TED@IBM
Simone Bianco and Tom Zimmerman: The wonderful world of life in a drop of water
西蒙尼·畢昂柯；湯姆·齊墨曼: 一滴水中的美好生命世界
Filmed:
Readability: 4
1,096,293 views
「摒住呼吸，」發明家湯姆·齊墨曼如是說：「這就是沒有浮游生物的世界。」地球上的氧氣有三分之二是由這些小小的有機體所產生──沒有它們，我們現在所知道的生命就不會存在了。在這場演說及技術展示中，齊墨曼以及細胞工程師西蒙尼·畢昂柯用一台 3D 顯微鏡來看一滴水，帶你和浮游生物一起去浮潛。來進一步了解這些迷人的生物，從中得到鼓舞，保護它們免受正在發生中之氣候變遷的威脅。
Simone Bianco - Cell engineer
A theoretical physicist by training, IBM's Simone Bianco believes that the 21st century will be the century when the synergy between AI and biology will be fully realized. Full bioTom Zimmerman - Master inventor
Tom Zimmerman is a master inventor at IBM Research – Almaden exploring the frontiers of human-machine interaction and environmental sensing. Full bio
A theoretical physicist by training, IBM's Simone Bianco believes that the 21st century will be the century when the synergy between AI and biology will be fully realized. Full bioTom Zimmerman - Master inventor
Tom Zimmerman is a master inventor at IBM Research – Almaden exploring the frontiers of human-machine interaction and environmental sensing. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Tom Zimmerman: We'd like to take you
on a fantastic journey
on a fantastic journey
0
889
3341
湯姆·齊墨曼：我們想要
帶領各位踏上一段極棒的旅程，
帶領各位踏上一段極棒的旅程，
00:16
to visit the creatures we call the Elders.
1
4254
2650
去造訪我們稱為「前輩」的生物，
00:19
We call them the Elders
because a half a billion years ago
because a half a billion years ago
2
7389
3974
我們稱它們為前輩，
是因為在五十萬年前，
是因為在五十萬年前，
00:23
they tripled the amount
of oxygen in the air,
of oxygen in the air,
3
11387
2952
它們讓空氣中的氧氣量增加為三倍，
00:26
which led to an explosion of life,
4
14363
2928
造成了生命劇增，
00:29
which led to all of us.
5
17315
1534
才會有我們所有人。
00:31
We call them the Elders,
but you probably know them as plankton.
but you probably know them as plankton.
6
19670
3456
我們稱它們為前輩，但你們
可能聽過的名字是浮游生物。
可能聽過的名字是浮游生物。
00:35
(Laughter)
7
23631
1046
（笑聲）
00:36
Now, Simone is a physicist,
and I'm an inventor.
and I'm an inventor.
8
24701
4310
西蒙尼是物理學家，我是發明家。
00:41
A couple of years ago,
9
29894
1176
幾年前，
00:43
I was giving a talk
about an invention I made --
about an invention I made --
10
31094
2247
我為我的一項發明講了一場演說──
00:45
it was a 3D microscope.
11
33365
1514
那發明是 3D 顯微鏡。
00:46
And Simone was in the audience.
12
34903
1904
西蒙尼是觀眾之一。
00:49
He realized that my microscope
could solve a big problem he was having.
could solve a big problem he was having.
13
37244
4234
他發現我的顯微鏡
能解決他的一個大問題：
能解決他的一個大問題：
00:53
Which was, how to measure the movement
of plankton in 3D fast enough
of plankton in 3D fast enough
14
41861
4676
要如何測量浮游生物的
3D 移動，而且要夠快，
3D 移動，而且要夠快，
00:58
so he could mathematically model
their sensing and behavior.
their sensing and behavior.
15
46561
4067
讓他能對它們的
感覺及行為建立數學模型。
感覺及行為建立數學模型。
01:03
And I frankly needed an application
for my microscope, so ...
for my microscope, so ...
16
51665
3742
坦白說，我的顯微鏡
也需要找地方應用，所以……
也需要找地方應用，所以……
01:07
(Laughter)
17
55431
1408
（笑聲）
01:08
It was like peanut butter meets chocolate.
18
56863
2096
就像是花生醬遇到了巧克力。
01:10
(Laughter)
19
58983
1412
（笑聲）
01:12
So we started working together,
studying these amazing creatures.
studying these amazing creatures.
20
60419
3643
我們開始合作，
研究這些不可思議的生物。
研究這些不可思議的生物。
01:16
And then we were alarmed
to discover something.
to discover something.
21
64489
2802
而我們的發現讓我們震驚。
01:19
And that's why we're here today.
22
67696
2113
那就是為什麼今天我們會在這裡。
01:21
And I just want to do something with you.
23
69833
2373
我想和各位一起做一件事。
01:24
Now, please, just hold
your breath for a second.
your breath for a second.
24
72230
2936
麻煩各位，摒息一下子。
01:28
Yes, literally hold your breath.
25
76047
1690
是的，真的摒住呼吸。
01:29
This is the world without plankton.
26
77761
3000
這就是沒有浮游生物的世界。
01:33
You see, plankton generate
two-thirds of our oxygen using the sun.
two-thirds of our oxygen using the sun.
27
81161
4153
我們的氧氣有三分之二是由
浮游生物用太陽所產生的。
浮游生物用太陽所產生的。
01:37
OK, now you can breathe,
because they're still here.
because they're still here.
28
85875
2461
好，可以呼吸了，
因為它們仍然在這裡。
因為它們仍然在這裡。
01:41
For now.
29
89145
1150
目前還在。
01:43
Simone Bianco: As many of you know,
30
91458
1731
西蒙尼·畢昂柯：很多人都知道，
01:45
since 1950, the average
surface temperature of the earth
surface temperature of the earth
31
93223
3005
1950 年之後，地球表面的平均溫度
01:48
has increased by one degree Centigrade
32
96252
2468
已經升高了攝氏一度，
01:50
due to all the carbon dioxide
we are pumping into the air.
we are pumping into the air.
33
98744
3147
原因是我們排放到
空氣中的所有二氧化碳。
空氣中的所有二氧化碳。
01:54
Now, while this temperature increase
may not seem like a big deal to us,
may not seem like a big deal to us,
34
102784
3730
雖然我們可能覺得這種
溫度上升沒什麼大不了的，
溫度上升沒什麼大不了的，
01:58
it is to plankton.
35
106538
1388
對浮游生物卻不同。
01:59
Indirect measurements have shown
that the global phytoplankton population
that the global phytoplankton population
36
107950
4429
間接測量顯示，全球的浮游生物數量
02:04
may have decreased by as much
as 40 percent between 1950 and 2010
as 40 percent between 1950 and 2010
37
112403
5062
在 1950 到 2010 年間，
可能減少了 40% 之多，
可能減少了 40% 之多，
02:09
because of climate change.
38
117489
1517
原因是氣候變遷。
02:11
And you see, this is a problem
39
119030
1656
這是個問題，
02:12
also because it's starving
the fish that eat them.
the fish that eat them.
40
120710
3462
因為要吃浮游生物的魚類會挨餓。
02:16
And about a billion people
around the world
around the world
41
124196
2318
全世界大約有十億人
02:18
depend on fish as their primary source
of protein from animals.
of protein from animals.
42
126538
3967
主要的動物蛋白質來源就是魚類。
02:23
So you see, this isn't just
about breathing.
about breathing.
43
131109
2317
所以，這不只和呼吸有關。
02:25
No plankton means no fish.
44
133792
2181
沒有浮游生物就表示沒有魚類。
02:27
And that is a lot of food
we will need to replace.
we will need to replace.
45
135997
2461
我們就需要找許多的食物來代替。
02:31
There's something else
that is interesting.
that is interesting.
46
139117
2214
還有一點也很有意思。
02:33
The bodies of plankton's ancestors
47
141355
2103
浮游生物的祖先的身體
02:35
actually make up a for lot
of the carbon we burn today.
of the carbon we burn today.
48
143482
2895
製造了許多我們現今燃燒用的碳。
02:38
Which is kind of ironic, if you ask me.
49
146883
2123
問我的話，我會說這還蠻諷刺的。
02:41
Because the plankton that are here today
clean that carbon out of the air.
clean that carbon out of the air.
50
149030
5198
因為現今浮游生物在這裡
把空氣中的碳給清理掉。
把空氣中的碳給清理掉。
02:46
But you see, they don't really
hold a grudge.
hold a grudge.
51
154252
2231
但，它們並沒有懷恨在心。
02:48
(Laughter)
52
156507
1578
（笑聲）
02:50
The problem is they cannot keep up
53
158109
2469
問題是，它們趕不上
02:52
with the tremendous amount
of carbon we are dumping into the air.
of carbon we are dumping into the air.
54
160602
3700
我們排放到空氣中的大量二氧化碳。
02:57
So what does all of this mean?
55
165093
1667
這一切意味著什麼？
02:58
Well, it means
that our big carbon footprint
that our big carbon footprint
56
166784
2364
這意味著，我們大量的碳足跡
03:01
is crushing the very creatures
that sustain us.
that sustain us.
57
169172
3274
正在摧毀我們賴以維生的生物。
03:04
And yes, like Tom said,
58
172784
1365
而且，如同湯姆說的，
03:06
killing almost half of the creatures
that allow us to breathe
that allow us to breathe
59
174173
2991
讓我們能夠呼吸的生物，
有近半都因此死亡了，
有近半都因此死亡了，
03:09
is a really big deal.
60
177188
1467
這就很嚴重了。
03:11
So you're probably asking yourself:
61
179307
1984
你可能會自問：
03:13
Why aren't we doing something about it?
62
181315
2069
我們為什麼還未採取行動？
03:16
Our theory is that plankton are tiny,
63
184009
3317
我們的理論是，浮游生物很小，
03:19
and it's really, really hard to care
about something you cannot see.
about something you cannot see.
64
187350
3238
真的很難去關心我們看不見的東西。
03:23
You see, there's a quote I really like
in "The Little Prince" that goes,
in "The Little Prince" that goes,
65
191270
3394
在《小王子》裡
有一句話我真的很喜歡：
有一句話我真的很喜歡：
「真正重要的東西，
用眼睛是看不見的。」
用眼睛是看不見的。」
03:26
"What is essential
is invisible to the eye."
is invisible to the eye."
66
194688
2524
03:29
We really believe
that if more people could come
that if more people could come
67
197236
3223
我們真的相信，如果有更多人能夠
03:32
face to ... cilia with plankton,
68
200483
4355
和浮游生物面對面…面對纖毛？
（註：浮游生物沒有「面」）
（註：浮游生物沒有「面」）
03:36
there is a greater chance
we could all rally together
we could all rally together
69
204862
2533
就很有可能我們能團結起來，
03:39
and save these creatures
70
207419
1175
拯救這些生物，
03:40
that are so important
to life on our planet.
to life on our planet.
71
208618
2181
這對地球上的生命是非常重要的。
03:42
TZ: Exactly, Simone.
72
210823
1532
湯姆：沒錯，西蒙尼。
03:44
So to do this,
73
212379
1547
所以，為了這麼做，
03:45
we're going to bring you
scuba diving with plankton.
scuba diving with plankton.
74
213950
4428
我們要帶各位和浮游生物一起浮潛。
03:51
But I just need to shrink you
by a factor of 1000,
by a factor of 1000,
75
219013
3628
但我需要把各位縮小一千倍，
03:54
to a scale where the diameter
of a human hair is as big as my hand.
of a human hair is as big as my hand.
76
222665
4445
縮到這樣的比例時，我的手
就會和一根人類頭髮一樣大。
就會和一根人類頭髮一樣大。
03:59
And I happen to have invented
a machine to do just that.
a machine to do just that.
77
227657
3158
而我剛好有發明了
一台機器，可以做到。
一台機器，可以做到。
04:03
SB: Anyone here remember
"Fantastic Voyage"
"Fantastic Voyage"
78
231292
3317
西蒙尼：在座有人
記得《聯合縮小軍》
記得《聯合縮小軍》
04:06
or "Innerspace?"
79
234633
1396
或《驚異大奇航》嗎？
04:08
Yeah, yeah.
80
236387
1151
是的。
04:09
Martin Short is one of my all-time
favorite actors.
favorite actors.
81
237562
3864
馬丁·肖特是我最喜歡的演員之一。
04:13
And now this -- this is just like that.
82
241450
2778
而這個──這個就像那些電影一樣。
04:16
TZ: Indeed, yes.
83
244641
1191
湯姆：的確如此。
04:17
When I was a boy,
I saw "Fantastic Voyage,"
I saw "Fantastic Voyage,"
84
245856
2030
我小時候看了《聯合縮小軍》，
04:19
and I really loved how I could travel
through the bloodstream
through the bloodstream
85
247910
3204
我真的很喜歡這個點子，
能夠在血液中旅行，
能夠在血液中旅行，
04:23
and see biology work on a cellular level.
86
251138
2987
從細胞的層級去看生物學如何運作。
04:26
I've always been inspired
by science fiction.
by science fiction.
87
254149
2333
我的靈感常常來自科幻作品。
04:28
As an inventor, I try
and turn fantasy into reality.
and turn fantasy into reality.
88
256815
3534
身為發明家，我試著
將幻想變成現實。
將幻想變成現實。
04:32
And I once invented this glove
89
260966
2682
我有次發明出了一種手套，
04:35
which let me travel and help
people like you explore the virtual world.
people like you explore the virtual world.
90
263672
4596
讓能我在虛擬世界中旅行，
並協助你們探索這個世界。
並協助你們探索這個世界。
04:40
So now I've invented this machine
91
268292
1841
現在，我已經發明了這個機器，
04:42
to let us explore the microscopic world.
92
270157
2920
咱們就來探索顯微鏡的世界吧。
04:45
It's not virtual, it's real.
93
273101
1960
它不是虛擬的，是真實的。
04:47
Just really, really tiny.
94
275085
1667
只是非常非常小。
它是根據那台吸引了西蒙尼
注意力的顯微鏡所打造的。
注意力的顯微鏡所打造的。
04:49
It's based on the microscope
that got Simone's attention.
that got Simone's attention.
95
277203
2953
04:52
So, here's how it works.
96
280180
1405
它是這麼運作的。
04:54
I have an image sensor
97
282434
1936
我有一個影像感測器，
04:56
like the kind in your cell phone,
behind the lens.
behind the lens.
98
284394
2770
就像你手機鏡頭後面的一樣。
04:59
And then I have a little tray
of plankton water
of plankton water
99
287188
2468
我還有一小盤的水，內有浮游生物，
05:01
like you might find from a river
100
289680
1748
就像你從河裡或是我的魚缸
05:03
or my fish tank, which I never
change the water on.
change the water on.
101
291452
2435
取出來的水，我的魚缸都不換水的。
05:05
(Laughter)
102
293911
1190
（笑聲）
05:07
Because I love plankton.
103
295125
1175
因為我愛浮游生物。
05:08
(Laughter)
104
296324
3524
（笑聲）
05:11
And underneath I have a light, an LED,
105
299872
3126
在下頭有燈光，一盞 LED 燈，
05:15
which is going to cast shadows
of the plankton on the image sensor.
of the plankton on the image sensor.
106
303022
4398
會讓浮游生物的影子
投射在影像感測器上。
投射在影像感測器上。
05:19
And now this silver thing
is an XY plotter,
is an XY plotter,
107
307887
2706
這個銀色的東西是 XY 繪圖機，
05:22
so I can move the image sensor
to follow the plankton as they swim.
to follow the plankton as they swim.
108
310617
4011
當浮游生物游泳時，我就可以
讓影像感測器跟著它們走。
讓影像感測器跟著它們走。
05:27
Now comes the fantasy part.
109
315752
2709
現在，最炫的部分來了。
05:30
(Laughter)
110
318485
1245
（笑聲）
05:32
I put a tilt sensor on this helmet
111
320141
3420
我在這個安全帽上
裝了一個傾斜感測器，
裝了一個傾斜感測器，
05:35
so I can control
the microscope with my head.
the microscope with my head.
112
323585
3067
這樣我就能用我的頭控制顯微鏡。
05:39
And now let's look at the video
from this image sensor.
from this image sensor.
113
327871
3769
現在，咱們來看看來自
這影像感測器的影片。
這影像感測器的影片。
05:44
These are all plankton.
114
332466
2071
這些都是浮游生物。
05:46
This is in that little tray,
115
334561
1921
在那一小盤水中，
05:48
and with my head,
I can move the microscope.
I can move the microscope.
116
336506
4388
我可以用我的頭來移動顯微鏡。
05:53
So now we're ready
to go scuba diving with plankton.
to go scuba diving with plankton.
117
341212
3079
現在，我們準備好可以
和浮游生物去浮潛了。
和浮游生物去浮潛了。
05:56
My head will be the navigator,
118
344807
2310
我的頭就是導航裝置，
05:59
and Simone will be our tour guide.
119
347141
1888
西蒙尼則是我們的導遊。
06:01
SB: Yes.
120
349053
1151
西蒙尼：是的。
06:02
(Laughter)
121
350228
1001
（笑聲）
歡迎來到一滴水中的奇妙生命世界。
06:03
So welcome all to the wonderful world
of life in a drop of water.
of life in a drop of water.
122
351253
4451
06:07
Actually, as you can see,
123
355728
1305
你們可以看到，
06:09
with this instrument, we are not
at all limited to a single drop.
at all limited to a single drop.
124
357057
3729
有了這個工具，我們不會
被限制在一滴水裡面。
被限制在一滴水裡面。
06:13
Alright, let's find something.
125
361106
1619
好，咱們來找看看吧。
06:15
The little creatures you see
in the center of your screen,
in the center of your screen,
126
363178
3142
在螢幕中間可以看到一些小生物，
06:18
they are called rotifer.
127
366344
1492
它們叫輪蟲。
06:19
They are the garbage collectors
of our waters.
of our waters.
128
367860
2558
它們是我們水裡的收垃圾者。
06:22
They break down organic matter
129
370442
2056
它們會把有機物質給瓦解，
06:24
and allow it to be reclaimed
by the environment.
by the environment.
130
372522
2444
就可以被環境回收利用。
06:27
Now, you know,
nature is an amazing recycler.
nature is an amazing recycler.
131
375347
3056
要知道，大自然是
很了不起的回收者。
很了不起的回收者。
06:30
Structures are continuously built,
they are decomposed and recycled,
they are decomposed and recycled,
132
378427
4523
結構不斷被建立起來，
它們被分解、被回收，
它們被分解、被回收，
06:34
and all of that is powered
by solar energy.
by solar energy.
133
382974
2023
這一切都是靠太陽能運作。
06:37
But just think.
134
385403
1166
但，想想看，
06:38
Think about what will happen
if, you know, our garbage collectors
if, you know, our garbage collectors
135
386593
3992
如果我們的收垃圾者
不再來工作了，消失了，
不再來工作了，消失了，
06:42
didn't come anymore, if they disappeared.
136
390609
2430
會發生什麼樣的狀況？
其他的東西？
咱們來找找其他的東西。
咱們來找找其他的東西。
06:45
Something else?
Let's look for something else.
Let's look for something else.
137
393362
2143
06:47
Oh, look at that.
138
395529
1160
喔，看看那東西。
06:48
You see the big
ice-cream-cone-shaped things?
ice-cream-cone-shaped things?
139
396713
3389
有看到那像是大型冰淇淋
錐形蛋捲筒的東西嗎？
錐形蛋捲筒的東西嗎？
06:52
Those are called Stentor,
those are amazing creatures.
those are amazing creatures.
140
400126
3800
它們叫喇叭蟲，很不可思議的生物。
06:55
You know, they are big,
but they are a single cell.
but they are a single cell.
141
403950
2746
它們雖然很大，卻是單細胞生物。
06:58
You remember the rotifer we just met?
142
406720
2190
還記得我們剛剛見過的輪蟲嗎？
07:00
That's about half a millimeter,
it's about 1,000 cells --
it's about 1,000 cells --
143
408934
3334
它大概是半公釐，
有約一千個細胞──
有約一千個細胞──
07:04
it's typically 15 for the brain,
15 for the stomach
15 for the stomach
144
412292
4103
通常，大腦有十五個，胃有十五個，
07:08
and you know, about the same
for reproduction,
for reproduction,
145
416419
2190
還有，生殖也是差不多的，
07:10
which is kind of the right mix,
if you ask me.
if you ask me.
146
418633
2563
如果問我的話，
我會說這是正確的組合。
我會說這是正確的組合。
07:13
(Laughter)
147
421220
1001
（笑聲）
07:14
But ... right?
148
422245
1847
但……對嗎？
07:16
TZ: I agree.
149
424116
1163
湯姆：我同意。
07:17
SB: But a Stentor is only a single cell.
150
425303
2250
西蒙尼：但喇叭蟲只有一個細胞。
07:19
And it's able to sense
and react to its environment.
and react to its environment.
151
427577
2691
它能夠感受環境，
並對環境做出反應。
並對環境做出反應。
07:22
You see, it will swim forward
when it's happy;
when it's happy;
152
430292
2896
你們看，當它快樂的時候會向前游；
07:25
it will swim backward when it's trying
to get away from something
to get away from something
153
433212
3064
如果它想要躲開什麼，就會向後游，
07:28
like, you know, a toxic chemical.
154
436300
2022
比如，要躲開有毒的化學物質。
07:30
With our friends in the Center
for Cellular Construction
for Cellular Construction
155
438713
2896
靠著我們在細胞建造中心的朋友
07:33
and the help of the National
Science Foundation,
Science Foundation,
156
441633
2436
以及國家科學基金會的協助，
07:36
we are using Stentor to sense the presence
of contamination in food and water,
of contamination in food and water,
157
444093
4548
我們能夠使用喇叭蟲來感測
食物和水是否有受到污染，
食物和水是否有受到污染，
07:40
which I think is really cool.
158
448665
1690
我認為這真的很酷。
07:42
Alright, last one.
159
450379
1404
最後一種。
07:43
So the dots that you see there
that are, let's say, behind everything,
that are, let's say, behind everything,
160
451807
3696
在這裡……可以說
在所有東西後方的圓點，
在所有東西後方的圓點，
07:47
they're algae.
161
455527
1185
那是水藻。
07:48
They are the creatures that provide
the majority of oxygen in the air.
the majority of oxygen in the air.
162
456736
4674
空氣中大部分的氧氣
都是由這種生物提供的。
都是由這種生物提供的。
07:53
They convert solar light
and carbon dioxide
and carbon dioxide
163
461434
2929
它們會把太陽光和二氧化碳
07:56
into the oxygen that is filling
your lungs right now.
your lungs right now.
164
464387
2801
轉換成現在各位肺部當中的氧氣。
07:59
So you see, we all got algae breath.
165
467212
1929
所以，我們都有水藻口氣。
08:01
TZ: (Exhales)
166
469165
1151
湯姆：呼氣。
08:02
SB: Yay! (Laughter)
167
470340
1594
西蒙尼：耶！（笑聲）
08:03
You know, there's something interesting.
168
471958
1913
有件事很有意思。
08:05
About a billion years ago, ancient plants
got their photosynthesis capability
got their photosynthesis capability
169
473895
5039
大約十億年前，古老的植物
之所以能取得光合作用的能力，
之所以能取得光合作用的能力，
08:10
by incorporating tiny,
tiny plankton into their cells.
tiny plankton into their cells.
170
478958
3713
是因為把浮游生物
結合到它們的細胞當中。
結合到它們的細胞當中。
08:14
That's exactly like us putting
solar panels on top of our roofs.
solar panels on top of our roofs.
171
482695
4493
就像是我們把太陽能板
放到我們的屋頂上一樣。
放到我們的屋頂上一樣。
08:19
So you see, the microscopic world
is even more amazing than science fiction.
is even more amazing than science fiction.
172
487212
4405
看吧，顯微世界比
科幻故事還要讓人驚異。
科幻故事還要讓人驚異。
08:23
TZ: Oh, indeed.
173
491641
1158
湯姆：喔，的確。
08:24
So now you've seen
how vital plankton are to our lives
how vital plankton are to our lives
174
492823
3675
現在你們知道浮游生物
對我們的生命有多重要
對我們的生命有多重要
08:28
and how much we need them.
175
496522
1460
以及我們多麼需要它們。
08:30
If we kill the plankton, we will die
176
498418
2810
如果我們殺死浮游生物，
我們也會死亡，
我們也會死亡，
08:33
of asphyxiation or starvation,
take your pick.
take your pick.
177
501252
2968
不是窒息就是餓死，自己選一種。
08:37
Oh, yes, I know it's sad, yes.
178
505720
1753
喔，是的，我知道這很感傷。
08:39
(Laughter)
179
507497
1429
（笑聲）
08:40
In the game of plankton,
you win or you die.
you win or you die.
180
508950
3912
在浮游生物的遊戲中，
你若不是贏，就是死。
你若不是贏，就是死。
08:44
(Laughter)
181
512886
2976
（笑聲）
08:47
Now, what amazes me is,
we have known about global warming
we have known about global warming
182
515886
5382
讓我感到驚奇的是，我們
早在一世紀以前就已經知道
早在一世紀以前就已經知道
08:53
for over a century.
183
521292
1935
全球暖化。
08:55
Ever since the Swedish
scientist, Arrhenius,
scientist, Arrhenius,
184
523251
2698
自從瑞典科學家阿瑞尼斯
08:57
calculated the effect
of burning fossil fuel
of burning fossil fuel
185
525973
2644
計算出了燃燒化石燃料
對於地球溫度的影響之後就知道了。
09:00
on the earth's temperature.
186
528641
1634
09:02
We've known about this for a long time,
but it's not too late if we act now.
but it's not too late if we act now.
187
530299
4134
我們知道很久了，但如果現在
就採取行動，還不會太遲。
就採取行動，還不會太遲。
09:07
Yes, yes, I know, I know,
our world is based on fossil fuels,
our world is based on fossil fuels,
188
535211
4239
是，是，我知道，我們的世界
是以化石燃料為基礎的，
是以化石燃料為基礎的，
09:11
but we can adjust our society
to run on renewable energy from the Sun
to run on renewable energy from the Sun
189
539474
4571
但我們可以調整我們的社會，
改用太陽的可再生能源，
改用太陽的可再生能源，
09:16
to create a more sustainable
and secure future.
and secure future.
190
544069
2595
來打造一個更永續、更安全的未來。
09:19
That's good for the little creatures
here, the plankton,
here, the plankton,
191
547093
2715
那樣的世界對於這些
小小浮游生物有益的，
小小浮游生物有益的，
09:21
and that good for us -- here's why.
192
549832
2200
對我們也是有益的──原因如下。
09:25
The three greatest concerns
of people all around the globe
of people all around the globe
193
553077
3667
全世界的人最關心的三樣事物
09:28
typically are jobs, violence and health.
194
556768
2904
通常是工作、暴力，及健康。
09:32
A job means food and shelter.
195
560379
1933
工作意味著食物和庇護所。
09:34
Look at these creatures,
they're swimming around,
they're swimming around,
196
562640
2286
看看這些生物，它們到處游，
09:36
they're looking for a place
to eat and reproduce.
to eat and reproduce.
197
564950
2651
它們在找地方吃東西和繁殖。
09:39
If a single cell is programmed to do that,
198
567990
2928
如果一個單細胞被設計要那麼做，
09:42
it's no surprise that 30 trillion cells
have the same agenda.
have the same agenda.
199
570942
3832
並不意外三十兆個細胞
會有相同的事要做。
會有相同的事要做。
09:48
Violence.
200
576053
1150
暴力。
09:49
Dependence on fossil fuels
makes a country vulnerable.
makes a country vulnerable.
201
577625
4156
對化石燃料的依賴，
會讓一個國家脆弱。
會讓一個國家脆弱。
09:54
Which leads to conflicts
all around the oil resources.
all around the oil resources.
202
582195
5253
它會導致石油資源的衝突。
10:00
Solar energy, on the other hand,
is distributed around the whole globe,
is distributed around the whole globe,
203
588085
3818
另一方面，太陽能分佈在全球，
10:03
and no one can blockade the sun.
204
591927
2645
沒有人能擋住太陽。
10:06
(Laughter)
205
594596
1370
（笑聲）
10:07
And then, finally, health.
206
595990
1692
最後，健康。
10:10
Fossil fuels are like a global cigarette.
207
598130
3237
化石燃料就像是全球香菸。
10:13
And in my opinion,
coal is like an unfiltered type.
coal is like an unfiltered type.
208
601773
3293
依我所見，煤就像是沒濾嘴的香菸。
10:18
Now, just like smoking,
the best time to quit is when?
the best time to quit is when?
209
606305
4574
就和抽煙一樣，
最好的戒煙時機是何時？
最好的戒煙時機是何時？
10:22
Audience: Now.
210
610903
1166
觀眾：現在。
10:24
TZ: Now! Not when you get lung cancer.
211
612093
1865
湯姆：現在！不是等你得了肺癌時。
10:26
Now I know if you look around,
some people may abandon facts and reason.
some people may abandon facts and reason.
212
614513
5534
我知道如果你四處看看，
有些人可能已經抛棄了事實和理智。
有些人可能已經抛棄了事實和理智。
10:32
Only until suffering --
213
620458
1699
只有到了受苦時──
10:34
(Laughter)
214
622181
1001
（笑聲）
10:35
Yes, they will abandon facts and reason.
215
623206
2847
是的，他們會抛棄事實和理智。
10:38
But suffering will eventually
and inevitably force change.
and inevitably force change.
216
626077
5253
但最終，無可避免的，
受苦會強迫改變。
受苦會強迫改變。
10:43
But let's instead use
our neocortex, our new brain,
our neocortex, our new brain,
217
631354
4365
但，讓我們用我們的新皮質，
我們的新大腦，
我們的新大腦，
10:47
to save the Elders, some of the oldest
creatures on the earth.
creatures on the earth.
218
635743
3079
來拯救前輩，它們屬於
地球上最古老的生物。
地球上最古老的生物。
10:50
And let's apply science
to harness the energy
to harness the energy
219
638846
3953
讓我們應用科學來駕馭數百年來
10:54
that has fueled the Elders
for millions of years --
for millions of years --
220
642823
3529
一直供應前輩能源的能量──
10:59
the sun.
221
647649
1383
太陽。
11:01
Thank you.
222
649056
1158
謝謝。
11:02
(Applause)
223
650238
2849
（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Simone Bianco - Cell engineerA theoretical physicist by training, IBM's Simone Bianco believes that the 21st century will be the century when the synergy between AI and biology will be fully realized.
Why you should listen
Simone Bianco, PhD, is research staff member and IBM rock star at IBM Research – Almaden, where he leads the Cellular Engineering group. He's passionate about making biology a quantitative science by using tools from mathematics, physics, engineering and computer science. He believes this interdisciplinary approach will not only impact biological and medical fields but also will advance biologically inspired engineering and computer science. His research spans many scientific fields, from genomic and evolutionary biology to bioengineering, epidemiology, statistical physics and computer science.
Bianco studied physics at the University of Pisa, Italy, the school of Galileo Galilei and Enrico Fermi, and he got his PhD from the University of North Texas. He held research appointments at the College of William and Mary and at the University of California San Francisco. Bianco is a founding principal investigator of the Center for Cellular Construction, an NSF funded multi-institution initiative which aims to build self-organized devices from living organisms.
Simone Bianco | Speaker | TED.com
Tom Zimmerman - Master inventor
Tom Zimmerman is a master inventor at IBM Research – Almaden exploring the frontiers of human-machine interaction and environmental sensing.
Why you should listen
Tom Zimmerman has more than 60 patents on user input devices, wireless communication, image and audio signal processing, biometrics, encryption and microscopy. His Data Glove and PowerGlove inventions helped establish the field of virtual reality. His electric field Personal Area Network invention sends data through the human body, and it can prevent airbags from injuring children in cars. Zimmerman's environmental work includes research on the yaw stability of wind turbines and solar thermal storage at MIT, and building wireless sensors to monitor sea turtles in the US and Costa Rica.
Zimmerman is currently developing AI-powered microscopes to monitor plankton in their natural environment and studying the response of plankton to toxins in his work with the Center For Cellular Construction. He supports the DIY community through articles in Make Magazine and his passion for volunteering in the public schools earned him the California Medal for Service from Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver.
Tom Zimmerman | Speaker | TED.com