TEDGlobal 2005
Yochai Benkler: The new open-source economics
Yochai Benkler 談新開源經濟
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Yochai Benkler 解釋如維基百科和 Linux 等協作計畫，是如何體現人類社會組織的下一個階段的
Yochai Benkler - Legal expert
Yochai Benkler has been called "the leading intellectual of the information age." He proposes that volunteer-based projects such as Wikipedia and Linux are the next stage of human organization and economic production. Full bio
Yochai Benkler has been called "the leading intellectual of the information age." He proposes that volunteer-based projects such as Wikipedia and Linux are the next stage of human organization and economic production. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
One of the problems of writing, and working, and looking at the Internet
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從事網路工作和研究的一個常見問題是
00:15
is that it's very hard to separate fashion from deep change.
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很難分辨它究竟是短暫的潮流，還是深層的改變
00:22
And so, to start helping that, I want to take us back to 1835.
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為了分清兩者的區別，我想帶大家回到1835年
00:26
In 1835, James Gordon Bennett founded the first mass-circulation newspaper
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在1835年，James Gordon Bennett 在紐約
00:33
in New York City.
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創辦了第一份大規模發行的報紙
00:35
And it cost about 500 dollars to start it,
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當時創辦的費用大約是500美金
00:38
which was about the equivalent of 10,000 dollars of today.
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相當於今天的一萬美金
00:42
By 15 years later, by 1850, doing the same thing
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在 15 年過的 1850 年，做相同的事，
00:46
-- starting what was experienced as a mass--circulation daily paper
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也就是創辦一份大規模發行的日報，
00:49
-- would come to cost two and a half million dollars.
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所需費用達 250 萬美金
00:53
10,000, two and a half million, 15 years.
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在區區 15 年間，從一萬美金到 250 萬美金
00:56
That's the critical change that is being inverted by the Net.
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這就是網絡所帶來的關鍵性改變
01:03
And that's what I want to talk about today,
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而這就是我今天要談的內容
01:06
and how that relates to the emergence of social production.
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以及這種變革如何與社會化生產的湧現關連
01:09
Starting with newspapers, what we saw was high cost as an initial requirement
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先說報紙，為了傳播訓資訊、知識和文化，初期需要投入高昂的成本
01:17
for making information, knowledge and culture, which led to a stark bifurcation
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導致資訊生產者和被動接收的消費者這兩個截然不同的群體
01:23
between producers -- who had to be able to raise financial capital,
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就像其他工業組織一樣
01:27
just like any other industrial organization --
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生產者有能力募集資金
01:31
and passive consumers that could choose from a certain set of
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而被動的消費者則
01:34
things that this industrial model could produce.
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只能從工業模式所提供的有限商品中做選擇
01:39
Now, the term "information society," "information economy,"
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今天，「資訊社會」、「資訊經濟」等術語
01:42
for a very long time has been used as the thing that comes after
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有很長一段時間是被用來指涉工業革命之後發生的事物
01:46
the industrial revolution. But in fact, for purposes of understanding what's happening
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但事實上，為了正確瞭解當今正在發生的事，那種用法是不對的
01:52
today, that's wrong. Because for 150 years, we've had an information economy.
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因為在過去的 150 年間，我們一直處在資訊經濟之中
01:58
It's just been industrial,
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只不過這種資訊經濟是工業化的
02:00
which means those who were producing had to have a way of raising money
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也就是說，資訊生產者必須有籌資的方法
02:04
to pay those two and a half million dollars, and later, more for the telegraph,
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藉以支付那 250 萬美金，以及後續的電報機、無線電發射塔、電視
02:08
and the radio transmitter, and the television, and eventually the mainframe.
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以及最後的大型主機
02:13
And that meant they were market based, or they were government owned,
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這意味著它們是以市場為根基，或是國有
02:16
depending on what kind of system they were in. And this characterized and anchored
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取決於其所屬的社會體系類型
02:21
the way information and knowledge were produced for the next 150 years.
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這種模式決定了其後 150 年間，資訊和知識的生產方式
02:28
Now, let me tell you a different story. Around June 2002,
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現在，讓我告訴大家另一個故事
02:33
the world of supercomputers had a bombshell.
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大約在 2002 年六月，超級電腦的領域有了爆炸性的事件
02:37
The Japanese had, for the first time, created the fastest supercomputer --
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日本人首次建造了最快的超級電腦，超越了原先居冠的美國
02:41
the NEC Earth Simulator -- taking the primary from the U.S.,
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那就是 NEC 地球模擬器
02:44
and about two years later -- this, by the way, is measuring the trillion floating-point
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兩年之後…順帶一提
02:48
operations per second that the computer's capable of running --
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這張圖表示電腦每秒能夠進行的浮點運算次數
02:52
sigh of relief: IBM [Blue Gene] has just edged ahead of the NEC Earth Simulator.
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我們後來終於鬆了一口氣。兩年後，NEC 的地球模擬器終於被 IBM 的藍色基因以些微差距給超越
02:58
All of this completely ignores the fact that throughout this period,
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在此期間，所有人都忽略了另一台超級電腦的存在
03:02
there's another supercomputer running in the world -- SETI@home.
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那就是 SETI@Home
03:06
Four and a half million users around the world, contributing their
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它是由來自全球 450 多萬個電腦用戶所組成
03:10
leftover computer cycles, whenever their computer isn't working,
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藉由螢幕保護程式的運作，這些人貢獻出他們閒置的電腦資源，不論他們的電腦正工作與否
03:14
by running a screen saver, and together sharing their resources to create
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他們一起分享資源
03:21
a massive supercomputer that NASA harnesses to analyze the data
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建立起一個龐大的超級電腦
03:26
coming from radio telescopes.
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給美國太空總署用來分析從太空無線電望遠鏡傳回的數據
03:30
What this picture suggests to us is that we've got a radical change in the way
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這個事件告訴我們的是，我們生產資訊的方式有了重大改變
03:37
information production and exchange is capitalized. Not that it's become
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資訊的交換也已經資本化了
03:41
less capital intensive -- that there's less money that's required
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這不是說資訊生產比較不資本密集了，比較不需要錢了
03:44
-- but that the ownership of this capital, the way the capitalization happens,
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而是說，資本的擁有，也就是資本化的發生變得更分散了
03:49
is radically distributed. Each of us, in these advanced economies,
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我們每一個人，在當前發達的經濟時代下
03:54
has one of these, or something rather like it -- a computer.
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都擁有一台電腦，或類似電腦的東西
03:59
They're not radically different from routers inside the middle of the network.
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它們和網絡中的路由器沒有根本的差異
04:04
And computation, storage and communications capacity are in the hands of
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每一個能連上網路的人，都擁有計算、儲存和交換訊息的能力
04:09
practically every connected person -- and these are the basic physical
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而這些基本的資本設備
04:15
capital means necessary for producing information, knowledge and culture,
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正是世界上六到十億人
04:20
in the hands of something like 600 million to a billion people around the planet.
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所擁有能夠用來生產資訊、知識和文化的必要之物
04:26
What this means is that for the first time since the industrial revolution,
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這意味著，自從工業革命之後
04:32
the most important means, the most important components of the core
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在經濟發達的時代裡，最重要的生產手段，經濟活動的核心
04:38
economic activities -- remember, we are in an information economy
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記住，我們正處在資訊經濟
04:42
-- of the most advanced economies, and there more than anywhere else,
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這些經濟活動的核心要素
04:47
are in the hands of the population at large. This is completely different than what we've
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第一次分散在廣大的民眾手裡
04:51
seen since the industrial revolution. So we've got communications and computation
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這個景象完全不同於工業革命以來的情形不同
04:56
capacity in the hands of the entire population,
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全體民眾掌握了訊息的交流和計算能力
04:59
and we've got human creativity, human wisdom, human experience
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我們還有創造力、智慧和體驗
05:04
-- the other major experience, the other major input --
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這是另一個重要的生產投入
05:07
which unlike simple labor -- stand here turning this lever all day long --
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這種投入與單純的勞動不一樣，單純的勞動是指整天站在這裡轉動控制桿
05:12
is not something that's the same or fungible among people.
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我們的創造力、智慧和體驗是不同或無法替代的
05:15
Any one of you who has taken someone else's job, or tried to give yours
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你們之中任何一個人曾經有過代替別人工作的經驗
05:18
to someone else, no matter how detailed the manual, you cannot transmit
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或試圖讓別人替代你的工作的人都會知道
05:24
what you know, what you will intuit under a certain set of circumstances.
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無論工作手冊寫得多詳細，你還是無法把你所知的全部轉移給對方，或在某種情況下你會有的直覺反應
05:29
In that we're unique, and each of us holds this critical input
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因為我們每個人都是獨一無二的
05:33
into production as we hold this machine.
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每個人都會把自己以獨特的貢獻加入這個訊息經濟生產的機器裡
05:37
What's the effect of this? So, the story that most people know
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這一切會帶來什麼樣的影響？
05:42
is the story of free or open source software.
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說到這裡，大多數的人會想到免費或開放原始碼的軟體
05:46
This is market share of Apache Web server
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這是網路伺服器軟體 Apache 的市佔率
05:49
-- one of the critical applications in Web-based communications.
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網路伺服器是網絡交流最重要的應用之一
05:55
In 1995, two groups of people said,
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在 1995 年，有兩群人說
05:59
"Wow, this is really important, the Web! We need a much better Web server!"
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「哇！網路真的很重要！我們需要更好的網路伺服器！」
06:03
One was a motley collection of volunteers who just decided,
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其中一組人是由形形色色不同背景的志願者所組成
06:07
you know, we really need this, we should write one,
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他們覺得網路伺服器是必要的，所以他們要寫一個
06:09
and what are we going to do with what --
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而且他們打算它分享出去！
06:12
well, we're gonna share it! And other people will be able to develop it.
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這樣，其他人可以繼續開發它
06:14
The other was Microsoft.
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另一組人則是微軟
06:16
Now, if I told you that 10 years later, the motley crew of people, who didn't control
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假如我和你說，十年後，那些把程式碼開放出來的人
06:21
anything that they produced, acquired 20 percent of the market
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得到 20% 的市佔率，也就是紅色那條線
06:24
and was the red line, it would be amazing! Right?
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這是多麼奇妙的一件事！對不對？
06:27
Think of it in minivans. A group of automobile
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想像一下小型客車。一群汽車工程師利用週末的時間開發設計
06:30
engineers on their weekends are competing with Toyota. Right?
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企圖和豐田汽車一較高下
06:35
But, in fact, of course, the story is it's the 70 percent,
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但事實上，在這個故事裡，Apache 的市佔率是 70%（藍線）
06:38
including the major e-commerce site -- 70 percent of a critical application
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Apache 的主要客戶是電子商務網站
06:43
on which Web-based communications and applications work is produced in this form, in
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在伺服器這一網絡交流的基礎應用上，以開放原始碼的模式開發的產品
06:49
direct competition with Microsoft. Not in a side issue --
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與微軟展開了直接的競爭，這已經不是小打小鬧的競爭
06:53
in a central strategic decision to try to capture a component of the Net.
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它的開發者掌握了核心策略，那就是抓住網絡的構成要素
07:00
Software has done this in a way that's been very visible, because
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開放原始碼的軟體獲得了可觀的成就
07:05
it's measurable. But the thing to see is that this actually happens throughout the Web.
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因為它是可量化的。但事實上，開放原始碼的模式已經在網路上散播開來
07:11
So, NASA, at some point, did an experiment where they took images of Mars
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於是，美國太空總署，在某個程度將他們從火星得到的照片
07:17
that they were mapping, and they said, instead of having three or four
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用來做一項試驗。太空總署說，與其讓三、四個訓練有素的博士從頭到尾做這件事
07:21
fully trained Ph.D.s doing this all the time, let's break it up into small components,
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不如把這項工作化整為零
07:26
put it up on the Web, and see if people, using a very simple interface,
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然後放在網路上，看看人們是否能夠用很簡單的介面
07:30
will actually spend five minutes here,
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花上五分鐘、十分鐘按按滑鼠做完
07:32
10 minutes there, clicking. After six months,
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六個月後
07:36
85,000 people used this to generate mapping at a
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總共有八萬五千人參與繪圖
07:41
faster rate than the images were coming in, which was, quote,
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其速度甚至比影像傳進來的還快。也就是說
07:45
"practically indistinguishable from the markings of a fully-trained Ph.D.,"
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如果把工作交給一群人來做並計算平均值
07:49
once you showed it to a number of people and computed the average.
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這些人「實際上和訓練有素的博士做出來的東西是一樣的」
07:56
Now, if you have a little girl, and she goes and writes to
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如果你有一個小女兒
07:59
-- well, not so little, medium little -- tries to do research on Barbie.
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嗯，不要太小，一般小就好。假設她想研究芭比娃娃
08:03
And she'll come to Encarta, one of the main online encyclopedias.
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她會搜尋到 Encarta，一個主要的網路百科全書
08:07
This is what you'll find out about Barbie. This is it, there's nothing more to the definition,
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這是你在 Encarta 找到有關芭比的資料。就是這個，除了定義之外沒有其他的了
08:13
including, "manufacturers" -- plural -- "now more commonly produce
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包括複數的「製造商」，「現在通常生產不同種族的芭比，比如這個黑人芭比」
08:17
ethnically diverse dolls, like this black Barbie." Which is vastly better
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這些內容遠比你在 encyclopedia.com 找到的資料還好
08:21
than what you'll find in the encyclopedia.com,
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在 encyclopedia.com 找的話，
08:24
which is Barbie, Klaus. (Laughter)
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你只能找到一則和 Barbie, Klaus 有關的條目(笑聲)
08:28
On the other hand, if they go to Wikipedia, they'll find a genuine article
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另外一方面，如果你去維基百科的話，你會找到一篇原創的文章
08:33
-- and I won't talk a lot about Wikipedia, because Jimmy Wales is here --
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在此我不多談維基百科，因為 Jimmy Wales (維基百科創始人之一) 今天也在場
08:36
but roughly equivalent to what you would find in the Britannica, differently written,
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不過，維基的資料和大英百科全書的資料大致相同，只是寫法不同
08:42
including the controversies over body image and commercialization,
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包括芭比娃娃身材和商業化的爭議
08:46
the claims about the way in which she's a good role model, etc.
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還有關於芭比是一個好的模範之類等等的內容
08:54
Another portion is not only how content is produced, but how relevance is produced.
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除了內容如何被製造出來之外，另一個部分是資訊的相關性是如何被製造
08:58
The claim to fame of Yahoo! was, we hire people to look -- originally, not anymore
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雅虎當年一炮而紅就在於，他們雇用員工編制往看遍網站
09:02
-- we hire people to look at websites and tell you --
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當然，他們現在已經不這樣做了
09:07
if they're in the index, they're good. This, on the other hand, is what 60,000
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他們雇用員工看網站，然後告訴你「如果這些網站在我們的索引裡，它們就是好網站」
09:11
passionate volunteers produce in the Open Directory Project,
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於是，這些顯示在螢幕上的就是，由六萬多名熱情的志工所作的「開放索引工程」
09:15
each one willing to spend an hour or two on something they really care about,
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每一個參與者花一兩個小時在他很關心的東西上面
09:20
to say, this is good. So, this is the Open Directory Project, with 60,000 volunteers,
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然後說，這真棒。這就是開放索引工程，總共有六萬名志工
09:26
each one spending a little bit of time, as opposed to a few hundred
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每個人花一點點的時間。這種作法有別於雇用少數幾百個全職的員工的作法
09:29
fully paid employees. No one owns it, no one owns the output,
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沒有任何一個人擁有開放索引工程，沒有任何一個人擁有產出
09:34
it's free for anyone to use and it's the output of people acting out of social
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這個工程開放給所有人使用，而它是人們出於社會和心理的動機
09:39
and psychological motivations to do something interesting.
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來共同完成一件有趣的事
09:43
This is not only outside of businesses. When you think of what is the critical innovation
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相同的例子也發生在商業領域。如果想一下 Google 最關鍵的創新是什麼
09:49
of Google, the critical innovation is outsourcing the one most important thing --
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那是將最重要的東西外包出去
09:54
the decision about what's relevant -- to the community of the Web as a whole,
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這件是就是對整個網路社群來說，決定哪些內容是相關的
10:01
doing whatever they want to do: so, page rank.
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使用者可以做他們想做的。於是，網頁排名誕生了
10:04
The critical innovation here is instead of our engineers, or our people saying
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Google 最創新的作法就是，與其由工程師和我們說哪些是最相關的
10:10
which is the most relevant, we're going to go out and count what you,
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不如讓你們那些網路使用者來決定什麼對你是重要的
10:13
people out there on the Web, for whatever reason -- vanity, pleasure --
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不管你們認為重要的原因是什麼，也許是虛榮、愉悅
10:17
produced links, and tied to each other. We're going to count those, and count them up.
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藉此，網頁連結產生了，並且網頁得以相互連結。我們 Google 將以你們的看法為準
10:23
And again, here, you see Barbie.com, but also, very quickly,
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於是，如果你在 Google 搜尋「芭比」，你還是會找到芭比公司的主頁，但是尾隨其後的
10:27
Adiosbarbie.com, the body image for every size. A contested cultural object,
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是 Adiosbarbie.com，一個倡導真實身材尺碼的網站，一個備受爭議的文化議題
10:32
which you won't find anywhere soon on Overture, which is the classic
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如果你在 Overture 這樣一個典型以市場為基礎的機制上搜尋，Adiosbarbie 將會排在很後面
10:36
market-based mechanism: whoever pays the most is highest on the list.
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因為在 Overture，誰付的前多，誰的網站排名就越前面
10:41
So, all of that is in the creation of content, of relevance, basic human expression.
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以上所說的都是無形訊息內容的創造，相關性以及重要性，人們的基本表達
10:46
But remember, the computers were also physical. Just physical materials
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但別忘了，電腦也是一個實物，事實上我們也在共享電腦這個實物
10:50
-- our PCs -- we share them together. We also see this in wireless.
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這個體現在無線技術上
10:54
It used to be wireless was one person owned the license, they transmitted in an
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以前的無線技術是一個人擁有授權，然後在一定區域裡進行訊息傳輸
11:00
area, and it had to be decided whether they would be licensed or based on property.
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然後要看他們是基於授權還是基於所有權
11:05
What we're seeing now is that computers and radios are becoming so sophisticated
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而今天，我們的電腦和無線技術，已經發展得相當成熟
11:10
that we're developing algorithms to let people own machines, like Wi-Fi devices,
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我們已經發展出運算規則，讓人們藉由共享協議，使用各自的無線設備例如 wi-fi
11:16
and overlay them with a sharing protocol that would allow a community like this
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讓一個社群建立起寬頻無線網絡
11:21
to build its own wireless broadband network simply from the simple principle:
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運作的方式很簡單：
11:27
When I'm listening, when I'm not using, I can help you transfer your messages;
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當我的電腦閒置時，當我沒有在使用它時，我可以幫你傳輸訊息
11:33
and when you're not using, you'll help me transfer yours.
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而當你的電腦閒置時，你幫我傳輸我的訊息
11:36
And this is not an idealized version. These are working models that at least in some
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當然，這不是一個完美的協議方案，但它的運作模式
11:41
places in the United States are being implemented, at least for public security.
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至少已經在美國的某些地方開始執行了，為了公共安全的因素
11:48
If in 1999 I told you, let's build a data storage and retrieval system.
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如果我在 1999 年告訴你，我們要建立一個數據庫來儲存讀取系統
11:54
It's got to store terabytes. It's got to be available 24 hours a day,
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這個系統將有 TB 級容量，24 小時不間斷運作，全年無休
11:57
seven days a week. It's got to be available from anywhere in the world.
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能從全球任何地方暢通連接
12:00
It has to support over 100 million users at any given moment. It's got to
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它必須能在任何時刻同時支援一億個用戶
12:04
be robust to attack, including closing the main index, injecting malicious files,
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它必須能夠抵禦攻擊，包括關閉主要網頁目錄，惡意文件入侵
12:09
armed seizure of some major nodes. You'd say that would take years.
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主要網絡結點被駭。你也許會說要達到這些要求，必須要花上好幾年
12:14
It would take millions. But of course, what I'm describing is P2P file sharing.
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還要花上百萬美金。但是，我剛才說的只不是過是 P2P 文件共享的一些特性
12:21
Right? We always think of it as stealing music, but fundamentally,
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不是嗎？一談到 P2P，大家想到的只有非法音樂，但從更根本地來看
12:24
it's a distributed data storage and retrieval system, where people,
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它是一個分散的資訊儲存和讀取系統
12:28
for very obvious reasons, are willing to share their bandwidth and their
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讓人們為了一些再明顯不過的理由，願意分享他們的頻寬
12:32
storage to create something.
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以及他們的儲存空間來創造些什麼
12:35
So, essentially what we're seeing is the emergence of a fourth transactional
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因此，從本質上來說，我們看到的是第四種傳遞框架 (圖中右上)
12:39
framework. It used to be that there were two primary dimensions along which
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過去我們只能把事物作二維的劃分
12:45
you could divide things. They could be market based, or non-market based;
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市場化或非市場化的
12:48
they could be decentralized, or centralized.
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分散的或集中的
12:50
The price system was a market-based and decentralized system.
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例如說，價格系統就是一個市場化的分散經濟體系
12:53
If things worked better because you actually had somebody organizing them,
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如果有些事物更適合有人進行組織監管
12:57
you had firms, if you wanted to be in the market -- or you had governments
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如果你想要在市場裡運作，你就會有公司。或是，如果是非市場化管理
13:00
or sometimes larger non-profits in the non-market.
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你就會有政府或大型的非市場管理
13:03
It was too expensive to have decentralized social production,
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分散的社會生產往往需要龐大的成本
13:08
to have decentralized action in society. That was not about society itself.
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問題不在於社會本身
13:15
That was, in fact, economic.
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而在於經濟模式
13:17
But what we're seeing now is the emergence of this fourth system
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而我們現在看到的是
13:21
of social sharing and exchange.
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第四種社會化的共享與交換模式的興起
13:22
Not that it's the first time that we do nice things to each other, or for each other,
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人類作為一種社會性的動物，這並非我們在人類力史上第一次相互幫忙
13:27
as social beings. We do it all the time.
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我們一直都在做這樣的事
13:31
It's that it's the first time that it's having major economic impact.
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而是說，我們的互助是第一次對經濟產生重大的影響
13:35
What characterizes them is decentralized authority.
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這種模式的特徵是權威的分化
13:40
You don't have to ask permission, as you do in a property-based system.
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你不再像以前以產權為基礎的體系那樣，需要事先徵得同意
13:43
May I do this? It's open for anyone to create and innovate and share,
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以前你必須先問：「我可以這樣做嗎？」。在新的體系中，每個人都有創造、創新和分享的權利
13:49
if they want to, by themselves or with others,
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只要你願意，就可以著手行動，或者和其他人合作
13:53
because property is one mechanism of coordination.
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因為所有權是合作機制的一種
13:55
But it's not the only one.
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但它不是唯一的機制
13:57
Instead, what we see are social frameworks for all of the critical things that we use
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今天，我們看到這種新的社會合作框架，已經出現在我們使用所有權和契約等最重要的經濟活動之中
14:02
property and contract in the market: information flows to decide what are
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資訊流動從而決定什麼是社會最關心的問題
14:05
interesting problems; who's available and good for something;
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決定誰才是做某一件事的最佳人選
14:09
motivation structures -- remember, money isn't always the best motivator.
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激勵模式。要知道，錢不一定永遠是最好的激勵動機
14:13
If you leave a $50 check after dinner with friends,
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如果朋友請你吃飯，你在桌上留下一張五十美金的支票
14:17
you don't increase the probability of being invited back.
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這並不會增加你下次被邀請的機會
14:21
And if dinner isn't entirely obvious, think of sex. (Laughter)
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如果這個例子不夠明顯的話，不妨想想性關係中的情況（笑）
14:27
It also requires certain new organizational approaches.
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這種新框架還需要一種新的組織管理架構
14:30
And in particular, what we've seen is task organization.
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尤其是我們今天看到的「任務組織」
14:34
You have to hire people who know what they're doing.
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在過去，你需要雇用很多專業人員
14:36
You have to hire them to spend a lot of time.
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讓他們投入很多時間
14:39
Now, take the same problem,
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如今，以相同的問題為例
14:41
chunk it into little modules, and motivations become trivial.
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同樣的工作，你可以把它切分為很多小部分，每個部分只需要一點點的激勵便可完成
14:45
Five minutes, instead of watching TV?
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只要五分鐘，少看五分鐘的電視如何？
14:47
Five minutes I'll spend just because it's interesting. Just because it's fun.
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五分鐘，那好吧，反正看起來很有趣。只因為它看起來很有趣
14:51
Just because it gives me a certain sense of meaning, or, in places that are more
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只是因為我覺得這件事有意義，或為了得到某種歸屬感
14:55
involved, like Wikipedia, gives me a certain set of social relations.
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就像維基百科，它給了我一些社會關係
15:01
So, a new social phenomenon is emerging.
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於是，隨著這種全新的社會經濟現象的成形
15:05
It's creating, and it's most visible when we see it as a new form of competition.
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它也創造出一種新的顯而易見的新式競爭
15:10
Peer-to-peer networks assaulting the recording industry;
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P2P 共享網絡對傳統唱片業造成衝擊
15:13
free and open source software taking market share from Microsoft;
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免費的開源軟體正從微軟的手中奪取市場佔有率
15:17
Skype potentially threatening traditional telecoms;
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Skype 正潛在地威脅傳統電信業
15:21
Wikipedia competing with online encyclopedias.
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維基百科挑戰著線上百科權書
15:24
But it's also a new source of opportunities for businesses.
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但是，這也創造出全新的商機
15:27
As you see a new set of social relations and behaviors emerging,
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一旦有新的社會關係和行為模式產生
15:33
you have new opportunities. Some of them are toolmakers.
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就會有新的機遇隨之產生，其中包括新模式所需要的工具
15:37
Instead of building well-behaved appliances
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與其打造那些常規的應用功能
15:40
-- things that you know what they'll do in advance --
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也就是那些你能預期到結果的傳統應用
15:42
you begin to build more open tools. There's a new set of values,
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不如開發一些開源工具。這裡會湧現出新的價值
15:45
a new set of things people value.
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一些新的人們重視的價值
15:48
You build platforms for self-expression and collaboration.
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你可以打造讓人們自我表達與合作的平台
15:52
Like Wikipedia, like the Open Directory Project,
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例如像維基百科，像開放索引工程
15:56
you're beginning to build platforms, and you see that as a model.
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你可以開始建立這樣的平台，形成新的模式
15:59
And you see surfers, people who see this happening, and in some sense
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然後你會有瀏覽人。他們的瀏覽，在某種意義上將你的平台
16:03
build it into a supply chain, which is a very curious one. Right?
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整合到巨大的網絡訊息供應鏈，這個供應鏈非常特殊，不是嗎？
16:08
You have a belief: stuff will flow out of connected human beings.
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於是你有一個信念：訊息會在相互關連的人群中傳播開來
16:11
That'll give me something I can use, and I'm going to contract with someone.
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從中將會產生可以為我所用的東西，然後我會找到最適合的人幫我做事
16:14
I will deliver something based on what happens. It's very scary
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最終成果完全取決於事情發展。這聽起來很可怕
16:18
-- that's what Google does, essentially.
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事實上，這就是 Google 在做的
16:20
That's what IBM does in software services, and they've done reasonably well.
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IBM 在軟體服務上也採用相同作法，效果也不錯
16:24
So, social production is a real fact, not a fad.
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所以，社會生產是一個實實在在的變革，它不是轉眼即逝的潮流
16:28
It is the critical long-term shift caused by the Internet.
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它是隨著網路的出現而誕生的根本性的長期變革
16:32
Social relations and exchange become significantly more important than they ever
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社會關係和社會交換作為一種經濟現象，變得比以往任何時候都更重要
16:39
were as an economic phenomenon. In some contexts, it's even more efficient
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從某個意義上來說，它比以往的任何模式都更有效率
16:43
because of the quality of the information, the ability to find the best person,
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因為它的訊息更有品質，更能夠找到最合適的人
16:48
the lower transaction costs. It's sustainable and growing fast.
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交易成本更為低廉。這個模式有可持續，並且正在快速成長
16:52
But -- and this is the dark lining -- it is threatened by
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但是，從負面來說，這個模式也正在遭受傳統工業模式的威脅
16:58
-- in the same way that it threatens -- the incumbent industrial systems.
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就像它威脅傳統模式一樣
17:02
So next time you open the paper, and you see an intellectual property decision,
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所以，以後大家翻開報紙看到某個之事產權的決定時
17:07
a telecoms decision, it's not about something small and technical.
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某個一個電信業的決定，那不再僅僅是一個枝微末節的技術問題
17:13
It is about the future of the freedom to be as social beings with each other,
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而是與我們作為社會成員與他人建立聯繫的自由的密切關係
17:19
and the way information, knowledge and culture will be produced.
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並且與之後的訊息、知識和文化的生產方式有著密切關係
17:24
Because it is in this context that we see a battle over how easy or hard it will be
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從這個意義上，我們看到的將是一場舊有工業模式與新開源經濟模式之間的拉鋸戰
17:31
for the industrial information economy to simply go on as it goes,
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或者讓工業經濟模式繼續發展下去
17:35
or for the new model of production to begin to develop alongside that industrial model,
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或者讓新開源模式與舊有模式同步發展
17:41
and change the way we begin to see the world and report what it is that we see.
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進而改變我們認識世界、描述世界的方式
17:46
Thank you.
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謝謝
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Yochai Benkler - Legal expertYochai Benkler has been called "the leading intellectual of the information age." He proposes that volunteer-based projects such as Wikipedia and Linux are the next stage of human organization and economic production.
Why you should listen
Larry Lessig calls law professor Yochai Benkler "the leading intellectual of the information age." He studies the commons -- including such shareable spaces as the radio spectrum, as well as our shared bodies of knowledge and how we access and change them.
His most recent writings (such as his 2006 book The Wealth of Networks) discuss the effects of net-based information production on our lives and minds and laws. He has gained admirers far beyond the academy, so much so that when he released his book online with a Creative Commons license, it was mixed and remixed online by fans. (Texts can be found at benkler.org; and check out this web-based seminar on The Wealth of Networks.) He was awarded EFF's Pioneer Award in 2007.
He's the Berkman Professor of Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at Harvard, and faculty co-director of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society (home to many of TED's favorite people).
Yochai Benkler | Speaker | TED.com