TED Talks India: Nayi Baat
Arunabha Ghosh: 5 steps for clean air in India
阿鲁纳巴·戈什: 印度清洁空气五步法
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印度很多大城市的空气质量是世界上最糟糕的。我们该如何补救这一场事关公共健康的危机？在这场极具可行性的演讲中，社会创业家阿鲁纳巴·戈什（Arunabha Ghosh）设计了一个五步计划，让印度能向获得更干净、更安全的空气目标前进——并展示了每个公民都应当在其中扮演积极的角色，协助实现目标。
Arunabha Ghosh - Social entrepreneur
Arunabha Ghosh is a public policy professional, adviser, author, columnist and institution builder. Full bio
Arunabha Ghosh is a public policy professional, adviser, author, columnist and institution builder. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
沙鲁克汗：被我们视为
理所当然的空气出现了问题。
理所当然的空气出现了问题。
00:13
Shah Rukh Khan: Something goes wrong
with the air that we take for granted.
with the air that we take for granted.
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所有人都在忍受其带来的不良影响，
00:17
The ill effects are suffered by all,
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不论贫穷还是富有，
不论是城里人还是乡村人，
不论是城里人还是乡村人，
00:18
rich and poor, city people
and village folks,
and village folks,
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不论是住在内陆还是沿海，
00:21
those inland and those on the coast.
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没有人能幸免。
00:23
Nobody is exempt.
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那么，如何才能让
我们的孩子在一个空气洁净
我们的孩子在一个空气洁净
00:25
So how do we give our children
the chance to grow up in a world
the chance to grow up in a world
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的世界中成长呢？
00:29
where the air is clean?
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我们的下一位演讲者
将要解决这个重要问题。
将要解决这个重要问题。
00:30
Our next speaker
addresses this vital question.
addresses this vital question.
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00:33
So join me in giving
a wholehearted welcome
a wholehearted welcome
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让我们热烈欢迎
00:36
to the public policy expert and author,
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公共政策专家及作家，
博学多才的
阿鲁纳巴·戈什博士。
阿鲁纳巴·戈什博士。
00:38
the multifaceted Dr. Arunabha Ghosh.
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00:42
(Music)
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（音乐）
阿鲁纳巴·戈什：让我与各位
分享一个发生在中国的故事。
分享一个发生在中国的故事。
00:50
Arunabha Ghosh: Let me tell you
a story from China.
a story from China.
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2014 年，中国向污染宣战。
00:53
In 2014, China declared war on pollution.
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同年 11 月，
00:58
In November that year,
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01:00
there was an international summit there.
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有一场国际峰会在那里举行，
许多国家的总统和首相抵达中国。
01:02
Presidents and prime ministers
from many countries arrived.
from many countries arrived.
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因此，当时北京周边的
工业生产都被要求暂停运营，
工业生产都被要求暂停运营，
01:05
So industries around Beijing
were shut down,
were shut down,
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有一半的机动车被禁止上路。
01:07
half the cars were taken off the road.
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01:10
That week, I took a photograph
of the unusually blue sky in Beijing.
of the unusually blue sky in Beijing.
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那周，我拍下了北京
非同寻常的蓝天。
非同寻常的蓝天。
01:15
A few days later,
when the summit had ended,
when the summit had ended,
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几天后，峰会结束，
那些工厂再度开工，
01:18
the factories were humming again,
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天空再次变回了浅灰色。
01:20
the sky had again turned light grey.
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所以各大报纸媒体
开始敦促政府
开始敦促政府
01:23
So newspapers started
urging the government
urging the government
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实行措施，
让天空永远变回蓝色。
让天空永远变回蓝色。
01:25
to make the blue skies permanent.
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之后，在 2015 年初，
一位中国公民制作了一部
一位中国公民制作了一部
01:28
Then in early 2015, a private citizen
produced a documentary on air pollution
produced a documentary on air pollution
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关于空气污染的纪录片，
名为《苍穹之下》。
名为《苍穹之下》。
01:33
called "Under the Dome."
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仅在 4 天内，就有 3 亿人次观看，
01:35
Just within four days,
it was viewed 300 million times,
it was viewed 300 million times,
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并且上百万人开始
在社交媒体上讨论这话题。
在社交媒体上讨论这话题。
01:40
and millions more continued
discussing it on social media.
discussing it on social media.
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最终，政府采取了措施，
01:43
Eventually, the government acted,
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到了 2018 年，
01:45
and by 2018,
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众多的中国人民
01:47
the bulk of the Chinese population
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都已见证了空气污染的缓解，
01:49
had witnessed a decline in air pollution
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01:52
by 32 percent on average.
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污染指数平均下降了 32%。
01:54
When will we demand clean air in India?
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那我们要何时才会要求
让印度获得清洁的空气？
让印度获得清洁的空气？
我有一个 6 岁的女儿。
01:59
I have a six-year-old daughter.
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02:01
Every morning, when I drop her
to the school bus stop,
to the school bus stop,
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每天早上，当我送她去校车点时，
我一定会提醒她不要摘下口罩。
02:03
I have to remind her
not to take off her mask.
not to take off her mask.
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这就是我们现在居住的世界。
02:06
That's the kind of world we live in.
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02:08
One day she pointed me to an advertisement
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有一天，她指着一个
洗面奶广告给我看，
02:10
for a face wash,
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02:12
which claimed that the polluting particles
lodged deeply in our skin
lodged deeply in our skin
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广告声称，该产品可以神奇地清洁
残留于我们皮肤深层的污染颗粒。
02:16
could be miraculously washed off.
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02:18
But what of the particles
lodged in our lungs?
lodged in our lungs?
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但我们肺中的污染颗粒
又该如何清除？
又该如何清除？
当非吸烟者和吸烟者
的肺部一样糟糕的那天
的肺部一样糟糕的那天
02:22
When it's difficult
to make out the difference
to make out the difference
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02:25
between the lung of a smoker
and the lung of a nonsmoker,
and the lung of a nonsmoker,
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到来的时候，
我们便遇上了真正的问题，
02:28
we have a real problem,
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02:29
because I can run an air purifier at home,
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因为我在家可以用空气净化器，
但是我能把我的女儿锁在家吗？
02:32
but can I lock up my daughter at home?
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空气污染让所有人变得平等，
02:35
Air pollution is the great leveler.
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02:38
It affects us all,
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它影响我们所有人，
02:40
rich and poor,
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不论贫穷还是富有，
城市居民还是乡村人口，
02:41
city dweller or village folk,
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居住在内陆还是沿海地区。
02:44
those living inland
or those living on the coast,
or those living on the coast,
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它影响着我们的健康，
02:46
and it's affecting our health,
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我们的经济增长，
我们的生活品质。
我们的生活品质。
02:48
our economic growth, our quality of life.
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02:51
In 2017, more than
1.2 million deaths in India
1.2 million deaths in India
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2017 年，在印度
超过 120 万人的死亡
超过 120 万人的死亡
可以归因于空气污染。
02:56
were attributable to air pollution.
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这远远超过艾滋病，
02:58
That's more than those deaths
caused by HIV/AIDS,
caused by HIV/AIDS,
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结核病，疟疾或腹泻的死亡人数。
03:01
tuberculosis, malaria or diarrhea.
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在“能源、环境与水理事会（CEEW）”，
03:04
At the Council on Energy,
Environment and Water,
Environment and Water,
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我的同事们发现，在今天，
两个印度人中就有一个，
两个印度人中就有一个，
03:07
my colleagues find that today,
one in two Indians is breathing air
one in two Indians is breathing air
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正在呼吸着不符合
空气质量标准的空气。
空气质量标准的空气。
03:11
that does not meet
our air quality standards.
our air quality standards.
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而且这公共卫生危机对经济的影响
03:15
And the economic impact
of this public health crisis
of this public health crisis
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每年超过 800 亿美元。
03:18
is more than 80 billion
dollars every year.
dollars every year.
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在 CEEW，我的同事们发现，
03:21
At CEEW, my colleagues find
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如果我们采用严格的污染控制措施，
03:24
that 80 percent of Indians
can breathe clean air
can breathe clean air
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那么 80% 的印度人
就可以呼吸到洁净的空气。
就可以呼吸到洁净的空气。
03:27
if we adopted stringent
pollution controls.
pollution controls.
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所以这是我对印度的愿景：
03:30
So here is my vision for India.
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在 2027 年，
03:34
In 2027,
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在我们庆祝印度独立 80 周年之际，
03:36
when we are celebrating
our 80th year of independence,
our 80th year of independence,
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我们是否可以保证，到那时
03:40
can we ensure that, by then,
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印度的 80 座城市
能将空气污染指数降低 80 %？
能将空气污染指数降低 80 %？
03:42
80 cities in India have reduced
air pollution by 80 percent?
air pollution by 80 percent?
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03:47
Let's called this Mission 80-80-80,
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让我们称它为“使命 80-80-80”，
这是可能实现的，
03:51
and this is possible,
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但公民的角色变得非常关键。
03:53
but the role of citizens
is going to be critical.
is going to be critical.
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为对抗空气污染，
03:55
To combat air pollution,
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我们需要为洁净空气
03:57
we have to create a democratic demand
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创造民主的需求。
04:02
for clean air.
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我们能做到。
04:03
We can make this happen.
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04:05
First, we have to educate ourselves.
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首先，我们必须自我教育。
低成本传感器能让我们
实时获取空气质量的信息，
实时获取空气质量的信息，
04:08
Low-cost sensors give us real-time
information about the air quality,
information about the air quality,
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但是我们仍旧需要
04:12
but we still need information
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关于如何解释指标
以及如何应对的信息。
以及如何应对的信息。
04:14
about how to interpret it and how to act.
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这样我们就能将信息
传递给学校以及孩童，
传递给学校以及孩童，
04:18
So we need to target information
to schools and children,
to schools and children,
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传递给居民福利协会，
04:21
to resident welfare associations,
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04:23
to the elderly, who are more at risk.
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传递给有更高受害风险的老年人。
当室外气温是 30 度
或是 40 度的时候，
或是 40 度的时候，
04:25
You know, when the temperature outside
is 30 degrees versus 40 degrees,
is 30 degrees versus 40 degrees,
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04:29
we know how to dress,
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我们知道穿多少衣服，
我们知道该做什么事，
不该做什么事。
不该做什么事。
04:31
we know what to do, what not to do.
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04:32
We need, similarly, information
on what precautions to take
on what precautions to take
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同样，在室外空气质量等级为
较差、很差、严重或有害的时候，
04:36
when the air quality outside is poor,
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04:38
very poor, severe or hazardous.
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我们也需要知道
如何采取防护措施。
如何采取防护措施。
04:41
Second, we need to become active monitors.
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第二，我们需要变成主动监测者。
今天，印度的大部分城市
和一些乡村
和一些乡村
04:47
Today, most Indian cities
and much of rural India
and much of rural India
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04:49
have no air quality monitoring at all.
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根本还未开始进行空气质量监测。
因此我们需要要求
04:52
So we need to demand
that air quality sensors
that air quality sensors
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每个地区都安装空气质量感应器。
04:55
are installed in every constituency.
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如今，在议会，
谁会作为空气质量的战士
谁会作为空气质量的战士
04:57
Today, in Parliament,
who is going to stand up for us
who is going to stand up for us
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支持我们？
05:01
as the air quality warrior?
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当执法机构出现在污染现场
05:03
When enforcement agencies
land up at polluting sites
land up at polluting sites
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05:06
or dust-spewing construction sites,
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或是尘土飞扬的建筑工地时，
他们突击检查的方法
不见得都会有用。
不见得都会有用。
05:09
their whack-a-mole approach
doesn't always work,
doesn't always work,
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05:11
because as soon as their attention
turns somewhere else,
turns somewhere else,
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因为只要他们的注意力转向别处，
那些违规者就会
马上继续干“坏事”。
马上继续干“坏事”。
05:14
the offenders go back
to business as usual.
to business as usual.
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我们公民需要成为火警。
05:17
We citizens have to become
the fire alarms.
the fire alarms.
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我们必须要求
05:21
We have to demand
emergency call-in numbers
emergency call-in numbers
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能够实时响应污染现场
05:24
and specialized task forces
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的紧急求助电话和专门的工作组。
05:26
that can respond in real time
to pollution sites.
to pollution sites.
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这样，我们不再
只依靠当局，还有执法力量
只依靠当局，还有执法力量
05:29
So we need not just the authority
but the enforcement strength
but the enforcement strength
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来共同打击空气污染源。
05:33
to crack down.
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05:34
Third,
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第三，
我们需要做好付出代价的准备，
05:36
we have to be prepared to pay a price,
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不论是使用 BS6 燃料的汽车，
05:38
whether it's for cars using BS6 fuel
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还是更加昂贵的
来自清洁能源电厂的电力。
来自清洁能源电厂的电力。
05:41
or for more expensive electricity
from cleaner power plants.
from cleaner power plants.
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去年，就在排灯节前，
05:45
Last year, just before Diwali,
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05:47
I took a surprise inspection
of polluting industries
of polluting industries
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我在德里郊外一个污染工业
未经许可的工业区
进行突击检查。
进行突击检查。
05:52
in an unauthorized industrial area
just outside of Delhi,
just outside of Delhi,
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05:55
and I found polluting
firecrackers were being sold.
firecrackers were being sold.
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我发现非环保鞭炮正被出售。
最高法院规定
只允许绿色环保鞭炮的贩卖，
只允许绿色环保鞭炮的贩卖，
05:58
The Supreme Court had mandated
only green firecrackers could be sold,
only green firecrackers could be sold,
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但它们却无处可寻。
06:02
but those were nowhere to be found.
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然而非环保鞭炮却仍旧能买到。
06:04
But the polluting ones were available.
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为什么？
06:05
Why?
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因为我们愿意购买。
06:07
Because we were ready to buy.
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作为公民，我们必须减少
对污染产品的需求，
对污染产品的需求，
06:09
As citizens, we have to reduce
the demand for these polluting products
the demand for these polluting products
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或做好准备用更高价
购买更环保的产品。
购买更环保的产品。
06:15
or be prepared to pay more
for cleaner products.
for cleaner products.
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第四步：我们需要
建立对彼此的同理心。
建立对彼此的同理心。
06:19
Fourth step: let's build some empathy
for our fellow citizens.
for our fellow citizens.
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06:24
How much does it take
to keep a night guard warm
to keep a night guard warm
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我们需要多少金钱和代价
来为夜间值班警卫供暖，
来为夜间值班警卫供暖，
使他们不需要在冬夜
燃烧垃圾来取暖？
燃烧垃圾来取暖？
06:27
rather than force them to burn rubbish
to stay warm in winter?
to stay warm in winter?
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或者，我们以农民为例。
06:30
Or, let's take farmers.
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06:32
You know, it's very easy to blame them
for burning the stubble
for burning the stubble
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责怪他们每个冬天
燃烧麦茬的行为
燃烧麦茬的行为
06:35
of the rice paddy crop every winter,
which causes air pollution.
which causes air pollution.
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造成空气污染很容易，
06:38
It's much harder to understand
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但难的却是
06:41
that it's the combination
of our agricultural policy
of our agricultural policy
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我们的农业政策再加上地下水危机，
06:44
and our groundwater crisis
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06:46
that often leaves the farmer
with no option but to burn the stubble.
with no option but to burn the stubble.
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才使得农民别无他法，
只能选择燃烧麦茬。
06:50
So we need to draw in
the urban poor laborer
the urban poor laborer
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因此我们需要拉拢
城市贫困劳动力，
城市贫困劳动力，
或乡村贫困农民
06:53
or the rural poor farmer
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06:55
into our collective call for clean air.
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加入我们争取洁净空气的集体呼吁。
有农民告诉我们，
他们想要采用可持续农业，
他们想要采用可持续农业，
06:58
Farmers come and tell us that they
want to adopt sustainable agriculture,
want to adopt sustainable agriculture,
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但他们需要一些帮助。
07:02
but they need some help.
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第五，我们必须改变
我们的生活方式。
我们的生活方式。
07:03
And fifth, we have to
change our lifestyles.
change our lifestyles.
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没错，公共交通并非通常触手可得，
07:08
Yes, public transport
is often not available,
is often not available,
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但我们可以选择购买更清洁、
少污染的私家车，
少污染的私家车，
07:12
but the choice to buy a cleaner,
less polluting private vehicle is ours.
less polluting private vehicle is ours.
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07:16
The choice to segregate
and recycle household waste is ours.
and recycle household waste is ours.
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也可以选择分类
并循环使用家庭垃圾。
并循环使用家庭垃圾。
在 1994 年瘟疫过后，
07:21
You know, in Surat after the 1994 plague,
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苏拉特的市民非常自豪，
因为他们的城市
因为他们的城市
07:24
citizens there take pride
in keeping their city
in keeping their city
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成为了全国最干净的城市之一。
07:27
one of the cleanest in the country.
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在迈索尔的南部，
07:29
Down south in Mysore,
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公私合作伙伴
和公民主导的环保俱乐部
和公民主导的环保俱乐部
07:31
public-private partnerships
and citizen-led eco clubs
and citizen-led eco clubs
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正在同心协力
减少、分类和回收利用垃圾，
减少、分类和回收利用垃圾，
07:34
are coming together to reduce,
segregate and recycle waste in a manner
segregate and recycle waste in a manner
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以完全消除垃圾填埋。
07:39
that landfills can be
eliminated altogether.
eliminated altogether.
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我不是在说
官员们在这方面没有责任，
官员们在这方面没有责任，
07:42
Now I'm not saying that officials
have no responsibility here,
have no responsibility here,
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但正是我们的集体淡漠，
07:46
but it is our collective apathy
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卸下了议员、官员
07:49
that takes the pressure
off of our parliamentarians,
off of our parliamentarians,
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和执法机构
07:52
the bureaucrats
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肩上的压力。
07:54
or the enforcement agencies.
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“使命 80-80-80”
只有在我们的要求下，
只有在我们的要求下，
07:56
Mission 80-80-80 will only begin
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08:00
when we demand it.
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才会开始。
我们需要为清洁空气
创造民主需求，
创造民主需求，
08:02
We have to create
a democratic demand for clean air,
a democratic demand for clean air,
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因为公民，你和我，
08:06
because citizens, you and me,
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可以决定我们想要呼吸何种空气。
08:10
can decide what kind of air we breathe.
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谢谢。
08:14
Thank you.
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（掌声）
08:16
(Applause)
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沙：非常感谢您。
08:20
SRK: Thank you so much.
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能不能告诉我，我们国家印度
08:22
Tell me something: India, our country,
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在这方面有任何优势吗？
08:24
do we have any advantages?
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我们是否已经
提早意识到了这个问题，
提早意识到了这个问题，
08:27
Have we become aware of it earlier
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因为有像你这样的公民在不懈努力？
08:30
because of all the inputs
from people like you?
from people like you?
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08:32
AG: Our biggest strength:
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阿：我们最大的优势是
08:35
our people and our ability to make change
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我们的人民，
和我们不总是依靠政府
做出改变的能力。
做出改变的能力。
08:38
without always necessarily
relying only on the government.
relying only on the government.
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我认为，公民社会的力量
08:42
And that strength of civil society
and civil demand
and civil demand
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和公民对文明生活条件的要求
08:46
for a civilized living condition
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就是我们最大的财富。
08:48
is, I think, our biggest asset.
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所有的改变都会随之发生。
08:51
Then, all of those and more will happen.
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（掌声）
08:53
(Applause)
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沙：谢谢你，戈什博士。
感谢你今天的到来。
感谢你今天的到来。
08:54
SRK: Thank you, Dr. Ghosh.
Bless you for coming here.
Bless you for coming here.
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你的演讲非常有启发性。
08:57
And it's very enlightening.
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非常感谢，
也祝“使命 80-80-80”一切顺利。
也祝“使命 80-80-80”一切顺利。
08:59
Thank you very much,
and all the best with 80-80-80.
and all the best with 80-80-80.
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大家再次谢谢戈什博士。
阿：谢谢。
阿：谢谢。
09:01
Dr. Ghosh, everyone.
AG: Thank you.
AG: Thank you.
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（掌声）
09:03
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Arunabha Ghosh - Social entrepreneurArunabha Ghosh is a public policy professional, adviser, author, columnist and institution builder.
Why you should listen
Arunabha Ghosh is the founder and CEO of the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), which, since 2010, he has led to the top ranks as one of South Asia's leading policy research institutions. CEEW was also ranked among the world's 20 best climate think-tanks in 2016. Ghosh has been actively involved in the design of the International Solar Alliance since its inception.
More profile about the speakerArunabha Ghosh | Speaker | TED.com