TED Salon: Radical Craft
Débora Mesa Molina: Stunning buildings made from raw, imperfect materials
黛博拉·梅萨·莫妮拉: 源于原始和不完美材料的惊艳建筑
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如果重新设想建筑学的极限会怎么样？黛博拉·梅萨·莫妮拉 在这个令人激动的演讲和她的工作的视觉之旅中给出了一些答案，展示了怎样用被忽视的材料和非传统的方法来创作建筑——甚至从地心提取材料。她说道：“如果我们以足够的好奇心透过外表看到事物的内在，那么周围的世界将是一个充满灵感源泉的地方”。
Débora Mesa Molina - Architect
Débora Mesa Molina makes space for experimentation in a highly regulated profession. Full bio
Débora Mesa Molina makes space for experimentation in a highly regulated profession. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Architecture is a profession
with many rules,
with many rules,
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建筑学是一个有许多规则的职业，
一些规则是成文的，有的则没有，
00:16
some written, some not,
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有些中肯，有些不然。
00:18
some relevant and others not.
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作为建筑师，我们一直在
00:21
As architects,
we're constantly gravitating
we're constantly gravitating
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遵循书籍中的这些规则，
00:24
between following these rules by the book
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或者为想象力的实验留下空间——
00:28
or making a space for imagination --
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这两者之间徘徊。
00:30
for experimentation.
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要实现平衡并不容易，
00:32
This is a difficult balance.
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尤其在建筑这行，
00:34
Especially through architecture,
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你在试图挑战先入为主的观念，
推进边界和创新，
推进边界和创新，
00:36
you're trying to challenge preconceptions
and push boundaries and innovate,
and push boundaries and innovate,
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还包括只是使用我们周围
一直被忽视的东西。
一直被忽视的东西。
00:40
even if just using what we have around
and we overlook all the time.
and we overlook all the time.
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这正是我和我的团队
一直在做的事情，
一直在做的事情，
00:45
And this is what I've been doing
along with my team,
along with my team,
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全效工作室，
00:48
Ensamble Studio,
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我们早期的作品
00:49
and from our very early works
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都是在严格的历史背景下完成的，
00:51
that happened
in strict historic contexts,
in strict historic contexts,
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比如圣地亚哥·德孔波斯特拉市。
00:54
like the city of Santiago de Compostela.
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在这里我们建造了作家和编辑协会，
00:57
Here we built the General Society
of Authors and Editors,
of Authors and Editors,
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一个文化性的建筑。
01:01
a cultural building.
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这些规范的首要内容是，
01:03
And on top of all the regulations,
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我们必须按规定使用石头，
01:05
we had to use stone by code
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我们的经验无法施展，
01:08
and our experience was limited,
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但是有很好的参照物可以来学习，
01:10
but we had incredible
references to learn from,
references to learn from,
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一些来自于城市本身
01:13
some coming from the city itself
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或是来自于周边的景观，
01:16
or from nearby landscapes
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或是来自其他遥远的地方，
01:19
or other remote places
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这些景观影响了我们
作为建筑师所接受的教育，
作为建筑师所接受的教育，
01:20
that had impacted
our education as architects,
our education as architects,
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也许你们能在图片中看出来。
01:23
and maybe you recognize here.
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01:25
But somehow the finished products
that industry made available
that industry made available
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但工业生产出来
给我们建筑师使用的现成品
01:30
for us as architects
to use in our buildings
to use in our buildings
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似乎已经失去了它们的灵魂。
01:34
seemed to have lost their soul.
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01:36
And so we decided to go
to the nearby quarries
to the nearby quarries
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所以我们决定去附近的采石场，
更好的了解如何把一座山转变成
01:40
to better understand the process
that transforms a mountain
that transforms a mountain
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我们从供应商那里
购买的方形石料的过程。
购买的方形石料的过程。
01:44
into a perfectly square tile
that you buy from a supplier.
that you buy from a supplier.
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我们被这些材料的巨大规模
01:47
And we were taken by the monumental
scale of the material
scale of the material
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和采集它们的操作所折服。
01:51
and the actions to extract it.
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01:54
And looking carefully,
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通过仔细观察，
我们注意到到处都堆着
数百个不规则的石块。
数百个不规则的石块。
01:55
we noticed hundreds of irregular
blocks piling up everywhere.
blocks piling up everywhere.
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它们是采石工艺余下的边角料：
01:59
They are the leftovers
of an extraction sequence:
of an extraction sequence:
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那些没人要的部分，毫无美感可言。
02:01
the ugly parts that nobody wants.
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02:04
But we wanted them.
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但我们想要它们。
我们的灵感被激发。
02:06
We were inspired.
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这是个双赢的局势，
02:08
And it was a win-win situation
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在那儿，我们可以
以非常低的成本获得
以非常低的成本获得
02:09
where we could get this residual
material of great quality,
material of great quality,
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这些本来要被碾碎的
02:14
doomed to be crushed,
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高质量材料。
02:15
at a very low cost.
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02:17
Now, we had to convince our clients
that this was a good idea;
that this was a good idea;
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我们还必须说服我们的客户
认为这是个好主意；
认为这是个好主意；
但更重要的是，我们
必须想出一个重新利用
必须想出一个重新利用
02:22
but foremost, we had to come up
with a design process
with a design process
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这些不规则形状岩石的设计过程，
02:25
to reuse these randomly shaped rocks,
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但我们以前从没这样做过。
02:28
and we had not done this before.
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02:30
Today everything would be much easier
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今天所有一切都变得更容易了，
因为我们去采石场时
02:32
because we would go to the quarry
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会带上配备了3D扫描器的智能手机，
02:34
with our smartphones
equipped with 3-D scanners
equipped with 3-D scanners
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去记录每一块石头，
02:38
and we would document each rock,
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将其转变成数字模型——
02:40
turn that into a digital model --
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整个过程高度工程化。
02:42
highly engineer the whole process.
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但在十多年前，
02:44
But more than a decade ago,
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我们不得不拥抱不确定性，
02:46
we had to embrace uncertainty
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穿上鞋子，卷起袖子
02:48
and put on our boots, roll up our sleeves
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来到采石场亲身实践。
02:52
and move to the quarry
for a hands-on experience.
for a hands-on experience.
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02:56
And we also had to become the contractors
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而且我们不得不成为承包商，
因为我们找不到愿意
共同承担风险的人。
共同承担风险的人。
02:58
because we failed at finding somebody
willing to share the risk with us.
willing to share the risk with us.
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03:05
Now, luckily, we convinced the quarry team
to help us build a few prototypes
to help us build a few prototypes
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幸运的是，我们说服了采石团队
帮助我们构建一些原型
帮助我们构建一些原型
来解决一些细节的技术问题。
03:11
to resolve some of the technical details.
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我们就几个模型达成了一致，
03:13
And we agreed on a few mock-ups,
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但是我们很兴奋，
03:16
but we got excited,
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一个石头接一个石头，
03:18
and one stone led to another
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直到我们成功构建了
03:20
until we succeeded to build
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一个18米长，8米高的结构，
03:22
an 18-meter-long
by eight-meter-high structure
by eight-meter-high structure
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03:27
that recycled all the amorphous
material of the quarry,
material of the quarry,
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这个结构利用了采石场
所有的不规则材料，
所有的不规则材料，
仅仅依靠重力的支撑——
03:31
just supported by gravity --
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没有石灰石粘合，也没有粘合物。
03:32
no mortar and no ties.
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03:36
And once built and tested,
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在建造成功并进行测试后，
我们把它们运送到
市中心的目的地，
市中心的目的地，
03:38
moving it to the final site
in the city center
in the city center
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和建筑的其它部分连接起来。
03:41
to unite it with the rest of the building
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就像一块蛋糕，
03:44
was a piece of cake,
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因为通过隔离不确定性
03:45
because by having isolated uncertainty
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和在采石场的
可控环境下的风险管理，
可控环境下的风险管理，
03:48
and managed risk in the controlled
environment of the quarry,
environment of the quarry,
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我们得以在预算内按时完成
03:52
we were able to complete
the whole building in time
the whole building in time
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整个建筑工程，
03:55
and on budget,
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即便用的是非传统的手段和方法。
03:56
even if using nonconventional
means and methods.
means and methods.
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04:00
And I still get goosebumps
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当我在城市中，
04:01
when I see this big chunk
of the industrial landscape
of the industrial landscape
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建筑中，
看到有人在这些
04:05
in the city,
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工业景观中穿梭时，
04:06
in a building,
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04:08
experienced by the visitors
and the neighbors.
and the neighbors.
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仍然会感到心潮澎湃，
04:12
This building gave us
quite a few headaches,
quite a few headaches,
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这个建筑曾让我们头疼不已，
所以它可能是我们的
一个与众不同的作品，
一个与众不同的作品，
04:16
and so it could have well been
an exception in our work,
an exception in our work,
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但是反过来，它开始
告诉我们一种运作方式，
告诉我们一种运作方式，
04:20
but instead it started to inform
a modus operandi
a modus operandi
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04:24
where every project
becomes this opportunity
becomes this opportunity
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每个工程都可以是一个
测试我们认为迫切需要重新
想象的学科极限的机会。
想象的学科极限的机会。
04:27
to test the limits of a discipline
we believe has to be urgently reimagined.
we believe has to be urgently reimagined.
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04:32
So what you see here are four homes
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你们在这里看到的是我们
04:34
that we have designed,
built and inhabited.
built and inhabited.
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设计，建造和居住的四所房子。
04:39
Four manifestos where
we are using the small scale
we are using the small scale
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四个我们以小规模来
问自己大问题的宣言。
04:42
to ask ourselves big questions.
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04:45
And we are trying to discover
the architectures
the architectures
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我们也在尝试发现那些
使用极为普通的材料和
技术的非传统应用
技术的非传统应用
04:48
that result from unconventional
applications of pretty mundane materials
applications of pretty mundane materials
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04:53
and technologies,
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实现的架构，
比如顶部的图片
是不同形式的混凝土，
是不同形式的混凝土，
04:54
like concrete in different forms
in the top row,
in the top row,
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底部的是钢和泡沫。
04:58
or steel and foam in the bottom row.
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以这些预制混凝土梁为例。
05:01
Take, for instance,
these precast concrete beams.
these precast concrete beams.
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你可能已经见到过它们
05:03
You have probably seen them
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被用于构造桥梁，高速路和水渠——
05:05
building bridges, highways,
water channels --
water channels --
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我们在拜访预制混凝土
工厂时发现了它们。
工厂时发现了它们。
05:08
we found them on one of our visits
to a precast concrete factory.
to a precast concrete factory.
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05:13
And they might not seem
especially homey or beautiful,
especially homey or beautiful,
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它们看起来并不是特别舒适和漂亮，
但是我们决定用它们来
建设我们第一个房子。
建设我们第一个房子。
05:17
but we decided to use them
to build our first house.
to build our first house.
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这是一个难以置信的时刻，
05:22
And this was an incredible moment
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因为我们要一如既往的
以架构师的身份，
以架构师的身份，
05:24
because we got to be architects as always,
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再一次成为建筑工，
05:27
builders once more
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并且，第一次成为自己的客户。
05:28
and, for the first time,
we could be our own clients.
we could be our own clients.
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05:33
So, here we are trying to figure out
how we can take these huge catalogue beams
how we can take these huge catalogue beams
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所以，我们要尝试计算怎样才能把
这些每个都重达20吨的钢梁
05:39
of about 20 tons each
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都逐渐堆积在庭院的周围…
05:41
and stack them progressively
around a courtyard space ...
around a courtyard space ...
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房子的中心。
05:46
the heart of the house.
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05:49
And due to the dimensions
and their material quality,
and their material quality,
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由于它们的尺寸和材质，
这些大的部分是承重结构，
05:53
these big parts are the structure
that carry the loads to the ground,
that carry the loads to the ground,
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05:57
but they are much more than that.
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但它们的功能不限于此。
它们可以用来建造游泳池；
05:59
They are the swimming pool;
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可以是分隔内外的墙壁；
06:01
they are the walls that divide
interior from exterior;
interior from exterior;
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可以成为捕捉风景的窗口；
06:05
they are the windows that frame the views;
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它们可以是成品，
06:08
they are the finishes;
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它们正是这房子的精神。
06:09
they are the very spirit of this house.
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06:12
A house that is for us a laboratory
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这所房子是我们的实验室，
我们在这里测试如何以
非标准的方式使用标准元素。
非标准的方式使用标准元素。
06:15
where we are testing how we can use
standard elements in nonstandard ways.
standard elements in nonstandard ways.
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我们观察到的结果很有趣。
06:21
And we are observing
that the results are intriguing.
that the results are intriguing.
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我们通过实践学习到
06:25
And we are learning by doing
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06:26
that prefabrication
can be much more than stacking boxes
can be much more than stacking boxes
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预制可以不仅仅是堆叠模块，
或者厚重的部分
也可以是通风和透明的。
也可以是通风和透明的。
06:30
or that heavy parts
can be airy and transparent.
can be airy and transparent.
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06:35
And on top of designing
and building this house,
and building this house,
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在设计和构建这些房子之上，
我们得到了珍贵的反馈，
06:38
we get invaluable feedback,
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06:39
sharing it with our family
and our friends
and our friends
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分享给了我们的家人和朋友，
因为这是我们正在进行的生活
06:42
because this is our life
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和正在进行的工作。
06:44
and our work in progress.
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06:47
The lessons that we learn here
get translated into other projects
get translated into other projects
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我们把在此处学到的经验
应用到了其他项目，
应用到了其他项目，
其他规划，
06:52
and other programs
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和其他尺度中，
06:54
and other scales as well,
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06:57
and they inspire new work.
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它们也激发了新的作品。
这里，我们再次看到了
非常标准的产品：
非常标准的产品：
06:59
Here again we are looking
at very standard products:
at very standard products:
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易于切割和拧紧的镀锌钢钉，
07:03
galvanized steel studs
that can be easily cut and screwed,
that can be easily cut and screwed,
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绝缘泡沫，水泥板——
07:06
insulating foams, cement boards --
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所有你能找到的
隐藏在隔墙里的材料，
隐藏在隔墙里的材料，
07:10
all materials that you can find
hidden in partition walls
hidden in partition walls
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和暴露出来的材料；
07:13
and that we are exposing;
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我们正在使用它们来打造
一个几乎每个人都可以
一个几乎每个人都可以
07:15
and we are using them to build
a very lightweight construction system
a very lightweight construction system
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造出的轻质建造系统。
07:19
that can be built almost by anyone.
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07:23
And we are doing it ourselves
with our hands in our shop,
with our hands in our shop,
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我们在店里自己动手做，
我们是建筑师，并非职业建筑工人，
07:26
and we are architects.
We're not professional builders
We're not professional builders
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但是我们想确定我们也可以做到。
07:29
but we want to make sure it's possible.
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很高兴安东能用手移动它，
07:31
And it's so nice that Antón
can move it with his hands
can move it with his hands
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哈维尔能把它放进集装箱中，
07:35
and Javier can put it in a container,
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我们可以托运它，
07:37
and we can ship it
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就像出国托运行李一样 …
07:39
like you would ship your belongings
if you were moving abroad ...
if you were moving abroad ...
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这些都是我们五年前在做的事情。
07:42
which is what we did five years ago.
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我们把我们在马德里的重力中心
07:44
We moved our gravity center from Madrid
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和混凝土梁的房子移动到布鲁克林。
07:46
and the house of the concrete
beams to Brookline.
beams to Brookline.
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07:50
And we found the ugly duckling
of a very nice neighborhood:
of a very nice neighborhood:
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我们发现了位于非常好的
社区中的“丑小鸭”：
社区中的“丑小鸭”：
一个一层的车库，也是我们
唯一能负担得起的东西。
唯一能负担得起的东西。
07:55
a one-story garage
and the only thing we could afford.
and the only thing we could afford.
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07:59
But it was OK because we wanted
to transform it into a swan,
to transform it into a swan,
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但没有问题，因为
我们想把它变成天鹅，
我们想把它变成天鹅，
在顶部安装我们刚刚
运送过来的组件包，
运送过来的组件包，
08:03
installing on top
our just-delivered kit of parts,
our just-delivered kit of parts,
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再一次成为科学家和小白鼠。
08:07
once more becoming the scientists
and the guinea pigs.
and the guinea pigs.
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08:14
So this is a house
that uses some of the cheapest
that uses some of the cheapest
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这就是一座使用了你能在市场上
找到的最便宜和
最普通的材料建造的房子，
最普通的材料建造的房子，
08:16
and most normal materials
that you can find in the market
that you can find in the market
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这些材料应用了统治着建筑行业的
08:20
that applies the ubiquitous
four-by-eight modulation
four-by-eight modulation
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无处不在的4*8调制原理。
08:23
that governs the construction industry.
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然而对空间采用不同的分隔方式，
08:26
And yet a different
organization of the spaces
organization of the spaces
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对组件进行不同的组装，
08:30
and a different assembly of the parts
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可以把一个经济型的房屋
08:32
is able to transform
an economically built home
an economically built home
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转变成一个奢华的空间。
08:36
into a luxurious space.
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08:40
And now, we're dreaming and we're
actively working with developers,
actively working with developers,
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现在，我们在筑梦，
并积极和开发者合作，
并积极和开发者合作，
和建筑师合作，
08:44
with builders,
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和社区合作，
08:46
with communities
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以将这个想法在更多房屋
08:47
to try to make this a reality
for many more homes
for many more homes
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和更多家庭上实现。
08:51
and many more families.
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08:54
And you see, the world around us
is an infinite source of inspiration
is an infinite source of inspiration
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如你所见，周围的世界
为我们提供了无限的灵感，
为我们提供了无限的灵感，
只要我们有足够的好奇心
去看到事物的本质。
去看到事物的本质。
08:59
if we are curious enough
to see beneath the surface of things.
to see beneath the surface of things.
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现在我要带你们到月亮的另外一端：
09:04
Now I'm going to take you
to the other side of the moon:
to the other side of the moon:
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一睹蒙大拿壮丽的风景。
09:06
to the sublime landscape of Montana,
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09:10
where a few years ago
we joined Cathy and Peter Halstead
we joined Cathy and Peter Halstead
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几年前，我们在那儿加入了
凯西和彼得·霍尔斯特德，
凯西和彼得·霍尔斯特德，
打算在一个1万英亩的农场里
建设提佩特·莱斯艺术中心。
建设提佩特·莱斯艺术中心。
09:13
to imagine Tippet Rise Art Center
on a 10,000-acre working ranch.
on a 10,000-acre working ranch.
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09:20
And when we first visited the site,
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当我们第一次造访那里时，
我们意识到我们所知的
有关艺术中心的一切
有关艺术中心的一切
09:21
we realized that all we knew
about what an art center is
about what an art center is
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对那个客户，那个社区，那个景观来说
09:26
was absolutely pointless for that client,
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09:29
for that community, for that landscape.
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毫无用处。
09:32
The kind of white-box museum type
had no fit here.
had no fit here.
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那种白盒子式的博物馆
并不适合这里。
并不适合这里。
所以我们决定把这个中心
分解成零星的建筑，
分解成零星的建筑，
09:37
So we decided to explode the center
into a constellation of fragments,
into a constellation of fragments,
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09:42
of spaces spread
across the vast territory
across the vast territory
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分布在广袤的原野中，
把游客包围在这个神奇的荒野中。
09:46
that would immerse the visitors
into the wilderness of this amazing place.
into the wilderness of this amazing place.
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09:52
So back in the office,
we are thinking through making,
we are thinking through making,
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所以，回到办公室后，
我们通过动手来进行构思，
我们通过动手来进行构思，
使用土地，把它们
既作为原材料，又作为架构，
既作为原材料，又作为架构，
09:55
using the land both as support
and as material,
and as material,
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从它们的沉降，侵蚀，
09:59
learning from its geological processes
of sedimentation, erosion,
of sedimentation, erosion,
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碎片化，结晶化，
10:03
fragmentation, crystallization --
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10:05
explosion --
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爆发的地质过程中学习——
10:07
to discover architectures
that are born from the land,
that are born from the land,
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去发现从这片土地中形成的建筑，
这些自然景观的延伸，
10:11
that are visceral extensions
of the landscape,
of the landscape,
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10:16
like this bridge
that crosses Murphy Canyon.
that crosses Murphy Canyon.
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像穿过墨菲峡谷的这座桥，
10:20
Or this fountain.
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或者这座喷泉。
10:22
Like this space topping a hill ...
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像丘顶的这个空间 …
10:26
or this theatre that brings to us
the space of the mountains
the space of the mountains
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或者像这个带给我山的空间
和声音的剧院。
10:31
and its sound.
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10:33
And in order to realize this idea,
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为了实现这个想法，
建筑物不可能被完美地设计。
10:35
construction cannot be perfectly planned.
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我们需要拥抱
极端天气和当地的工艺。
极端天气和当地的工艺。
10:38
We need to embrace the drastic weather
and the local craft.
and the local craft.
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我们只需要控制那些关键方面，
10:42
We need to control
just those aspects that are critical,
just those aspects that are critical,
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比如结构，比如热量，
10:45
like the structural, the thermal,
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嵌入在其中的的声学属性。
10:47
the acoustical properties
embedded in the form.
embedded in the form.
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但另外一方面，即兴创作
既受欢迎，也是被激发的。
既受欢迎，也是被激发的。
10:50
But otherwise, improvisation
is welcome and is provoked.
is welcome and is provoked.
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建筑的时刻仍然是设计的时刻
10:55
And the moment of construction
is still a moment of design
is still a moment of design
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和庆典的时刻，
10:57
and a moment of celebration
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不同的双手，不同的心和
不同的想法，汇聚成最终的舞蹈。
不同的想法，汇聚成最终的舞蹈。
10:59
where different hands, hearts, minds
come together to perform a final dance.
come together to perform a final dance.
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11:06
And the result then cannot be anticipated.
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结果是不可预期的。
11:10
It comes as a surprise.
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它是一个惊喜。
11:13
And we unwrap architecture
like you would unwrap a birthday gift.
like you would unwrap a birthday gift.
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建筑的揭晓就如同拆开生日礼物。
11:18
Architecture isn't uncovered:
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建筑并不会主动出现，
而是需要你去探索。
11:20
it's discovered.
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11:23
It's extracted from the guts
of the earth to build a shelter,
of the earth to build a shelter,
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它是从地球深处而来的庇护所，
是人类最基本的需求之一。
11:27
one of the most basic human needs.
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11:32
Architecture, art, landscape,
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建筑，艺术，景观，
考古，地质学——汇聚一体。
11:35
archaeology, geology -- all made one.
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11:40
And by using the resources
at our disposal in radical ways,
at our disposal in radical ways,
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以激进的方式
使用我们所掌握的资源，
使用我们所掌握的资源，
为实验留出空间，
11:43
by making a space for experimentation,
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我们能够使建筑变得更明亮，
11:46
we are able to bring to light
architectures that find the beauty latent
architectures that find the beauty latent
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发现隐藏在我们周围的
原始和不完美事物中的美，
原始和不完美事物中的美，
11:52
in the raw and imperfect
things that surround us,
things that surround us,
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11:56
that elevate them
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提升它们，
让它们以自己的方式呈现给我们。
11:58
and let them speak their own language.
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12:02
Thank you.
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谢谢。
(鼓掌)
12:04
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Débora Mesa Molina - ArchitectDébora Mesa Molina makes space for experimentation in a highly regulated profession.
Why you should listen
Débora Mesa Molina designs and builds architectures that use overlooked materials and discover the beauty of the mundane. She is the principal architect of Ensamble Studio, a cross-functional team based in Madrid and Boston that she leads with her partner Antón García-Abril. Balancing imagination with reality, art and science, their work innovates typologies, technologies and methodologies to address issues as diverse as the construction of the landscape to the prefabrication of the house. From their early works -- such as SGAE Headquarters, Hemeroscopium House or The Truffle in Spain -- to their most recent works -- including the Cyclopean House and Structures of Landscape in the US -- every project navigates the uncertain aim of advancing their field. Through their startup WoHo, they are invested in increasing the quality of architecture while making it more affordable by integrating offsite technologies.
Mesa Molina is committed to sharing ideas and cultivating synergies between professional and academic worlds through teaching, lecturing and researching. Since 2018, she has served as Ventulett Chair in Architectural Design at Georgia Tech, and previously served as research scientist at MIT where she cofounded the POPlab in 2012. Above all, she is a doer, committed to making poetic ideas happen.
Débora Mesa Molina | Speaker | TED.com