ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elizabeth Wayne - Biomedical engineer
TED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education.

Why you should listen
Dr. Elizabeth Wayne received her Bachelor's degree in Physics from the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a Ronald E. McNair Scholar and Moelis Access Science Scholar. She continued her education at Cornell University, where her research on the role of immune cells in cancer progression and their potential as drug delivery carriers was supported by funding from the National Cancer Institute Physical Sciences in Oncology Network and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 2016, Wayne earned her PhD in biomedical engineering, where her work in immune cell-mediated drug delivery resulted in several publications and a technology patent. Her current research uses macrophages to delivery therapeutic genes to solid tumors.

Wayne is a strong advocate for women in science. She has been a chief organizer for the Conference for Undergraduate Women in Physics (CUWIP) at Cornell as well as a panelist and workshop leader at CUWiPs held at Yale and Harvard. She has received awards for her advocacy including the Constance and Alice Cook Award.

Wayne is currently a National Cancer Institute Cancer Nanotechnology Training Program Postdoctoral Fellow in the Eshelman School of Pharmacy at UNC-Chapel Hill. She was recognized as a 2017 TED Fellow for her cancer nanotechnology research and efforts to amplify voices of women in leadership and higher education through her podcast PhDivas. Wayne has been featured in various publications including Bust Magazine, Cornell Chronicle and the Los Angeles Times.

As a speaker, Wayne works with high schools, colleges and nonprofit organizations across the country to encourage the inclusion of women in science.
More profile about the speaker
Elizabeth Wayne | Speaker | TED.com
TED2017

Elizabeth Wayne: We can hack our immune cells to fight cancer

伊莉莎白韋恩: 我們能用免疫細胞來對抗癌症

Filmed:
1,452,700 views

生物醫學工程師伊莉莎白韋恩說,經過數十年的研究,花了數十億美元在臨床實驗上,我們仍然無法解決癌症藥物遞輸的問題。化療雖能殺死癌症細胞,但也會殺死身體的其他細胞。與其使用完全人為設計的系統,何不師法自然界的系統?在這場簡短的演說中,韋恩解釋了她的實驗室如何創造出奈米粒子治療法,將粒子黏合身體的免疫細胞,精確對準癌症細胞,不要傷害到健康細胞。
- Biomedical engineer
TED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
After decades幾十年 of research研究
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經過數十年的研究,
00:14
and billions數十億 of dollars美元
spent花費 in clinical臨床 trials試驗,
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花了數十億美元在臨床實驗上,
00:18
we still have a problem問題
with cancer癌症 drug藥物 delivery交貨.
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我們仍然無法解決
癌症藥物遞輸的問題。
00:22
We still give patients耐心 chemotherapy化療,
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我們仍然讓病人接受化療,
00:24
which哪一個 is so non-specific非特異性
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但化療藥物完全沒有特異性,
00:26
that even though雖然
it kills殺死 the cancer癌症 cells細胞,
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雖然能殺死癌症細胞,
00:29
it kind of kills殺死
the rest休息 of your body身體, too.
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它幾乎會把身體其他部份也殺死了。
00:32
And yes, we have developed發達
more selective可選擇的 drugs毒品,
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是的,我們已經發展出
選擇性高的藥物,
00:35
but it's still a challenge挑戰
to get them into the tumor,
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但要把它們送到
腫瘤所在仍是個挑戰,
00:38
and they end結束 up accumulating積累
in the other organs器官 as well
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結果它們也會累積在其他器官中,
00:41
or passing通過 through通過 your urine尿,
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或是通過你的尿液,
00:43
which哪一個 is a total waste浪費.
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就完全浪費掉了。
00:46
And fields領域 like mine have emerged出現
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於是就有我這種領域出現,
00:48
where we try to encapsulate封裝 these drugs毒品
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我們嘗試將這些藥物包裹起來,
00:50
to protect保護 them as they
travel旅行 through通過 the body身體.
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讓它們在通過身體時能受到保護。
00:52
But these modifications修改 cause原因 problems問題
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但這些改變會造成問題,
00:55
that we make more modifications修改 to fix固定.
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我們還得再做更多的改變來解決。
00:58
So what I'm really trying to say
is we need a better drug藥物 delivery交貨 system系統.
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所以,我想說的是,我們
需要更好的藥物遞輸系統。
01:03
And I propose提出,
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我提議,
01:04
rather than using運用 solely獨自 human人的 design設計,
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與其使用完全人為設計的系統,
01:07
why not use nature's大自然?
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為何不用自然界的系統?
01:10
Immune免疫的 cells細胞 are these versatile多才多藝 vehicles汽車
that travel旅行 throughout始終 our body身體,
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免疫細胞就是在我們體內
移動的多功能運載工具,
01:14
patrolling巡邏 for signs跡象 of disease疾病
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它們四處巡邏尋找疾病徵兆,
01:16
and arriving到達 at a wound傷口
mere minutes分鐘 after injury.
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也會在受傷後幾分鐘內
就抵達傷口所在。
01:20
So I ask you guys:
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所以,我想請問各位:
01:22
If immune免疫的 cells細胞 are already已經 traveling旅行
to places地方 of injury or disease疾病
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如果免疫細胞本來就會移動到
我們體內的傷處或疾病所在處,
01:25
in our bodies身體,
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為何不多載個乘客呢?
01:26
why not add an extra額外 passenger乘客?
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01:28
Why not use immune免疫的 cells細胞 to deliver交付 drugs毒品
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為什麼不用免疫細胞來遞輸藥物,
01:31
to cure治愈 some of our biggest最大 problems問題
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來解決我們在疾病上的
01:33
in disease疾病?
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一些大問題?
01:36
I am a biomedical生物醫藥 engineer工程師,
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我是生物醫學工程師,
01:38
and I want to tell you guys a story故事
about how I use immune免疫的 cells細胞
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我想告訴各位一個故事,
說明我如何用免疫細胞
來解決癌症中最重大的問題。
01:41
to target目標 one of the largest最大
problems問題 in cancer癌症.
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01:44
Did you know that over 90 percent百分
of cancer癌症 deaths死亡
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你們知道嗎,90% 癌症造成的死亡
01:47
can be attributed由於 to its spread傳播?
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都是因為癌症轉移所致?
01:48
So if we can stop these cancer癌症 cells細胞
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如果我們能阻止癌症細胞
01:51
from going from the primary tumor
to a distant遙遠 site現場,
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從主要腫瘤轉移到較遠的地方,
01:54
we can stop cancer癌症 right in its tracks軌道
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我們就能直接在路上阻止癌症移轉,
01:56
and give people more of their lives生活 back.
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提高人們復原的機會。
02:00
To do this special特別 mission任務,
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為了進行這項特殊任務,
02:01
we decided決定 to deliver交付
a nanoparticle納米粒子 made製作 of lipids血脂,
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我們決定要遞輸一個由
脂質組成的奈米粒子,
02:04
which哪一個 are the same相同 materials物料
that compose撰寫 your cell細胞 membrane.
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而脂質正是構成細胞膜的原料。
02:08
And we've我們已經 added添加 two special特別 molecules分子.
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我們又再加上了兩個特殊的分子,
02:11
One is called e-selectinE-選擇,
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第一種是「e 型選擇素」,
02:14
which哪一個 acts行為 as a glue
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用來當作黏著劑,
02:15
that binds結合 the nanoparticle納米粒子
to the immune免疫的 cell細胞.
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將奈米粒子和免疫細胞黏結在一起。
02:19
And the second第二 one is called trail落後.
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第二種是 TRAIL。
02:21
Trail落後 is a therapeutic治療 drug藥物
that kills殺死 cancer癌症 cells細胞
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TRAIL 是一種治療藥物,
只會殺死癌症細胞,
02:24
but not normal正常 cells細胞.
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不會殺死正常細胞。
02:26
Now, when you put both of these together一起,
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把這兩者結合起來,
02:29
you have a mean killing謀殺 machine on wheels車輪.
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就有厲害可用的行動殺戮機器了。
02:35
To test測試 this, we ran
an experiment實驗 in a mouse老鼠.
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為了測試它,我們在老鼠身上實驗,
02:39
So what we did was we injected注射
the nanoparticles納米粒子,
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我們的做法是將奈米粒子注射進去,
02:42
and they bound almost幾乎 immediately立即
to the immune免疫的 cells細胞 in the bloodstream血液.
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它們馬上就和血液中的
免疫細胞黏結在一起。
02:46
And then we injected注射 the cancer癌症 cells細胞
to mimic模仿者 a process處理
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接著,我們注入癌症細胞
來模仿癌症細胞
在整個體內轉移的過程。
02:49
through通過 which哪一個 cancer癌症 cells細胞
spread傳播 throughout始終 our bodies身體.
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02:52
And we found發現 something very exciting扣人心弦.
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我們的發現很讓人興奮。
02:55
We found發現 that in our treated治療 group,
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我們發現,在實驗組中
02:58
over 75 percent百分 of the cancer癌症 cells細胞
we initially原來 injected注射 were dead or dying垂死,
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超過 75% 被注入的癌症細胞
已經死亡或即將死亡,
03:03
in comparison對照 to only around 25 percent百分.
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相較之下對照組只死了 25%。
03:05
So just imagine想像: these fewer
amount of cells細胞 were available可得到
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想像一下:只剩下少數的癌症細胞
03:09
to actually其實 be able能夠 to spread傳播
to a different不同 part部分 of the body身體.
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還能夠轉移到身體的其他地方。
且這還只是治療後兩小時的成果。
03:12
And this is only after
two hours小時 of treatment治療.
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03:14
Our results結果 were amazing驚人,
and we had some pretty漂亮 interesting有趣 press.
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我們的結果很驚人,
也得到一些有趣的媒體報導。
03:19
My favorite喜愛 title標題 was actually其實,
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我最愛的標題是:
03:22
"Sticky balls may可能 stop
the spread傳播 of cancer癌症."
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「黏黏球有可能阻止癌症轉移。」
03:24
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
(註:球和睪丸的英文都是 balls)
03:26
I can't tell you just how smug躊躇滿志
my male colleagues同事 were,
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我無法告訴各位,當我的男同事們
知道有一天他們的黏黏球
03:30
knowing會心 that their sticky balls
might威力 one day cure治愈 cancer癌症.
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可能會治癒癌症時,
他們有多麼沾沾自喜。
03:33
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:35
But I can tell you they made製作
some pretty漂亮, pretty漂亮, exciting扣人心弦,
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但我可以告訴各位,
他們做了一些非常非常
03:38
pretty漂亮 ballsy膽量 t-shirtsT卹.
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「有種」的 T 恤。
03:40
This was also my first experience經驗
talking to patients耐心
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這也是我初次和病人談話的經驗,
03:44
where they asked how soon不久
our therapy治療 would be available可得到.
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談話中,他們問我
這種療法何時可以使用。
03:48
And I keep these stories故事 with me
to remind提醒 me of the importance重要性
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我一直記著這些故事,來提醒我自己
03:51
of the science科學,
the scientists科學家們 and the patients耐心.
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科學、科學家、以及病人有多重要。
03:55
Now, our fast-acting快速行動 results結果
were pretty漂亮 interesting有趣,
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我們的快速見效結果十分有趣,
03:58
but we still had one lingering纏綿 question:
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但我們還有一個未解的問題:
04:00
Can our sticky balls,
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我們的黏黏球,或粒子,
04:02
our particles粒子 actually其實 attached
to the immune免疫的 cells細胞,
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能不能真的附著在免疫細胞上,
04:04
actually其實 stop the spread傳播 of cancer癌症?
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真正阻止癌症轉移?
04:07
So we went to our animal動物 model模型,
and we found發現 three important重要 parts部分.
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所以,我們開始用動物模式,
且有三項重要發現點。
04:12
Our primary tumors腫瘤 were smaller
in our treated治療 animals動物,
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在接受治療的動物體內,
主要腫瘤變得比較小;
04:15
there were fewer cells細胞 in circulation循環,
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循環中的癌症細胞數量也比較少;
04:18
and there was little to no
tumor burden負擔 in the distant遙遠 organs器官.
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在遠處器官上的腫瘤負荷
比較低,甚至沒有。
04:22
Now, this wasn't just a victory勝利
for us and our sticky balls.
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這不只是對我們以及我們的
黏黏球而言的一場勝仗,
04:26
This was also a victory勝利 to me
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也是對我而言的一場勝仗,
04:28
in drug藥物 delivery交貨,
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藥物遞輸的勝仗,
04:30
and it represents代表 a paradigm範例 shift轉移,
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它代表的是典範轉移,
04:32
a revolution革命 --
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是革命──
04:34
to go from just using運用 drugs毒品,
just injecting注射 them
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從只是使用藥物、只是注射藥物,
04:37
and hoping希望 they go to the right
places地方 in the body身體,
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並希望它們能在體內到達對的地方,
04:40
to using運用 immune免疫的 cells細胞
as special特別 delivery交貨 drivers司機 in your body身體.
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變成使用免疫細胞
來扮演體內的快遞司機。
04:45
For this example, we used two molecules分子,
e-selectinE-選擇 and trail落後,
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在這個例子,我們用了兩個分子:
e 型選擇素與 TRAIL,
04:49
but really, the possibility可能性
of drugs毒品 you can use are endless無窮.
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但其實,你能使用的藥物
有著無盡的可能性。
04:53
And I talked about cancer癌症,
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我剛談的是癌症,
04:55
but where disease疾病 goes,
so do immune免疫的 cells細胞.
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但只要有疾病的地方,
免疫細胞就會過去。
04:59
So this could be used for any disease疾病.
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所以這方法可以用在任何疾病上。
05:02
Imagine想像 using運用 immune免疫的 cells細胞
to deliver交付 crucial關鍵 wound-healing傷口癒合 agents代理
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想像一下,在發生脊髓損傷之後,
用免疫細胞來傳遞
05:06
after a spinal cord injury,
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重要的傷口癒合藥,
05:09
or using運用 immune免疫的 cells細胞 to deliver交付 drugs毒品
past過去 the blood-brain血腦屏障 barrier屏障
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或是用免疫細胞來通過
腦血管障壁以遞輸藥物,
05:13
to treat對待 Parkinson's帕金森氏
or Alzheimer's老年癡呆症 disease疾病.
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來治療帕金森氏症或阿茲海默症。
05:17
These are the ideas思路 that excite激發 me
about science科學 the most.
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這些點子真的讓我對科學感到興奮。
05:20
And from where I stand,
I see so much promise諾言 and opportunity機會.
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從我的角度來看,
我看見好多的希望與機會。
05:24
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:25
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Lilian Chiu
Reviewed by Helen Chang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elizabeth Wayne - Biomedical engineer
TED Fellow Dr. Elizabeth Wayne is a biomedical engineer and advocate for women in higher education.

Why you should listen
Dr. Elizabeth Wayne received her Bachelor's degree in Physics from the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a Ronald E. McNair Scholar and Moelis Access Science Scholar. She continued her education at Cornell University, where her research on the role of immune cells in cancer progression and their potential as drug delivery carriers was supported by funding from the National Cancer Institute Physical Sciences in Oncology Network and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In 2016, Wayne earned her PhD in biomedical engineering, where her work in immune cell-mediated drug delivery resulted in several publications and a technology patent. Her current research uses macrophages to delivery therapeutic genes to solid tumors.

Wayne is a strong advocate for women in science. She has been a chief organizer for the Conference for Undergraduate Women in Physics (CUWIP) at Cornell as well as a panelist and workshop leader at CUWiPs held at Yale and Harvard. She has received awards for her advocacy including the Constance and Alice Cook Award.

Wayne is currently a National Cancer Institute Cancer Nanotechnology Training Program Postdoctoral Fellow in the Eshelman School of Pharmacy at UNC-Chapel Hill. She was recognized as a 2017 TED Fellow for her cancer nanotechnology research and efforts to amplify voices of women in leadership and higher education through her podcast PhDivas. Wayne has been featured in various publications including Bust Magazine, Cornell Chronicle and the Los Angeles Times.

As a speaker, Wayne works with high schools, colleges and nonprofit organizations across the country to encourage the inclusion of women in science.
More profile about the speaker
Elizabeth Wayne | Speaker | TED.com

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