TED2005
Janine Benyus: Biomimicry's surprising lessons from nature's engineers
珍妮·班娜斯分享自然的设计
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在这个有关仿生学发展的富有启发性的演讲中，珍妮·班娜斯讲述了很多令人欣喜鼓舞的实例。这些实例是关于自然如何影响我们所建设的产品和系统的方式。
Janine Benyus - Science writer, innovation consultant, conservationist
A self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity. Full bio
A self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
It is a thrill to be here at a conference
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各位可以想象 ， 我今天有多高兴，能够在这里参加这个
00:28
that's devoted to "Inspired by Nature" -- you can imagine.
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探究“自然之奥秘”的会议。
00:33
And I'm also thrilled to be in the foreplay section.
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我也很开心被安排在“前戏”这一节。
00:37
Did you notice this section is foreplay?
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你们有没有注意到这一节演说是前戏？
00:39
Because I get to talk about one of my favorite critters,
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因为我可以谈谈我最喜欢的生物之一， 那就是北美鹓鷉。
00:42
which is the Western Grebe. You haven't lived
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那就是北美鹓鷉。
00:45
until you've seen these guys do their courtship dance.
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你一辈子一定要看看这些傢伙跳过求偶舞之后，你才算没白活。
00:49
I was on Bowman Lake in Glacier National Park,
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我当时在蒙大拿冰河国家公园的波曼湖上，
00:52
which is a long, skinny lake with sort of mountains upside down in it,
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那是一个狭长的湖，湖面上有群峰的倒影，
00:56
and my partner and I have a rowing shell.
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我和我的同伴划一艘小船。
00:58
And so we were rowing, and one of these Western Grebes came along.
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当我们在划船的时候，来了一只北美鹓鷉。
01:04
And what they do for their courtship dance is, they go together,
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他们的求偶舞就是，两只北美鹓鷉，
01:09
the two of them, the two mates, and they begin to run underwater.
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两只这样并排在一起，开始在水面下奔跑。
01:14
They paddle faster, and faster, and faster, until they're going so fast
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它们的双蹼愈划愈快，愈划愈快，
01:18
that they literally lift up out of the water,
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快到最后身体从水中腾起，
01:21
and they're standing upright, sort of paddling the top of the water.
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身体直立，就像是轻功水上飘一般，在水面上奔跑。
01:25
And one of these Grebes came along while we were rowing.
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我们划船的时候，来了一只北美鹓鷉。
01:30
And so we're in a skull, and we're moving really, really quickly.
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我们划着小船，划得非常非常快。
01:34
And this Grebe, I think, sort of, mistaked us for a prospect,
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而这只鹓鷉，我猜，大概是把我们误认为可能的对象，
01:41
and started to run along the water next to us,
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开始在我们旁边的水域跑了起来，
01:45
in a courtship dance -- for miles.
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跳着求偶舞，跑了好几英里。
01:50
It would stop, and then start, and then stop, and then start.
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它会停下来，又开始，停下来，又开始。
01:54
Now that is foreplay.
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这，就叫前戏吧！
01:56
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:59
I came this close to changing species at that moment.
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好，我承认，我当时差一点就要改当鹓鷉了。
02:08
Obviously, life can teach us something
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在娱乐方面，生命显然可以教导我们一些事情
02:12
in the entertainment section. Life has a lot to teach us.
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生命其实可以教导我们的很多。
02:16
But what I'd like to talk about today
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但是，今天我所要谈的
02:19
is what life might teach us in technology and in design.
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是在科技与设计领域，生命可以教我们什么。
02:23
What's happened since the book came out --
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我写了一本讲仿生学的书
02:25
the book was mainly about research in biomimicry --
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自从我的书出版以后
02:28
and what's happened since then is architects, designers, engineers --
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建筑师、设计师、工程师
02:32
people who make our world -- have started to call and say,
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那些打造我们这个世界的人，开始打电话给我说，
02:35
we want a biologist to sit at the design table
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“我们想要一个生物学家跟我们一起坐在设计桌旁，
02:39
to help us, in real time, become inspired.
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即时帮助我们启发灵感。”
02:42
Or -- and this is the fun part for me -- we want you to take us out
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或者，这是我喜欢的部份，“我们希望你带我们
02:46
into the natural world. We'll come with a design challenge
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到自然界中探险。我们会带着设计上的难题
02:48
and we find the champion adapters in the natural world, who might inspire us.
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然后在自然界中找到可以给我们提供灵感的那些适存者。”
02:53
So this is a picture from a Galapagos trip that we took
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这张照片是我们去加拉巴哥旅行时拍的。
02:57
with some wastewater treatment engineers; they purify wastewater.
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同行的是一群废水处理工程师；他们的工作是纯化废水。
03:01
And some of them were very resistant, actually, to being there.
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他们当中有些人其实很不想去。
03:04
What they said to us at first was, you know, we already do biomimicry.
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一开始他们跟我们说，"我们已经在应用彷生学了。"
03:09
We use bacteria to clean our water. And we said,
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“我们用细菌来处理废水。”
03:14
well, that's not exactly being inspired by nature.
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我们说，嗯，这并不算是从大自然中找灵感。
03:18
That's bioprocessing, you know; that's bio-assisted technology:
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那是生物处理， 是生物辅助技术：
03:22
using an organism to do your wastewater treatment
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使用生物来处理废水
03:27
is an old, old technology called "domestication."
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是一种非常、非常古老的技术，叫做" 驯养。"
03:30
This is learning something, learning an idea, from an organism and then applying it.
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彷生学是从生物上学习，得到灵感并加以应用。
03:37
And so they still weren't getting it.
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然而他们还是不懂。
03:40
So we went for a walk on the beach and I said,
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所以我们在海滩上走着，我说，
03:42
well, give me one of your big problems. Give me a design challenge,
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提出一个你们最大的困难给我。给我一个你们在设计上遇到的难题，
03:47
sustainability speed bump, that's keeping you from being sustainable.
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在可持续性方面的绊脚石，一个让你们的设计达不到可持续性的问题。
03:50
And they said scaling, which is the build-up of minerals inside of pipes.
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他们回答：水垢，也就是矿物质在水管里沉积。
03:56
And they said, you know what happens is, mineral --
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大家知道，就跟家里的水垢一样，矿物质会沉积。
03:58
just like at your house -- mineral builds up.
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大家知道，就跟家里的水垢一样，矿物质会沉积。
04:00
And then the aperture closes, and we have to flush the pipes with toxins,
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然后水管会被阻塞，我们就必须用有毒的溶剂去冲洗水管，
04:04
or we have to dig them up.
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或是使用物理方法把它们挖出来。
04:06
So if we had some way to stop this scaling --
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所以如果能够阻止水垢沉积...
04:09
and so I picked up some shells on the beach. And I asked them,
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听完以后我捡起海滩上的一 些贝壳。我问他们，
04:14
what is scaling? What's inside your pipes?
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水垢是什麽？水管里的东西是什么？
04:16
And they said, calcium carbonate.
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他们说，碳酸钙。
04:19
And I said, that's what this is; this is calcium carbonate.
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然后我就说，这就是了; 贝壳也是碳酸钙。
04:22
And they didn't know that.
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他们本来不知道这件事。
04:25
They didn't know that what a seashell is,
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他们不知道贝壳其实是,
04:27
it's templated by proteins, and then ions from the seawater
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由蛋白质组成的模板，
04:31
crystallize in place to create a shell.
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然后海水中的离子在模板上结晶，就这样形成贝壳。
04:34
So the same sort of a process, without the proteins,
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所以类似的程序，只是少了蛋白质，
04:38
is happening on the inside of their pipes. They didn't know.
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也在他们的水管中发生，但他们并不知道。
04:41
This is not for lack of information; it's a lack of integration.
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这并不是缺少信息，而是缺乏整合 。
04:47
You know, it's a silo, people in silos. They didn't know
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是隔行如隔山，彼此缺乏交流。
04:50
that the same thing was happening. So one of them thought about it
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他们不知道同样的事情也在其他领域发生。
04:53
and said, OK, well, if this is just crystallization
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他们当中有个人想了想说，好，
04:57
that happens automatically out of seawater -- self-assembly --
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如果这只是结晶现象在海水中自然产生，自我组装，
05:02
then why aren't shells infinite in size? What stops the scaling?
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为什么贝壳不会长到无限大？是什么停止了沉积过程？
05:07
Why don't they just keep on going?
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贝壳为什么不会一直生长下去？
05:09
And I said, well, in the same way
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我说，就像它们释放蛋白质，并且启动结晶现象...
05:13
that they exude a protein and it starts the crystallization --
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我说，就像它们释放蛋白质，并且启动结晶现象...
05:17
and then they all sort of leaned in --
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这时工程师们都靠了过来，
05:21
they let go of a protein that stops the crystallization.
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贝壳也会释放蛋白质来中止结晶现象。
05:24
It literally adheres to the growing face of the crystal.
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蛋白质会吸附在结晶生长的那一面。
05:26
And, in fact, there is a product called TPA
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事实上，有一种叫做 TPA 的产品
05:30
that's mimicked that protein -- that stop-protein --
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它模彷了这个终止蛋白
05:35
and it's an environmentally friendly way to stop scaling in pipes.
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这是一个环保的方法，可以避免水管长水垢。
05:39
That changed everything. From then on,
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这改变了一切。在那之后，
05:43
you could not get these engineers back in the boat.
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这些工程师都舍不得回到船上。
05:47
The first day they would take a hike,
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行程第一天他们会走一小段路，
05:50
and it was, click, click, click, click. Five minutes later they were back in the boat.
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喀嚓、喀嚓、喀嚓，拍个五分钟后就回到船上。
05:53
We're done. You know, I've seen that island.
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“好了，这个岛看过了。”
05:57
After this,
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但在这之后，
05:59
they were crawling all over. They would snorkel
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但在这之后， 他们到处爬来爬去。
06:02
for as long as we would let them snorkel.
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他们一直浮潜，潜到最后一刻非走不可才起来。
06:07
What had happened was that they realized that there were organisms
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因为他们体会到自然界中已经有生物体，
06:11
out there that had already solved the problems
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解决了
06:15
that they had spent their careers trying to solve.
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他们一辈子努力想解决的难题
06:18
Learning about the natural world is one thing;
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认识自然界是一回事，
06:23
learning from the natural world -- that's the switch.
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向自然界学习，这才是转变的开始。
06:25
That's the profound switch.
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这是一个意义深刻的转变。
06:28
What they realized was that the answers to their questions are everywhere;
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他们了解到，问题的答案处处皆是；
06:32
they just needed to change the lenses with which they saw the world.
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只需要改变观察这个世界的视角。
06:36
3.8 billion years of field-testing.
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自然界的生物是38 亿年的实地测验。
06:40
10 to 30 -- Craig Venter will probably tell you;
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克莱格•凡特可能会跟你说有 1千万－3千万，
06:43
I think there's a lot more than 30 million -- well-adapted solutions.
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我却认为自然界里有远远超过3千万种适应良好的解决方案。
06:47
The important thing for me is that these are solutions solved in context.
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对我来说重点在于，这些解决方案考虑了整体环境。
06:55
And the context is the Earth --
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这个整体环境就是地球。
06:57
the same context that we're trying to solve our problems in.
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我们要解决的问题，也存在同样的整体环境里。
07:02
So it's the conscious emulation of life's genius.
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我们要有意识地向自然界的天才学习，
07:06
It's not slavishly mimicking --
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而不是全盘照抄。
07:08
although Al is trying to get the hairdo going --
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虽说爱因斯坦的发型是想要模彷...
07:11
it's not a slavish mimicry; it's taking the design principles,
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不是全盘照抄，而是找出设计原则，
07:15
the genius of the natural world, and learning something from it.
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找出自然界的天才，从中学习。
07:20
Now, in a group with so many IT people, I do have to mention what
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在场有许多IT行业的人士，我必须提一下
07:24
I'm not going to talk about, and that is that your field
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演讲正文不会提到的，
07:27
is one that has learned an enormous amount from living things,
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IT行业向生物界借鉴，在软件方面已经学到很多。
07:31
on the software side. So there's computers that protect themselves,
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所以有能自我保护的电脑，
07:35
like an immune system, and we're learning from gene regulation
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就像免疫系统一样。 其他效法的实例还有基因调控、
07:38
and biological development. And we're learning from neural nets,
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生物发展、神经网路
07:43
genetic algorithms, evolutionary computing.
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基因演算法、演化计算
07:46
That's on the software side. But what's interesting to me
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那是在软件的层面。但令我感兴趣的是
07:51
is that we haven't looked at this, as much. I mean, these machines
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我们还没有开始考虑，这些机器（硬件部份）
07:56
are really not very high tech in my estimation
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这些机器在我看来不算高科技
07:59
in the sense that there's dozens and dozens of carcinogens
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因为硅谷的水里
08:04
in the water in Silicon Valley.
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有好几十种致癌物
08:07
So the hardware
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因此在硬件方面
08:10
is not at all up to snuff in terms of what life would call a success.
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以生命的观点来看根本称不上成功的设计。
08:15
So what can we learn about making -- not just computers, but everything?
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在制造方面，我们可以学到什么？不只针对电脑，我指所有东西的制造。
08:20
The plane you came in, cars, the seats that you're sitting on.
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大家搭的飞机、汽车、坐的椅子
08:24
How do we redesign the world that we make, the human-made world?
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我们如何重新设计我们所制造的世界，这个人造世界？
08:31
More importantly, what should we ask in the next 10 years?
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更重要的是，未来十年，我们的目标应该是什么？
08:35
And there's a lot of cool technologies out there that life has.
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自然界的生命有数不清的有趣科技。
08:38
What's the syllabus?
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我们的课程大纲该是什麽？
08:40
Three questions, for me, are key.
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对我来说，有三个问题是关键。
08:44
How does life make things?
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生命如何制造东西？
08:46
This is the opposite; this is how we make things.
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我们制造东西的方法与自然恰是两个极端。
08:49
It's called heat, beat and treat --
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我们的方法是加热、加压、化学处理，
08:51
that's what material scientists call it.
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这是材料科学家的说法。
08:53
And it's carving things down from the top, with 96 percent waste left over
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这个方法从开始到结束，产生了 96% 的废物
08:58
and only 4 percent product. You heat it up; you beat it with high pressures;
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只有 4% 是成品。加热，施加高压，
09:03
you use chemicals. OK. Heat, beat and treat.
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再用化学药物处理。加热、加压、化学处理。
09:06
Life can't afford to do that. How does life make things?
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生命没办法这么制造。
09:10
How does life make the most of things?
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那生命如何制造东西？
09:13
That's a geranium pollen.
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这是天竺葵花粉。
09:16
And its shape is what gives it the function of being able
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它的形状让使得能轻易地在空中漂浮
09:21
to tumble through air so easily. Look at that shape.
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你看看它的形状
09:25
Life adds information to matter.
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生命在物质上加入信息
09:30
In other words: structure.
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换言之就是结构
09:32
It gives it information. By adding information to matter,
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结构包含信息。物质加上信息
09:37
it gives it a function that's different than without that structure.
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就有了功能，如果没有结构就会有不同的功能。
09:43
And thirdly, how does life make things disappear into systems?
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第三，生命如何让东西消失到系统裡？
09:48
Because life doesn't really deal in things;
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因为生命处理的并不是东西
09:53
there are no things in the natural world divorced
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自然界中没有什么东西是与系统脱节的。
09:57
from their systems.
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自然界中没有什么东西是与系统脱节的。
10:00
Really quick syllabus.
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一个很简短的课程大纲。
10:02
As I'm reading more and more now, and following the story,
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当我顺着这个题材，阅读愈来愈多相关资料的同时，
10:08
there are some amazing things coming up in the biological sciences.
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生物科学界有了一些惊奇的发现。
10:12
And at the same time, I'm listening to a lot of businesses
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在此同时，我倾听许多企业的声音
10:15
and finding what their sort of grand challenges are.
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了解他们面临怎样的大挑战。
10:19
The two groups are not talking to each other.
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这两个团体缺乏对话。
10:21
At all.
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完全没有。
10:24
What in the world of biology might be helpful at this juncture,
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此时此刻，生物学的世界也许能帮上忙,
10:28
to get us through this sort of evolutionary knothole that we're in?
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帮助我们在这演化的节骨眼渡过难关。
10:33
I'm going to try to go through 12, really quickly.
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下面我会很快地带过 12 个重点。
10:36
One that's exciting to me is self-assembly.
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好，我很有兴趣的是自我组装。
10:39
Now, you've heard about this in terms of nanotechnology.
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大家在纳米科技的领域裡面听过这个名词。
10:43
Back to that shell: the shell is a self-assembling material.
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回到贝壳：贝壳本身就是一个自我组装的材料。
10:47
On the lower left there is a picture of mother of pearl
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左下方是珠母贝的照片。
10:51
forming out of seawater. It's a layered structure that's mineral
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它在海水中成形，是一个矿物质 和聚合物相间的层状结构
10:55
and then polymer, and it makes it very, very tough.
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所以非常非常坚硬
10:58
It's twice as tough as our high-tech ceramics.
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硬度是高科技陶瓷的两倍
11:01
But what's really interesting: unlike our ceramics that are in kilns,
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但是有趣的是：我们的陶瓷要在高温窑炉中烧制
11:05
it happens in seawater. It happens near, in and near, the organism's body.
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贝壳却是在海水中产生，在非常靠近生物体的地方产生
11:10
This is Sandia National Labs.
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现在大家开始尝试...
11:12
A guy named Jeff Brinker
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Sandia 国家实验室中有一位 Jeff Brinker，
11:17
has found a way to have a self-assembling coding process.
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他找到一个方法，做出自我组装的编码程序。
11:21
Imagine being able to make ceramics at room temperature
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想像一下，在室温下就能制造陶瓷，
11:25
by simply dipping something into a liquid,
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只要把某个东西浸入一种液体中，
11:29
lifting it out of the liquid, and having evaporation
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再从液体中移出，蒸发干，
11:32
force the molecules in the liquid together,
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强迫液体中的分子紧密排列，
11:36
so that they jigsaw together
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像拼图一样结合在一起，
11:38
in the same way as this crystallization works.
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就跟结晶生成的方式一样。
11:42
Imagine making all of our hard materials that way.
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想像有一天，所有坚硬材质都能这样被制造出。
11:45
Imagine spraying the precursors to a PV cell, to a solar cell,
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或是喷洒前驱波到硒电池，太阳能板上，
11:52
onto a roof, and having it self-assemble into a layered structure that harvests light.
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放到屋顶上面，让它自我组装成可以转换光能的层状结构。
11:56
Here's an interesting one for the IT world:
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下面这个是IT行业会有兴趣的：
12:00
bio-silicon. This is a diatom, which is made of silicates.
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生物硅。这是硅藻，它是由硅酸盐所组成的。
12:05
And so silicon, which we make right now --
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我们现在制造硅元素...
12:07
it's part of our carcinogenic problem in the manufacture of our chips --
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也就是制造晶片时，会产生致癌物的问题。
12:13
this is a bio-mineralization process that's now being mimicked.
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现在有人开始尝试模彷这个生物矿化的过程。
12:17
This is at UC Santa Barbara. Look at these diatoms.
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这是加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校。看看这些硅藻。
12:21
This is from Ernst Haeckel's work.
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这是 Ernst Haeckel 的研究。
12:24
Imagine being able to -- and, again, it's a templated process,
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想像我们能够... 同样的，这个过程也需要一块模板起头
12:29
and it solidifies out of a liquid process -- imagine being able to have that
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再从液体中固化产生
12:33
sort of structure coming out at room temperature.
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想像有一天
12:37
Imagine being able to make perfect lenses.
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我们能制造完美的镜片
12:40
On the left, this is a brittle star; it's covered with lenses
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左边是一只阳燧足，它全身都是镜片。
12:45
that the people at Lucent Technologies have found
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朗讯科技的研究人员发现
12:48
have no distortion whatsoever.
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这些镜片完全没有成像变形的问题
12:50
It's one of the most distortion-free lenses we know of.
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这是据我们所知最没有成像变形的一种镜片。
12:53
And there's many of them, all over its entire body.
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阳隧足全身布满了这些镜片。
12:56
What's interesting, again, is that it self-assembles.
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有趣的是，这也是自我组装的产物。
12:59
A woman named Joanna Aizenberg, at Lucent,
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朗讯科技有一位叫做 Joanna Aizenberg 的女研究员，
13:03
is now learning to do this in a low-temperature process to create
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她正在学习如何以低温过程来做出这种镜片。
13:07
these sort of lenses. She's also looking at fiber optics.
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她同样也研究光纤。
13:11
That's a sea sponge that has a fiber optic.
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这是一种海绵，
13:14
Down at the very base of it, there's fiber optics
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它身体最底部有光纤，这些就是光纤。
13:17
that work better than ours, actually, to move light,
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这种光纤传播光线的效果比人造光纤还要好。
13:20
but you can tie them in a knot; they're incredibly flexible.
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而且还可以打结；这种光纤弹性相当好。
13:26
Here's another big idea: CO2 as a feedstock.
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这是另外一个重要的概念：以二氧化碳当原料。
13:30
A guy named Geoff Coates, at Cornell, said to himself,
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康乃尔大学有一位 Geoff Coates，他心想
13:33
you know, plants do not see CO2 as the biggest poison of our time.
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植物不像我们，把二氧化碳当成这世代最严重的毒害
13:37
We see it that way. Plants are busy making long chains
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那是我们的看法
13:40
of starches and glucose, right, out of CO2. He's found a way --
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植物则忙着用二氧化碳合成出长链的淀粉和葡萄糖
13:46
he's found a catalyst -- and he's found a way to take CO2
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他发现了一种催化剂，
13:49
and make it into polycarbonates. Biodegradable plastics
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也找到方法能将二氧化碳变成聚碳酸酯。
13:53
out of CO2 -- how plant-like.
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用二氧化碳做出生物分解性塑胶 — 这多像植物啊。
13:55
Solar transformations: the most exciting one.
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太阳能转换：这是最令人兴奋的一个。
13:58
There are people who are mimicking the energy-harvesting device
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现在有些人在模彷紫色细菌体内 能源采集装置
14:02
inside of purple bacterium, the people at ASU. Even more interesting,
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这些人来自亚力桑那州立大学
14:06
lately, in the last couple of weeks, people have seen
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更有趣的是， 不久以前，有人发现 一种叫做氢化酵素的东西，
14:09
that there's an enzyme called hydrogenase that's able to evolve
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它能够利用质子跟电子来产生氢气
14:14
hydrogen from proton and electrons, and is able to take hydrogen up --
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也能够分解氢气
14:18
basically what's happening in a fuel cell, in the anode of a fuel cell
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基本上说这就是燃料电池内部的反应：在燃料电池的阳极
14:23
and in a reversible fuel cell.
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以及在可转换的燃料电池的反应。
14:25
In our fuel cells, we do it with platinum;
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人造燃料电池用的是白金。
14:28
life does it with a very, very common iron.
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但是生物用的是很常见的铁。
14:32
And a team has now just been able to mimic
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有个研究团队最近刚刚模拟出
14:36
that hydrogen-juggling hydrogenase.
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这种能操弄氢气的氢化酵素
14:41
That's very exciting for fuel cells --
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这是非常令人振奋的
14:43
to be able to do that without platinum.
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因为它意味着可以做出不需要白金的燃料电池
14:46
Power of shape: here's a whale. We've seen that the fins of this whale
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形状的威力：这是一只鲸鱼
14:51
have tubercles on them. And those little bumps
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我们看到这只鲸鱼的鳍上有许多圆形瘤状突起
14:54
actually increase efficiency in, for instance,
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这些小突起其实能提高效率，
14:59
the edge of an airplane -- increase efficiency by about 32 percent.
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例如说， 设置在机翼的边缘，效率能提高 32%。
15:04
Which is an amazing fossil fuel savings,
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这是相当可观的节约——
15:06
if we were to just put that on the edge of a wing.
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只要在机翼上加上这种突起就能节省大量的石化燃料即可
15:11
Color without pigments: this peacock is creating color with shape.
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不用颜料就能呈现颜色：这隻孔雀羽毛的颜色来自形状。
15:15
Light comes through, it bounces back off the layers;
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光线透进来，被好几层反弹回去。
15:18
it's called thin-film interference. Imagine being able
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这叫做薄膜干涉。
15:21
to self-assemble products with the last few layers
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想像有一天可以做出自我组装的产品
15:24
playing with light to create color.
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产品最外面的几层操作光线来产生颜色
15:28
Imagine being able to create a shape on the outside of a surface,
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想像能够在物体表面上加上结构
15:33
so that it's self-cleaning with just water. That's what a leaf does.
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让它只要有水就能自我清洁，跟叶子一样
15:38
See that up-close picture?
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看到这张特写照片了吗？
15:40
That's a ball of water, and those are dirt particles.
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这是一个水滴，这些是灰尘颗粒。
15:43
And that's an up-close picture of a lotus leaf.
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这是一张莲叶的特写照片。
15:46
There's a company making a product called Lotusan, which mimics --
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有一家公司生产一种叫做 Lotusan 的产品，它模彷了...
15:51
when the building facade paint dries, it mimics the bumps
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当建筑物外牆的粉刷干了之后，会有像叶子上能够自我清洁的突起，
15:55
in a self-cleaning leaf, and rainwater cleans the building.
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然后雨水就能够将建筑物洗淨。
16:00
Water is going to be our big, grand challenge:
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水将会是我们最重大，严峻的挑战：
16:06
quenching thirst.
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如何解决全球的饮水问题。
16:08
Here are two organisms that pull water.
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这里有两种生物能够收集水。
16:11
The one on the left is the Namibian beetle pulling water out of fog.
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左边是那米比亚金龟，它能从雾中收集水分。
16:15
The one on the right is a pill bug -- pulls water out of air,
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右边的是球潮虫，能从空气中收集水。
16:18
does not drink fresh water.
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它不喝干净的水。
16:21
Pulling water out of Monterey fog and out of the sweaty air in Atlanta,
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在水气进入建筑物之前，从蒙特瑞的雾中， 和亚特兰大的潮湿空气中
16:28
before it gets into a building, are key technologies.
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把水份分离出来，这是很重要的科技
16:32
Separation technologies are going to be extremely important.
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分离科技将会变得非常重要。
16:36
What if we were to say, no more hard rock mining?
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如果有一天，我们不必再挖掘採矿？
16:40
What if we were to separate out metals from waste streams,
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如果我们可以从废水分离出微量金属？
16:46
small amounts of metals in water? That's what microbes do;
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如果我们可以从废水分离出微量金属？不过，微生物已经能做到了。
16:50
they chelate metals out of water.
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它们将金属从水中螯合出来。
16:52
There's a company here in San Francisco called MR3
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旧金山有一家公司叫做 MR3，
16:55
that is embedding mimics of the microbes' molecules on filters
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他们在过滤器上嵌入模彷自微生物的分子
17:01
to mine waste streams.
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来采集废水中的矿物
17:04
Green chemistry is chemistry in water.
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绿色化学是在水中进行的
17:08
We do chemistry in organic solvents.
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而我们的化学反应却是在有机溶剂中进行的
17:10
This is a picture of the spinnerets coming out of a spider
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这张照片是蜘蛛的纺丝器
17:14
and the silk being formed from a spider. Isn't that beautiful?
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丝从蜘蛛体内产生。很漂亮吧？
17:17
Green chemistry is replacing our industrial chemistry with nature's recipe book.
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环保化学是用自然的处方来取代我们的工业化学。
17:25
It's not easy, because life uses
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这不容易，
17:30
only a subset of the elements in the periodic table.
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因为生命只使用元素周期表上一小部份的元素。
17:34
And we use all of them, even the toxic ones.
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而我们则是全部都用，有毒的也用。
17:38
To figure out the elegant recipes that would take the small subset
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这些高级配方只需用到周期表的一小部份，
17:43
of the periodic table, and create miracle materials like that cell,
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就能制造出像那个细胞一样神奇的材料。
17:49
is the task of green chemistry.
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把这些配方研究明白是环保化学的任务。
17:51
Timed degradation: packaging that is good
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定时分解：一种包装材料，
17:55
until you don't want it to be good anymore, and dissolves on cue.
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在你需要时很好用， 不需要时，又能马上分解。
17:59
That's a mussel you can find in the waters out here,
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在这一带水域里你会看到淡菜。
18:02
and the threads holding it to a rock are timed; at exactly two years,
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这些将它们固定在石头上的足丝线是有时效的，不多不少正好两年，
18:06
they begin to dissolve.
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时间到了就开始分解。
18:08
Healing: this is a good one.
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治疗：这个很有趣。
18:11
That little guy over there is a tardigrade.
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那边那个小傢伙属于缓步动物门（水熊虫）。
18:14
There is a problem with vaccines around the world
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现在有一个难题
18:20
not getting to patients. And the reason is
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使得很多疫苗无法送到病人手中
18:23
that the refrigeration somehow gets broken;
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原因是没办法保持持续冷藏的状态
18:27
what's called the "cold chain" gets broken.
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这是所谓的"低温链"中断
18:29
A guy named Bruce Rosner looked at the tardigrade --
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一位叫做 Bruce Rosner 的人研究了水熊虫
18:32
which dries out completely, and yet stays alive for months
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水熊虫能够在完全脱水的状态下，存活好几个月
18:38
and months and months, and is able to regenerate itself.
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之后又能够再生
18:41
And he found a way to dry out vaccines --
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因此他发现了干燥疫苗的方法：
18:44
encase them in the same sort of sugar capsules
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将疫苗包在一种糖制胶囊里，
18:48
as the tardigrade has within its cells --
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就像水熊虫细胞内的胶囊构造。
18:51
meaning that vaccines no longer need to be refrigerated.
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也就是说，疫苗不再需要冷藏。
18:56
They can be put in a glove compartment, OK.
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放在汽车前座的置物箱也没问题。
19:00
Learning from organisms. This is a session about water --
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向生物学习。这一小节跟水有关，
19:05
learning about organisms that can do without water,
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为了创造出可以长时间储存而不需冷藏的疫苗
19:08
in order to create a vaccine that lasts and lasts and lasts without refrigeration.
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我们要向没有水也能生存的生物学习
19:15
I'm not going to get to 12.
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我没办法讲完 12 点，
19:18
But what I am going to do is tell you that the most important thing,
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但是我要告诉大家，除了这些演化适应， 最重要的是，
19:22
besides all of these adaptations, is the fact that these organisms
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这些生物都想出了办法，
19:27
have figured out a way to do the amazing things they do
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它们一方面能做到这些神奇的事情，
19:32
while taking care of the place
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同时又能善待环境，
19:35
that's going to take care of their offspring.
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让环境能善待牠们的子孙。
19:40
When they're involved in foreplay,
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当它们进行前戏的时候，
19:43
they're thinking about something very, very important --
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心里想的是非常重要的事情，
19:46
and that's having their genetic material
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也就是把它们的遗传物质万世流传下去。
19:50
remain, 10,000 generations from now.
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也就是把它们的遗传物质万世流传下去。
19:55
And that means finding a way to do what they do
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这也就意味着，它们找到一种方法，
19:57
without destroying the place that'll take care of their offspring.
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不会破坏它们下一代赖以为生的环境。
20:01
That's the biggest design challenge.
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这才是最大的设计难题。
20:04
Luckily, there are millions and millions of geniuses
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幸运的是，有百万千万的天才们
20:10
willing to gift us with their best ideas.
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愿意提供他们伟大的想法
20:13
Good luck having a conversation with them.
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祝各位跟他们谈得愉快。
20:16
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
20:17
(Applause)
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（掌声）
20:31
Chris Anderson: Talk about foreplay, I -- we need to get to 12, but really quickly.
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讲到前戏，我们得讲完 12 点，但是请尽快。
20:35
Janine Benyus: Oh really?
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真得吗？
20:36
CA: Yeah. Just like, you know, like the 10-second version
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对，像是 10, 11, 12 点的十秒钟精简版。
20:39
of 10, 11 and 12. Because we just -- your slides are so gorgeous,
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因为我们实在...你的幻灯片实在是太精彩了，
20:42
and the ideas are so big, I can't stand to let you go down
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这些想法是这么的伟大
20:44
without seeing 10, 11 and 12.
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没看到 10, 11, 12 点 我不能让你离开
20:46
JB: OK, put this -- OK, I'll just hold this thing. OK, great.
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好，戴上 — 好，我拿着就好。
20:50
OK, so that's the healing one.
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好，太棒了。 好，刚刚讲到医疗。
20:53
Sensing and responding: feedback is a huge thing.
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感知与反应：回馈是很重要的。
20:56
This is a locust. There can be 80 million of them in a square kilometer,
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这是蝗虫。一平方公里内可以有八千万只蝗虫，
21:00
and yet they don't collide with one another.
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但是他们不会撞到彼此。
21:03
And yet we have 3.6 million car collisions a year.
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但是我们人类一年有三百六十万起车祸。
21:08
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
21:10
Right. There's a person at Newcastle
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没错。纽卡斯尔有个人
21:14
who has figured out that it's a very large neuron.
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她发现这跟一个巨大的神经元有关
21:17
And she's actually figuring out how to make
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她正在研究
21:20
a collision-avoidance circuitry
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如何做出一种防撞电路
21:22
based on this very large neuron in the locust.
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设计原理就是根据蝗虫体内的巨大神经元。
21:26
This is a huge and important one, number 11.
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第 11 点影响深远，非常重要。
21:28
And that's the growing fertility.
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也就是让环境更加丰饶。
21:30
That means, you know, net fertility farming.
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这意味着，能增加土地富饶的农业。
21:34
We should be growing fertility. And, oh yes -- we get food, too.
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我们应该增加土地的富饶，当然我们同时也会得到食物。
21:38
Because we have to grow the capacity of this planet
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因为我们不得不增加这个星球的负载能力，
21:43
to create more and more opportunities for life.
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才能为生命制造愈来愈多的机会。
21:46
And really, that's what other organisms do as well.
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这其实也是其他生物在做的事。
21:48
In ensemble, that's what whole ecosystems do:
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整体而言，这也是整个生态系在做的事：
21:51
they create more and more opportunities for life.
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为生命制造愈来愈多的机会。
21:54
Our farming has done the opposite.
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但是我们的农业却是逆道而行。
21:57
So, farming based on how a prairie builds soil,
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因此，农业要彷效大草原如何滋养土壤，
22:01
ranching based on how a native ungulate herd
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畜牧业要彷效原生有蹄类动物
22:05
actually increases the health of the range,
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如何促进栖地的健康
22:07
even wastewater treatment based on how a marsh
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甚至废水处理也可以彷效
22:12
not only cleans the water,
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沼泽不仅仅有淨水的功能
22:14
but creates incredibly sparkling productivity.
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同时也创造数不清令人目眩的生命力
22:18
This is the simple design brief. I mean, it looks simple
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这是一个简单的设计简报。
22:22
because the system, over 3.8 billion years, has worked this out.
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我是说，它看起来简单 因为整个生态系，过去 38 亿年来，已经找出答案。
22:27
That is, those organisms that have not been able to figure out
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那些没找出方法，无法改善环境、优化环境的生物
22:32
how to enhance or sweeten their places,
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都活不到今天
22:36
are not around to tell us about it.
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为我们带来它们的故事
22:39
That's the twelfth one.
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这就是第 12 点。
22:42
Life -- and this is the secret trick; this is the magic trick --
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生命… 这是一种神秘又神奇的把戏：
22:46
life creates conditions conducive to life.
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生命创造对生命有益的环境。
22:50
It builds soil; it cleans air; it cleans water;
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生命产生土壤，清新空气，纯淨水源；
22:54
it mixes the cocktail of gases that you and I need to live.
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生命混合出你我赖以为生的空气组成。
22:57
And it does that in the middle of having great foreplay
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在此同时，生命也一边享受美好前戏
23:03
and meeting their needs. So it's not mutually exclusive.
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满足了自己的需求。两者不是互相排斥的
23:09
We have to find a way to meet our needs,
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我们必须找到方法，既能够满足我们的需求
23:12
while making of this place an Eden.
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又能把我们的环境打造成伊甸园
23:18
CA: Janine, thank you so much.
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Janine，非常谢谢你。
23:19
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janine Benyus - Science writer, innovation consultant, conservationistA self-proclaimed nature nerd, Janine Benyus' concept of biomimicry has galvanized scientists, architects, designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature's successes can inspire humanity.
Why you should listen
In the world envisioned by science author Janine Benyus, a locust's ability to avoid collision within a roiling cloud of its brethren informs the design of a crash-resistant car; a self-cleaning leaf inspires a new kind of paint, one that dries in a pattern that enables simple rainwater to wash away dirt; and organisms capable of living without water open the way for vaccines that maintain potency even without refrigeration -- a hurdle that can prevent life-saving drugs from reaching disease-torn communities. Most important, these cool tools from nature pull off their tricks while still managing to preserve the environment that sustains them, a life-or-death lesson that humankind is in need of learning.
As a champion of biomimicry, Benyus has become one of the most important voices in a new wave of designers and engineers inspired by nature. Her most recent project, AskNature, explores what happens if we think of nature by function and looks at what organisms can teach us about design.
Janine Benyus | Speaker | TED.com