ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Katherine Kuchenbecker - Mechanical engineer
Katherine Kuchenbecker works on incorporating the sense of touch directly into virtual objects. Imagine being able to feel textures on your digital screens.

Why you should listen

Could technology be more touchy feely? Mechanical engineer Katherine Kuchenbecker answers this question with a resounding ‘yes.’ Kuchenbecker researches the design, control and performance of robotic systems that enable a user to touch virtual objects and distant environments as though they were real and within reach. These interfaces combine electromechanical sensors, actuators and computer control, allowing for technology that can fool the human sense of touch, otherwise known as ‘haptics.’

Imagine a tablet computer that lets you feel fabrics and textures, robotic surgical tools that let doctors use their incredibly well-honed sense of touch, video games that allow you to feel hits and computer programs that teach you the movements of a sport. By researching these areas -- as well as applications in stroke rehabilitation and assistance for the blind -- Kuchenbecker seeks to improve our understanding of touch and uncover new opportunities to use it in interactions between humans, computers and machines.

An assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Kuchenbecker has been named to the Popular Science Brilliant 10. She is also an avid photographer, and played volleyball at Stanford for two seasons.

More profile about the speaker
Katherine Kuchenbecker | Speaker | TED.com
TEDYouth 2012

Katherine Kuchenbecker: The technology of touch

Filmed:
671,551 views

As we move through the world, we have an innate sense of how things feel -- the sensations they produce on our skin and how our bodies orient to them. Can technology leverage this? In this fun, fascinating TED-Ed lesson, learn about the field of haptics, and how it could change everything from the way we shop online to how dentists learn the telltale feel of a cavity.
- Mechanical engineer
Katherine Kuchenbecker works on incorporating the sense of touch directly into virtual objects. Imagine being able to feel textures on your digital screens. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:14
I'm a mechanical機械 engineering工程 professor教授
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我來自賓州大學
是一位機械工程學教授
00:16
at the University大學 of Pennsylvania賓夕法尼亞,
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而我最喜歡的嗜好是攝影。
00:18
and my favorite喜愛 hobby愛好 is photography攝影.
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我環遊世界,
00:21
And as I travel旅行 around the world世界,
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四處拍照,
00:23
I love taking服用 photographs照片 like these,
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00:25
so I can remember記得 all
the beautiful美麗 and interesting有趣 things
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這樣我可以記住所有我見到的
美麗及有趣的事物。
00:28
that I've seen看到.
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但我沒辦法做到的是
記錄並分享
00:29
But what I can't do is record記錄 and share分享
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這些東西的觸感。
00:33
how these objects對象 feel to touch觸摸.
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而這很令人訝異,
00:36
And that's kind of surprising奇怪,
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因為人的觸覺真的很重要。
00:38
because your sense of touch觸摸
is really important重要.
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實際生活裡的每件事
00:40
It's involved參與 in every一切 physical物理
interaction相互作用 you do every一切 day,
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每個操作和互動
00:43
every一切 manipulation操作 task任務,
anything you do in the world世界.
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都用得上我們的觸覺。
因此觸覺是很有趣的。
00:45
So the sense of touch觸摸
is actually其實 pretty漂亮 interesting有趣.
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它分為兩部份。
00:48
It has two main主要 components組件.
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00:50
The first is tactile sensations感覺,
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第一部份是觸感,
00:52
things you feel in your skin皮膚.
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你皮膚的感覺。
第二部份是動覺,
00:54
And the second第二 is kinesthetic動覺 sensations感覺.
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00:56
This has to do with the position位置
of your body身體 and how it's moving移動,
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而這和你身體的位置有關,
或是它是怎麼移動、
01:00
and the forces軍隊 you encounter遭遇.
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還有遇到的是什麼外力。
而人很擅長
01:01
And you're really good at incorporating結合
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結合著兩種感覺
01:03
both of these types類型 of sensations感覺 together一起
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以瞭解你在物質世界上的
01:05
to understand理解 the physical物理 interactions互動
you have with the world世界
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各種互動
當你觸碰一個表面時,
01:08
and understand理解 as you touch觸摸 a surface表面:
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是一塊石塊、一隻貓、一隻兔子,
還是什麼?
01:10
is it a rock, is it a cat,
is it a bunny兔子, what is it?
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01:13
And so, as an engineer工程師,
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因此,身為一個工程師,
我很讚嘆
01:16
I'm really fascinated入迷
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也很敬佩
01:17
and I have a lot of respect尊重
for how good people are with their hands.
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人類的手的精巧。
我很疑惑、也很好奇,
01:20
And I'm intrigued好奇 and curious好奇
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01:22
about whether是否 we could
make technology技術 better
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藉著研究
人類的觸覺
01:25
by doing a better job工作 at leveraging借力
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我們能不能讓科技變得更好。
01:26
the human人的 capability能力
with the sense of touch觸摸.
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利用手的優點,
01:29
Could I improve提高 the interfaces接口
to computers電腦 and machines
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我能改善電腦或機械的介面嗎?
01:32
by letting出租 you take
advantage優點 of your hands?
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01:34
And indeed確實, I think we can,
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我想我們可以,
01:36
and that's at the core核心
of a field領域 called haptics觸覺,
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這正是「觸覺學」這個學科的核心,
也是我研究的領域。
01:38
and this is the area that I work in.
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它是關於互動的觸覺科技。
01:40
It's all about interactive互動
touch觸摸 technology技術.
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01:42
And the way it works作品 is,
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而它運作的方式是:
當你在空間中移動你的身體,
01:44
as you move移動 your body身體 through通過 the world世界,
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01:46
if, as an engineer工程師, I can make a system系統
that can measure測量 that motion運動,
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身為一個工程師,我可以製作一個
一個測量各個運動的系統,
接著隨著時間顯現不同觸感,
01:49
and then present當下 to you
sensations感覺 over time
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01:52
that kind of make sense,
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讓它合乎常理、
01:53
that match比賽 up with what you might威力 feel
in the real真實 world世界,
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讓它符合你在真實世界的感覺,
我有辦法誘導你覺得你在摸東西,
01:56
I can fool傻子 you into thinking思維
you're touching接觸 something
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儘管實際上並沒有東西。
01:59
even though雖然 there's nothing there.
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好,所以這裡有三個例子,
02:00
So here are three examples例子
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02:02
and these are all doneDONE
from research研究 in my lab實驗室 at Penn佩恩.
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這些都是我在
賓大實驗室完成的。
02:05
The first one is all about that same相同
problem問題 that I was showing展示 you:
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第一個是關於
我剛剛說的同樣的問題:
我們如何捕捉物體的觸感
02:08
how can we capture捕獲 how objects對象 feel
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02:10
and recreate重建 those experiences經驗?
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然後再做出同樣的感覺?
02:12
So the way we solve解決 this problem問題
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我們解決這問題的方法
是製作一個手握的工具
02:14
is by creating創建 a hand-held手持式 tool工具
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裡面有許多不一樣的感應器。
02:16
that has many許多 different不同 sensors傳感器 inside.
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有力量感應器,
02:18
It has a force sensor傳感器, so we can tell
how hard you're pushing推動;
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這樣我們才知道你用了多少力;
有動態記錄器,
02:22
it has motion運動 tracking追踪, so we can tell
exactly究竟 where you've moved移動 it;
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這樣我們才知道你怎麼移動;
還有振動感應器、
02:25
and it has a vibration振動 sensor傳感器,
an accelerometer加速度計, inside,
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加速度感應器,
它們可以偵測前後振動的量,
02:28
that detects檢測 the shaking發抖
back and forth向前 of the tool工具
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好讓你知道這是一塊帆布
02:30
that lets讓我們 you know
that's a piece of canvas帆布
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而不是絲綢還什麼的。
02:32
and not a piece of silk or something else其他.
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接著我們取出這些互動中
02:34
Then we take the data數據 we record記錄
from these interactions互動.
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我們記錄的資料。
這些是十秒鐘的資料。
02:37
Here's這裡的 ten seconds of data數據.
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你可以振動是如何隨著你的移動
02:38
You can see how the vibrations振動
get larger and smaller,
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變大變小。
02:41
depending根據 on how you move移動.
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接著我們構造了這些關係
的數學模型
02:43
And we make a mathematical數學的
model模型 of those relationships關係
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然後在平版電腦中寫一個程式
02:45
and program程序 them into a tablet片劑 computer電腦
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02:48
so that when you take the stylus唱針
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這樣當你拿著觸控筆
並去碰時,
02:50
and go and touch觸摸 the screen屏幕,
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02:51
that voice-coil語音線圈 actuator執行器
in the white白色 bracket托架
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在白匣子裡的揚聲線圈
會開始振動,給你一種
02:54
plays播放 vibrations振動 to give you the illusion錯覺
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02:56
that you're touching接觸 the real真實 surface表面,
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你正在摸真實物體的感覺
02:58
just like if you touched感動, dragged
back and forth向前, on the real真實 canvas帆布.
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就像你真的摸到帆布時一樣,
會上下振動。
我們可以創造
非常具有說服力的幻覺。
03:01
We can create創建 very compelling引人注目 illusions幻想.
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我們可以在各種平面上這麼做,
03:03
We can do this for all kinds of surfaces
and it's really a lot of fun開玩笑.
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那真的很有趣。
我們把它叫做觸覺攝影,
03:07
We call it haptographyhaptography --
haptic觸覺 photography攝影.
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觸覺的攝影。
03:11
And I think it has potential潛在
benefits好處 in all sorts排序 of areas
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我想這對許多領域
都會有
潛在的好處,像是線上購物,
03:14
like online線上 shopping購物,
maybe interactive互動 museum博物館 exhibits展品,
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或是互動博物館展覽,
03:16
where you're not supposed應該
to touch觸摸 the precious珍貴 artifacts文物,
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就是那些你實在不該摸
但你總是想摸的珍貴文物。
03:19
but you always want to.
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03:21
The second第二 example I want to tell you
about comes from a collaboration合作 I have
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第二個我想說的例子
源自於與
賓大牙醫學院
Margrit Maggio 醫師的合作。
03:24
with Dr博士. Margrit瑪格麗特 MaggioMaggio
at the Penn佩恩 Dental牙齒 School學校.
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她部份的工作是教牙醫系學生
03:27
Part部分 of her job工作 is to teach
dental牙齒 students學生們
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如何分辦病人口腔
03:29
how to tell where in a patient's耐心 mouth
there are cavities.
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哪裡有蛀牙。
當然他們也會用 X 光,
03:32
Of course課程 they look at X-raysX射線,
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但多數時候臨床的判斷
03:33
but a large part部分 of this clinical臨床 judgment判斷
comes from what they feel
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則仰賴他們的用牙醫探針
03:36
when they touch觸摸 your teeth
with a dental牙齒 explorer探險者.
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碰到你牙齒時的感覺。
你們都有這種經驗,他們會逐步檢查。
03:39
You've all had this happen發生,
they go across橫過.
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他們感覺到的是,如果牙齒真的很硬
03:41
What they're feeling感覺 for is if the tooth
is really hard, then it's healthy健康,
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那就是健康的;
但如果有點軟或黏,
03:44
but if it's kind of soft柔軟的 and sticky,
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這是珐瑯質開始退化的警訊。
03:46
that's a signal信號 that the enamel搪瓷
is starting開始 to decay衰變.
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而這種判斷是對一位
03:49
These types類型 of judgments判斷 are hard
for a new dental牙齒 student學生 to make,
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牙醫系新生來說是困難的,
03:52
because they haven't沒有 touched感動
a lot of teeth yet然而.
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因為他們對牙齒還不熟悉。
但你希望他們能夠
03:54
And you want them to learn學習 this
before they start開始 practicing
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在為實際病人看診前學會這點。
03:57
on real真實 human人的 patients耐心.
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所以我們在牙醫探針上
03:58
So what we do is add an accelerometer加速度計
on to the dental牙齒 explorer探險者,
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加裝加速度感應器,
接著記錄 Maggio 醫師碰觸不同
04:03
and then we record記錄 what Dr博士. MaggioMaggio feels感覺
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已拔牙齒時的感覺。
04:05
as she touches觸摸 different不同 extracted提取 teeth.
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然後我們就可以像播影片一樣
沿著觸碰的軌跡
04:07
And we can play it back for you as a video視頻
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04:10
with a touch觸摸 track跟踪 --
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再放一次。
04:11
not just a sound聲音 track跟踪,
but also a touch觸摸 track跟踪,
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所以當你握著這
重覆播放的工具時
你可以感覺到的不只是音軌,
而還有「觸軌」。
04:13
that you can feel by holding保持
that repeating重複 tool工具.
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你可以和牙醫師有一樣的感覺,
04:16
You feel the same相同 things the dentist牙醫
felt when they did the recording記錄,
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就是當他們錄製以及
做判斷時的感覺。
04:19
and practice實踐 making製造 judgments判斷.
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所以這是一個樣本。
04:21
So here's這裡的 a sample樣品 one.
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這顆牙齒看起來很可疑,對吧?
04:22
Here's這裡的 a tooth that looks容貌
kind of suspicious可疑, right?
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04:24
It has all those brown棕色 stains.
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有許多黃斑,
04:27
You might威力 be thinking思維, "We should
definitely無疑 put a filling填充 in this tooth."
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而你可能會想:
「噢,這顆牙一定要補了。」
但事實上,如果你注意一下它的觸感,
04:30
But if you pay工資 attention注意 to how it feels感覺,
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整顆牙齒表面都又硬又健康,
04:32
all the surfaces of this tooth
are hard and healthy健康,
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其實這位病人不需要補牙。
04:35
so this patient患者 does not need a filling填充.
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04:37
And these are exactly究竟 the kind
of judgments判斷 doctors醫生 make every一切 day
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這些正是醫師們
每天要做的判斷
而我想我們發明的這項科技
04:40
and I think this technology技術
we've我們已經 invented發明 has a lot of potential潛在
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在不同的醫療訓練上
04:43
for many許多 different不同 things in medical
training訓練, because it's really simple簡單
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應該很有潛力,因為它很簡單
而且在重現
別人使用工具的感覺上
04:47
and it does a great job工作 at recreating再創造
what people feel through通過 tools工具.
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表現得很好。
我想它也可能讓遊戲變得
04:51
I think it could also help make games遊戲
more interactive互動 and fun開玩笑
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更為互動也更有趣,
並且在你的感受上更加真實。
04:54
and more realistic實際
in the sensations感覺 that you feel.
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04:56
The last example I want to tell you about
is again about human人的 movement運動.
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最後一個我想說的例子
一樣是有關人類的運動。
05:00
So if any of you have ever learned學到了 sports體育,
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所以如果你們有人曾經學過運動,
你知道,像衝浪這樣的運動
你是如何上手的?
05:02
how do you get good
at something like surfing衝浪?
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你會練習。
05:04
You practice實踐.
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你會一次一次努力練習,對吧?
05:05
You practice實踐 some more and more, right?
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05:07
Making製造 small corrections更正,
maybe getting得到 some input輸入 from a coach教練,
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藉由一些小的修正,
這可能來自教練的教導,
學習如何改進自己的動作。
05:10
learning學習 how to improve提高 your motions運動.
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我想我們可以利用電腦
05:12
I think we could use computers電腦
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來讓這個學習的過程
更有效率也更有趣。
05:14
to help make that process處理
more efficient高效 and more fun開玩笑.
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所以,舉例來說,
05:16
And so here, for example,
if I have six different不同 arm movements運動
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如果我想要你學
六個不同的手臂動作,
05:19
that I want you to learn學習,
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你可以來到我在賓大的實驗室
05:20
you come into my lab實驗室 at Penn佩恩
and try out our system系統.
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然後試試我們的系統。
05:24
We use a KinectKinect的 to measure測量 your motions運動,
we show顯示 graphics圖像 on the screen屏幕,
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我們用 Kinect 來量測你的動作,
我們在螢幕上顯示圖像,
05:27
and then we also give you touch觸摸 cues線索,
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接著也會給你觸覺的暗號,
05:29
haptic觸覺 feedback反饋 on your arm,
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也就是這些觸覺手臂環
傳送給你的觸覺回饋,
05:31
delivered交付 by these haptic觸覺 arm bands
which哪一個 have motors馬達 inside,
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這裡面裝有馬達
可以在你動的時候引導你。
05:34
and guide指南 you as you move移動.
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所以,如果你戴上它,
05:36
So, if we put it together一起,
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當你試著跟上動作時,
05:37
as you're trying to track跟踪 this motion運動,
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如果你動作歪了,
05:40
if you deviate偏離 -- say, maybe,
your arm is a little too high --
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比如說你的手太高了,
我們會啟動
就在你皮膚上的馬達
05:43
we turn on the motors馬達
right there on the skin皮膚
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來讓你知道,嘿,你應該低一點,
05:45
to let you know you should move移動 down,
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幾乎就像是一個教練
耐心地引導你,
05:47
almost幾乎 like a coach教練 gently平緩 guiding主導 you
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然後幫助你更快地
學會這些動作,
05:49
and helping幫助 you master
these movements運動 more quickly很快
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並且作出更精準的修正。
05:52
and make more precise精確 corrections更正.
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我們為中風復健開發這個系統,
05:53
We developed發達 this system系統
for use in stroke行程 rehabilitation復原,
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05:56
but I think there are a lot
of applications應用,
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但我認為還有很多不同應用,
像是舞蹈訓練
05:59
like maybe dance舞蹈 training訓練
or all sorts排序 of sports體育 training訓練 as well.
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或是各種的運動訓練。
所以,你現在大概知道
06:03
So now you know a little bit
about the field領域 of haptics觸覺,
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觸覺學這個領域了,
我想你在未來會聽到更多。
06:06
which哪一個 I think you'll你會 hear more
about in the coming未來 years年份.
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我已經講完三個例子了,
06:08
I've shown顯示 you three examples例子.
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接著我想花一點時間
06:10
I just want to take a moment時刻
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來感謝所有和我一起
06:11
to acknowledge確認 the great students學生們
who work with me in my lab實驗室 at Penn佩恩
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在賓大實驗室努力的偉大的學生,
以及我的合作者,
06:14
and my collaborators合作者.
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他們是很棒的團隊。
06:15
They're a great group.
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我也要謝謝你們用心的聆聽。
06:17
I also want to thank you
for your kind attention注意.
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(掌聲)
06:20
(Applause掌聲)
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Translated by Jephian Lin
Reviewed by Coco Shen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Katherine Kuchenbecker - Mechanical engineer
Katherine Kuchenbecker works on incorporating the sense of touch directly into virtual objects. Imagine being able to feel textures on your digital screens.

Why you should listen

Could technology be more touchy feely? Mechanical engineer Katherine Kuchenbecker answers this question with a resounding ‘yes.’ Kuchenbecker researches the design, control and performance of robotic systems that enable a user to touch virtual objects and distant environments as though they were real and within reach. These interfaces combine electromechanical sensors, actuators and computer control, allowing for technology that can fool the human sense of touch, otherwise known as ‘haptics.’

Imagine a tablet computer that lets you feel fabrics and textures, robotic surgical tools that let doctors use their incredibly well-honed sense of touch, video games that allow you to feel hits and computer programs that teach you the movements of a sport. By researching these areas -- as well as applications in stroke rehabilitation and assistance for the blind -- Kuchenbecker seeks to improve our understanding of touch and uncover new opportunities to use it in interactions between humans, computers and machines.

An assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Kuchenbecker has been named to the Popular Science Brilliant 10. She is also an avid photographer, and played volleyball at Stanford for two seasons.

More profile about the speaker
Katherine Kuchenbecker | Speaker | TED.com