多,
将对的内容提供给对的人,
09:26
so that we feature特征 the right content内容
to the right people
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09:29
and try to make it fun开玩笑
and easy简单 to explore探索.
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并努力让它有趣和易于探索。
09:32
CACA: And you made制作 this, what seems似乎
like a really interesting有趣 shift转移,
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CA:你们成功了,这在
几年前看起来的确是一个
09:35
a few少数 years年份 ago.
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有趣的转变。
09:36
You used to ask people,
"Here are 10 movies电影. What do you think?
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你们以前会问大家,
“这10部电影,你觉得怎么样?
09:41
Which哪一个 ones那些 of these
are your best最好 movies电影?"
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其中哪一部电影是你最喜欢的?”
09:44
And then tried试着 to match比赛 those movies电影
with recommendations建议 for what was coming未来.
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然后尝试把这些电影与
即将推出的电影匹配。
09:49
And then you changed away from that.
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后来你就改变了那个模式。
09:51
Talk about that.
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来聊聊这个吧。
RH:当然。
09:53
RHRH: Sure.
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每个人都会给《辛德勒的名单》5分,
09:54
Everyone大家 would rate
"Schindler's辛德勒的 List名单" five stars明星,
197
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09:56
and then they'd他们会 rate Adam亚当 Sandler桑德勒,
"The Do-Over结束时间" three stars明星.
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然后给亚当 · 桑德勒的
《假死新人生》打3分。
但实际上,当你研究他们的播放记录时,
10:01
But, in fact事实, when you looked看着
at what they watched看着,
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10:03
it was almost几乎 always Adam亚当 Sandler桑德勒.
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几乎总是亚当 · 桑德勒。
10:06
And so what happens发生 is, when we rate
and we're metacognitive元 认知 about quality质量,
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事实上,我们评分时,
对评分质量有后设认知,
10:11
that's sort分类 of our aspirational抱负 self.
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有点像是理想中的自我。
10:14
And it works作品 out much better
to please people
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然而要分析用户的实际选择,
10:16
to look at the actual实际 choices选择
that they make,
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才能够更好地取悦他们。
10:18
their revealed透露 preferences优先
by how much they enjoy请享用 simple简单 pleasures乐趣.
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他们对简单快乐的享受程度,
显示出了他们真正的偏好。
10:24
CACA: OK, I want to talk
for a couple一对 of minutes分钟 about this,
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CA:好的,我想再谈一会儿这个话题,
10:27
because this strikes罢工 me as a huge巨大 deal合同,
not just for NetflixNetflix公司,
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因为这对我来说是件大事,不仅对奈飞,
10:30
for the internet互联网 as a whole整个.
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对整个互联网而言都是如此。
10:31
The difference区别 between之间 aspirational抱负 values
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目标价值与实际显示的价值
10:34
and revealed透露 values.
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之间的差别。
10:36
You, brilliantly出色, didn't pay工资 too much
attention注意 to what people said,
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你们很明智地没有太在意人们说什么,
10:40
you watched看着 what they did,
and then found发现 the stuff东东 that,
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而是去看他们怎么做,然后找到那种,
10:43
"Oh my God, I never knew知道 I would like
a show显示 about making制造 horrible可怕 recipes食谱,
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“哦老天,我真不知道我会喜欢
一个制作可怕食谱的节目,
10:48
called 'Nailed"钉死 It!'"
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它叫《妙厨大考验》!”
10:49
RHRH: Called "Nailed It!" Right.
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RH:叫《妙厨大考验》,对。
10:51
CACA: It's hilarious欢闹的. I would never
have even thought of that.
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CA:它特别搞笑,我从来
没想过要看这种节目。
10:54
But aren't there risks风险 with this,
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但会不会有风险,
10:55
if this go-only-with-revealed-values只有被尊重的价值观
approach途径 is taken采取 too far?
218
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如果这种只使用显示价值的
方法被过分地利用?
11:01
RHRH: Well, we get a lot of joy喜悦
from making制造 people happy快乐,
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RH:我们在取悦大众方面
获得了很多乐趣,
11:04
Sometimes有时 you just want to relax放松
and watch a show显示 like "Nailed It!"
220
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有时候你只想放松一下,看看
像《妙厨大考验》那样的节目。
11:08
And it's fun开玩笑, and it's not stressful压力.
221
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它有趣,不会让你紧张。
11:11
Other times, people want
to watch very intensive集约 film电影.
222
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也有时候,大家就想看非常紧张的电影。
11:14
"Mudbound泥巴" was Oscar-nominated奥斯卡提名,
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《泥土之界》是奥斯卡提名电影,
11:17
it's a great, very intensive集约 film电影.
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它很精彩,扣人心弦。
11:19
And you know, we've我们已经 had over
20 million百万 hours小时 of viewing观看 on "Mudbound泥巴,"
225
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《泥土之界》的观看时长
已超过2千万小时,
11:24
which哪一个 is dramatically显着 bigger
than it would have been in the theaters剧院
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这个数字比它在电影院或其他发行渠道
要多得多。
11:27
or any other distribution分配.
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11:28
And so, we have some candy糖果, too,
but we have lots of broccoli西兰花.
228
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所以,我们有糖果(让人放松大笑的节目),
但也有很多西兰花(积极健康的内容)。
11:33
And you know, if you have the good mix混合,
you get to a healthy健康 diet饮食.
229
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如果你搭配得好,就会保持身心健康。
CA:但——是的,确实如此。
11:37
CACA: But -- yes, indeed确实.
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11:39
But isn't it the case案件 that algorithms算法
tend趋向 to point you away from the broccoli西兰花
231
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但是难道算法不是想在你不留神的
时候把你从花椰菜引开,
带到糖果
11:44
and towards the candy糖果,
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那边去吗?
11:45
if you're not careful小心?
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我们刚谈过,在YouTube,算法多少有些
11:46
We just had a talk about how,
on YouTubeYouTube的, somehow不知何故 algorithms算法
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11:49
tend趋向 to, just by actually其实 being存在 smarter聪明,
235
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趋向于,只是通过更聪明的方式,
11:53
tend趋向 to drive驾驶 people towards
more radical激进 or specific具体 content内容.
236
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趋向于将人们推向更激进
或更特定的内容。
11:57
It'd它会 be easy简单 to imagine想像
that NetflixNetflix公司 algorithms算法,
237
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3150
也很容易去想象奈飞的算法,
12:00
just going on revealed透露 values,
would gradually逐渐 --
238
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只是基于显示价值,可能会逐渐——
12:04
RHRH: Right, get too base基础 --
239
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RH:对,变得低俗——
12:06
CACA: We'd星期三 all be watching观看
violent暴力 pornography色情 or something.
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CA:我们都会看些黄暴片子之类的。
12:09
Or some people would, you know.
241
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至少有些人会看,
12:11
But, how --
242
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但是,如何——
12:12
(Laughter笑声)
243
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(笑声)
12:14
Not me!
244
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不是我!
12:16
I'm the child儿童 of a missionary传教士,
I don't even think about these things.
245
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我是传教士的儿子,我甚至
都没想过这些事情。
12:20
But --
246
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但——
12:21
(Laughter笑声)
247
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(笑声)
12:22
But I mean, it's possible可能, right?
248
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但我意思是,这是可能的,对吗?
12:25
RHRH: In practice实践, you're right
that you can't just rely依靠 on algorithms算法.
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RH:实际操作中,你是对的,
你不能只是依赖算法。
12:28
It's a mix混合 of judgment判断 and what we carry携带,
250
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它结合了判断,和我们所坚持的东西,
12:30
and we're a curated策划 service服务
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而且我们是一个精心策划的服务,
12:31
versus a platform平台
like FacebookFacebook的 and YouTubeYouTube的,
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与Facebook和YouTube
那样的平台不同,
12:34
so we have an easier更轻松 set of issues问题,
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所以我们的问题更简单些,
12:37
which哪一个 is: What are these great
films影片 and series系列 that we acquire获得?
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这就是:我们获得的这些
伟大电影和剧集是什么?
12:42
But then within that,
the algorithm算法 is a tool工具.
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在这个范围里,算法就是个工具。
12:45
CACA: But how -- John约翰 Doerr杜尔 just talked
about measuring测量 what matters事项.
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753958
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CA:但是——约翰 · 杜尔刚刚
谈到了衡量什么是重要的。
12:51
As a business商业, what matters事项, I presume假设,
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我猜,对企业来说重要的是,
12:53
is fundamentally从根本上 just growing生长 subscribers用户.
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从根本上说就是不断
增加付费订阅用户,
12:56
I mean, that's your unique独特 advantage优点.
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我觉得那就是你的独特优势。
13:00
Are subscribers用户 grown长大的 only by
the more time they spend watching观看 NetflixNetflix公司,
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奈飞订阅用户的增长是
全靠用户花更多时间观看吗,
13:07
that is what will make them re-subscribe重新订阅?
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775522
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那应该是让他们继续订阅的原因吧?
13:09
Or is it even more about having shows节目
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或者更看重的是,有一些节目,
可能不会像观看
《妙厨大考验》或其他节目
13:14
that might威力 not have been so much time
263
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1978
13:16
as watching观看 the whole整个 season季节
of "Nailed It!" or whatever随你?
264
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那样需要大量观看时间,
但却更深入人心;让观众想,
13:18
But just get into them more;
they just think,
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2171
13:21
"That was nourishing滋补,
that was extraordinary非凡,
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“这个节目很有好处,很棒,
13:23
I'm so glad高兴 I watched看着
that with my family家庭."
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2214
我很高兴和家人一起看了。”
13:26
Isn't there a version
of the business商业 model模型
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有没有这个版本的商业模式,
13:28
that would be less content内容
but more awesome真棒 content内容,
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内容相对较少,但拥有更精彩的内容,
13:31
possibly或者 even more uplifting令人振奋 content内容?
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可能有更多让人振奋的内容?
13:34
RHRH: And people choose选择
that uplifting令人振奋 content内容.
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RH:人们会选择那些令人振奋的内容。
13:36
I think you're right, which哪一个 is,
when people talk about NetflixNetflix公司,
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我想你是对的,那就是当人们谈起奈飞,
他们会谈到触动他们的剧:
13:39
they talk about the shows节目 that move移动 them:
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807807
2008
《13个原因》或者《王冠》。
13:41
"13 Reasons原因 Why" or "The Crown王冠."
274
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2809
13:44
And that is way disproportionate不成比例
and positive impact碰撞,
275
812672
3484
这是一种不成比例且积极的影响,
13:48
even for the subscriber订户 growth发展
that you talked about
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2484
即便你谈到的那些用户增长
13:50
is those couple一对 big, memorable难忘 shows节目.
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2317
是那几个大型的、令人难忘的节目。
13:53
But what we want to do is offer提供 a variety品种.
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2063
但我们想要做的是提供多样的内容。
13:55
You don't want to watch the same相同 thing
every一切 night, as much as you like it;
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823116
3529
你不想每晚都看到同样的东西,
不管你有多喜欢;
你总想要尝试不同的东西。
13:58
you want to try different不同 things.
280
826669
1654
14:00
And what we haven't没有 seen看到 is this, say,
281
828347
2134
我们还没看到的是,比如说,
14:02
race种族 to the bottom底部 of your
violent暴力 pornography色情 kind of examples例子.
282
830505
3580
抢先给你提供低级黄暴内容类型。
14:06
Instead代替, we've我们已经 seen看到 great viewing观看
across横过 a whole整个 range范围 --
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834474
2969
反之,我们看到整个内容类型
都有很不错的观看量,
14:09
"Black黑色 Mirror镜子" --
we're filming拍戏 season季节 five now.
284
837467
3846
《黑镜》,我们现在正在拍第五季。
14:13
And that was a struggling奋斗的 show显示
when it was only in the BBCBBC.
285
841649
3754
它只在BBC播出时,收视率堪忧。
14:17
And with the distribution分配 of on-demand一经请求,
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2403
通过按需点播发行,
14:19
you can make these much bigger shows节目.
287
847854
3151
你可以做这些更大的节目。
14:23
CACA: You're telling告诉 me
humans人类 can get addicted上瘾
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CA:你的意思是,人们的善良和邪恶
14:25
by their angels天使 as well as their demons恶魔.
289
853609
2058
都能让他们上瘾。
14:28
RHRH: Yeah, and again, we try
not to think about it in addiction terms条款,
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856481
3572
RH:是的,但我们尽量不用
上瘾这个词来看待这件事,
14:32
we think about it as, you know:
291
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1571
我们认为这是,
14:33
What are you going to do
with your time and when you want to relax放松?
292
861672
4024
你想要放松的时候会怎样
利用你的时间呢?
14:37
You can watch linear线性 TV电视, you can do
video视频 games游戏, you can do YouTubeYouTube的,
293
865720
3881
你可以看线性电视、可以玩
视频游戏、可以看YouTube,
14:41
or you can watch NetflixNetflix公司.
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1357
或者你可以观看奈飞。
14:43
And if we're as great as we can be,
and we have a variety品种 of moods情绪,
295
871006
4158
如果我们做得足够好,提供各种
让人们在情绪上产生共鸣的节目,
14:47
then more often经常, people will choose选择 us.
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2222
那么大家就会更多的选择我们。
14:49
CACA: But you have people
in the organization组织
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CA:但你的公司里会有一些人,
14:52
who are looking regularly经常
at the actual实际 impacts影响
298
880996
5341
定期观察你们创造的这些杰出算法
14:58
of these brilliant辉煌 algorithms算法
that you've created创建.
299
886361
2391
带来的实际影响。
只是为了实事求是,初衷只是
15:00
Just for reality现实 check, just,
300
888776
1511
15:02
"Are we sure that this
is the direction方向 we want to go?"
301
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2887
“我们确定这是我们想要的方向吗?”
15:05
RHRH: You know, I think we learn学习.
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1557
RH:我想我们会从中学到东西。
15:07
And you have to be humble谦卑 and sort分类 of say,
"Look, there's no perfect完善 tool工具."
303
895532
3800
我们必须谦虚,要这样想:
并没有完美的工具。
15:11
The algorithm算法’s one part部分,
the way we commission佣金 the content内容,
304
899356
3785
算法是一部分,还有
我们委托内容的方式,
15:15
our relationships关系 with societies社会.
305
903165
2200
以及我们与社会的关系。
15:17
So there's a lot of ways方法
that we have to look at it.
306
905934
2483
所以我们需要通过很多方式
去看待这个问题。
15:20
So if you get too stuck卡住 in
"Let's just increase增加 viewing观看"
307
908441
3524
所以如果你太沉迷于只是“提高观看时长”
15:23
or "Just increase增加 subscribers用户,"
308
911989
1490
或只是“增加付费用户”,
15:25
you're unlikely不会 to be able能够 to grow增长
and be the great company公司 you want to be.
309
913503
4487
你就不大可能成长为
所期待的那种伟大的公司。
15:30
So think of it as this
multiple measures措施 of success成功.
310
918014
2864
所以要把它看作是
成功的多重衡量标准。
15:33
CACA: So, speaking请讲 of algorithms算法
that have raised上调 questions问题:
311
921196
3111
CA:那么,提到算法引起的问题:
15:36
You were on the board of FacebookFacebook的,
312
924331
1905
你曾是Facebook的董事会成员,
15:38
and I think Mark标记 Zuckerberg扎克伯格 --
you've doneDONE some mentoring师徒 for him.
313
926260
4075
我觉得马克 · 扎克伯格——
你为他做过一些指导。
15:42
What should we know about Mark标记 Zuckerberg扎克伯格
that people don't know?
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930950
5336
关于马克 · 扎克伯格,我们需要
知道哪些人们所不知道的吗?
15:49
RHRH: Well, many许多 of you know him
or have seen看到 him.
315
937268
2347
RH:当然,你们很多人
都知道他或见过他。
15:51
I mean, he's a fantastic奇妙 human人的 being存在.
316
939639
2414
他是一个了不起的人。
15:54
Really first-class头等.
317
942077
1476
真正一流的人才。
15:56
And social社会 -- these platforms平台,
whether是否 that's YouTubeYouTube的 or FacebookFacebook的,
318
944323
5341
而社交平台——这些平台,
不管是Youtube还是Facebook,
16:01
are clearly明确地 trying to grow增长 up quickly很快.
319
949688
2929
显然都想要快速成长。
16:04
And we see that with all new technologies技术.
320
952641
2150
我们看到的所有新技术都是这样。
16:06
I mean, yesterday昨天 we were talking
about printed印刷的 DNA脱氧核糖核酸,
321
954815
2953
比如昨天我们在讨论打印DNA,
16:09
and it's like: could be fantastic奇妙
or could be horrific可怕的.
322
957792
3757
感觉像是:这有可能特别奇妙,
也有可能特别可怕。
16:14
And you know, all new technologies技术 --
323
962315
2016
你也知道,所有的新技术——
当电视1960年代在美国刚开始流行时,
16:16
when television电视 was first popular流行
in the 1960s in the US,
324
964355
3127
16:19
it was called a "vast广大 wasteland荒地,"
325
967506
2095
它被称为“大废墟”,
16:21
and that television电视 was going to rot腐烂
the minds头脑 of everybody每个人.
326
969625
3262
被认为会侵蚀每个人的大脑。
16:24
It turns out everybody's每个人的 minds头脑 were fine.
327
972911
2349
结果每个人的头脑都好好的。
16:27
And there were some adjustments调整,
328
975284
2079
当然也有一些调整,
16:29
but think of it as --
or, I think of it as --
329
977387
2502
但可以这么想——或者我会这么想——
16:31
all new technologies技术 have pros利弊 and cons缺点.
330
979913
2447
所有的新技术都是双刃剑。
16:34
And in social社会,
we're just figuring盘算 that out.
331
982670
2452
在社交媒体方面,我们还在探索。
16:37
CACA: How much of a priority优先
is it for the board of FacebookFacebook的
332
985146
2899
CA:对于Facebook的董事会来说,
去真正解决一些这类的问题
16:40
to really address地址 some of the issues问题?
333
988069
2270
有多么重要?
16:42
Or is the belief信仰 that, actually其实,
334
990363
1575
或者他们是不是认为,事实上
16:43
the company公司 has been completely全然
unfairly不公平 criticized批评?
335
991962
3250
公司受到了完全不公正的批评?
16:47
RHRH: Oh, it's not completely全然 unfairly不公平.
336
995236
1794
RH:哦,并不是完全不公平。
16:49
And Mark's分数 leading领导 the charge收费
on fixing定影 FacebookFacebook的.
337
997054
3396
马克在主导修复Facebook。
16:52
And he's very passionate多情 about that.
338
1000474
2400
他对此很积极主动。
16:56
CACA: Reed芦苇, I want to look
at another另一个 passion of yours你的.
339
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2611
CA:里德,我想谈谈你的另一种激情。
16:59
I mean, you've doneDONE incredibly令人难以置信 well
with NetflixNetflix公司, you're a billionaire亿万富翁,
340
1007474
4658
你在奈飞做得非常棒,
已经成了亿万富翁,
17:04
and you spend a lot of time
and indeed确实, money, on education教育.
341
1012156
5111
你花了很多时间和真金白银在教育上。
RH:是的。
17:09
RHRH: Yep是的.
342
1017291
1151
CA:为什么会有这种热情,
你具体是怎么做的?
17:10
CACA: Why is this a passion,
and what are you doing about it?
343
1018466
2841
RH:好的,刚从大学毕业时,
我是一名高中数学教师。
17:13
RHRH: Sure. Right out of college学院,
I was a high school学校 math数学 teacher老师.
344
1021331
3286
17:16
So when I later后来 went into business商业
and became成为 a philanthropist慈善家,
345
1024641
3920
我后来进入企业,并成为了一名慈善家,
17:20
I think I gravitated被吸引 towards education教育
346
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2600
我觉得教育事业很吸引我,
17:23
and trying to make a difference区别 there.
347
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2206
我想在这方面有所作为。
17:26
And the main主要 thing I noticed注意到 is, you know,
348
1034101
2288
我关注到的主要事情是,
17:28
educators教育工作者 want to work
with other great educators教育工作者
349
1036413
2783
教育工作者想要和其他
伟大的教育工作者合作,
17:31
and to create创建 many许多
unique独特 environments环境 for kids孩子.
350
1039220
3214
去为孩子创造许多独特的环境。
17:34
And we need a lot more
variety品种 in the system系统
351
1042458
2740
我们需要教育系统相比现在
17:37
than we have,
352
1045222
1151
更多样,
17:38
and a lot more
educator-centric以教育工作者为中心 organizations组织.
353
1046397
3237
有更多以教育为中心的组织。
17:41
And so the tricky狡猾 thing is,
right now in the US,
354
1049658
2570
不过棘手的是,在现在的美国,
17:44
most schools学校 are run
by a local本地 school学校 board.
355
1052252
3476
大多数学校是由当地的
学校董事会管理的。
17:48
And it has to meet遇到 all needs需求
in the community社区,
356
1056141
3023
它得满足社区所有的需求。
17:51
and, in fact事实, what we need
is a lot more variety品种.
357
1059188
2675
事实上,我们需要的是更多样化。
17:53
So in the US there's a form形成
of public上市 school学校
358
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2950
所以在美国,有一种公立学校叫做
17:56
called charter宪章 public上市 schools学校,
that are run by nonprofits非营利组织.
359
1064861
2999
特许公立学校,是非盈利组织运营的。
17:59
And that's the big emphasis重点 for me,
360
1067884
1820
那是我的关注重点,
18:01
is if you can have schools学校
run by nonprofits非营利组织,
361
1069728
2639
如果你能让非营利组织管理学校,
18:04
they are more mission-focused以任务为中心,
they support支持 the educators教育工作者 well.
362
1072391
3877
他们会更专注于使命,他们
对教育工作者的支持也更有效。
18:08
I'm on the board of KIPPKIPP charter宪章 schools学校,
363
1076292
2223
我是KIPP特许学校的董事会成员,
这是其中一个较大的网络。
18:10
which哪一个 is one of the larger networks网络.
364
1078539
1959
18:12
And, you know, it's 30,000 kids孩子 a year
getting得到 very stimulating刺激 education教育.
365
1080522
5103
每年有3万个孩子在接受
非常有启迪的教育。
18:17
CACA: Paint涂料 me a picture图片 of what
a school学校 should look like.
366
1085649
3884
CA:给我描述一下
学校应该是什么样的。
18:22
RHRH: It depends依靠 on the kid孩子.
367
1090029
1242
RH:这取决于孩子。
18:23
Think about it as: with multiple
kids孩子, there's all different不同 needs需求
368
1091295
3105
想想看:有多少个小孩,
就有多少种不同需求
18:26
that need to be met会见,
369
1094424
1151
需要被满足,
所以它并不遵从单一的模式。
18:27
so there's not any one model模型.
370
1095599
1388
18:29
And you want to be able能够 to choose选择,
371
1097011
1635
你想要能够自己选择,
18:30
depending根据 on your kid孩子
and what you think they need.
372
1098670
2397
根据孩子的需求和
你认为孩子需要什么。
但应该是主要以教师为中心,
有好奇心和启发性,
18:33
But they should be very educator-centric以教育工作者为中心
and curious好奇 and stimulating刺激
373
1101091
3708
18:36
and all of those things.
374
1104823
1302
等等。
18:38
And this whole整个 idea理念
of 30 kids孩子 in fifth第五 grade年级,
375
1106149
2716
然而30个五年级的孩子,
18:40
all learning学习 the same相同 thing
at the same相同 time,
376
1108889
2442
都在同一时间学习同样东西的整个想法,
18:43
you know, is clearly明确地
an industrial产业 throwback返祖.
377
1111355
2645
很明显是行业的倒退。
18:46
But changing改变 that, given特定
the current当前 government政府 structure结构体,
378
1114489
3660
但要改变它,在现在的政府结构下,
18:50
is super hard.
379
1118173
1166
极其困难。
18:51
But what these innovative创新, nonprofit非营利性
schools学校 are doing is pushing推动 the bounds界限,
380
1119363
5237
但这些创新的,非盈利的学校
正在做的是突破边界,
18:56
letting出租 kids孩子 try new things.
381
1124624
2905
让孩子们尝试新东西。
18:59
And so think of it as
the governance治理 reform改革,
382
1127553
3556
所以把它看作是治理改革,
19:03
that is, the nonprofit非营利性,
383
1131133
1333
就是,非盈利组织治理,
19:04
to allow允许 the educational教育性 changes变化.
384
1132490
2903
让教育行业发生改革。
19:07
CACA: And sometimes有时 the criticism批评 is put
that charter宪章 schools学校,
385
1135718
4677
CA:有些时候,批评人士指出特许学校会
19:12
intentionally故意地 or unintentionally无意中,
386
1140419
1589
有意或无意地,
19:14
suck吮吸 resources资源 away
from the public上市 school学校 system系统.
387
1142032
2569
从公立学校抢夺资源。
19:16
Should we be concerned关心 about that?
388
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我们应该担心这点吗?
19:18
RHRH: Well, they are public上市 schools学校.
389
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1722
RH:它们也是公立学校啊。
19:20
I mean, there's these multiple types类型
of public上市 schools学校.
390
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我是说,公立学校有很多类型。
19:23
And if you look at charters章程 as a whole整个,
391
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假如你把特许学校看作一个整体,
19:26
they serve服务 low-income低收入 kids孩子.
392
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1800
它们服务于低收入儿童。
19:28
Because if high-income高收入 kids孩子
get in trouble麻烦,
393
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2175
因为如果高收入家庭的儿童遇到困难,
19:30
the parents父母 will send发送 them
to a private私人的 school学校
394
1158641
2167
他们的父母会把他们送到私立学校,
或者搬到别的学区。
19:32
or they move移动 neighborhoods社区.
395
1160832
1403
19:34
And low-income低收入 families家庭 generally通常
don't have those choices选择.
396
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2849
低收入家庭一般没有这些选择。
19:37
Like KIPPKIPP -- it's 80 percent百分
low-income低收入 kids孩子, free自由 and reduced减少 lunch午餐.
397
1165517
4600
像在KIPP——80%的学生是低收入儿童,
学校提供免费午餐和低价午餐。
19:42
And the college学院 admissions招生
for KIPPKIPP is fantastic奇妙.
398
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2733
而KIPP的大学录取情况是非常棒的。
19:45
CACA: Reed芦苇, you signed
the Giving给予 Pledge保证 a few少数 years年份 ago,
399
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2822
CA:里德,几年前你签署了捐赠宣言。
19:48
you're committed提交 to giving away
more than half of your fortune幸运
400
1176376
2956
你承诺在一生中要捐出
至少一半的财富。
19:51
during your lifetime一生.
401
1179356
1380
我能冒昧地问一下,你在过去几年
19:52
Can I cheekily厚脸皮 ask how much
you've invested投资 in education教育
402
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3078
在教育上投了多少钱吗?
19:55
in the last few少数 years年份?
403
1183862
1230
19:57
RHRH: It's a couple一对 hundred million百万,
I don't know exactly究竟 how many许多 hundreds数以百计,
404
1185116
3561
RH:有几个亿吧,
我也不知道确切的数字,
但我们会继续投入——
20:00
but we're continuing继续 to invest投资 and --
405
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2196
(鼓掌)
20:02
(Applause掌声)
406
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1151
谢谢你们——
(鼓掌)
20:04
thank you all --
407
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1150
20:05
(Applause掌声)
408
1193270
1410
20:06
You know, honestly老老实实, for a little while
I tried试着 to do politics政治 full-time全职,
409
1194704
4826
老实说,有阵子我还
试过做全职的政治工作,
20:11
working加工 for John约翰 Doerr杜尔.
410
1199554
1349
为约翰 · 杜尔工作。
20:13
And while I loved喜爱 working加工 for John约翰,
I just didn't thrive兴旺 on politics政治.
411
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3960
虽然我喜欢为约翰工作,但在
政治上,我并没有如鱼得水的感觉。
20:17
I love business商业, I love competing竞争.
412
1205446
2369
我喜欢商业,我热爱竞争。
20:19
I love going up against反对 Disney迪士尼 and HBOHBO.
413
1207839
2800
我热爱与迪斯尼和HBO抗衡。
20:22
(Laughter笑声)
414
1210663
1049
(笑声)
20:23
That's what gets得到 me going.
415
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1260
这些都让我兴奋不已。
20:25
And now I do that to really
increase增加 Netflix'snetflix ' s value,
416
1213020
3685
现在我这样做是为了增加奈飞的价值,
20:28
which哪一个 allows允许 me to write
more checks检查 to schools学校.
417
1216729
2914
这也可以让我为学校开出更多的支票。
20:32
And so for now, it's the perfect完善 life.
418
1220364
2600
所以目前来说,我的生活挺完美的。
20:35
CACA: Reed芦苇, you're a remarkable卓越 person,
you've changed all of our lives生活
419
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3293
CA:里德,你是一个了不起的人,
你改变了我们所有人,
20:38
and the lives生活 of many许多 kids孩子.
420
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1548
以及很多孩子们的人生。
20:40
Thank you so much for coming未来 to TEDTED.
421
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2404
非常感谢你来到TED。
20:42
(Applause掌声)
422
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4856
(鼓掌)
Translated by jacks jun
Reviewed by Yan Gao

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ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Reed Hastings - Entrepreneur, philanthropist
As co-founder and CEO of Netflix, Reed Hastings is revolutionizing the world of entertainment.

Why you should listen

Reed Hastings co-founded Netflix in 1997. Today the company develops, licenses and delivers entertainment across a wide variety of genres and languages to hundreds of millions of people in 190 countries. In 1991, he founded Pure Software, which made tools for software developers. After a 1995 IPO and several acquisitions, Pure was acquired by Rational Software in 1997.

Hastings is an active educational philanthropist and served on the California State Board of Education from 2000 to 2004. He is on the board of several educational organizations including DreamBox Learning, KIPP and Pahara. He's also a board member of Facebook and was on the board of Microsoft from 2007 to 2012. He received a BA from Bowdoin College in 1983 and an MSCS in artificial intelligence from Stanford University in 1988. Between Bowdoin and Stanford, he served in the Peace Corps as a high school math teacher in Swaziland. 

More profile about the speaker
Reed Hastings | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.

Why you should listen

Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.

Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.

Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.

Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.

This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.

He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.

In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.

Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.

More profile about the speaker
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com

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