TED2008
Garrett Lisi: An 8-dimensional model of the universe
蓋瑞特‧李斯的大統一理論
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身為物裡學家和衝浪手的蓋瑞特‧李斯發表了一個具有爭議性的宇宙模型。這模型解釋了所有的終極問題。這可能是目前你所見過最美的關於基本粒子、力學的八度模型了。
Garrett Lisi - Physicist
Physicist Garrett Lisi has proposed a new "theory of everything" -- a grand unified theory that explains all the elementary particles, as well as gravity. Full bio
Physicist Garrett Lisi has proposed a new "theory of everything" -- a grand unified theory that explains all the elementary particles, as well as gravity. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:21
Whoa, dude. Check out those killer equations. Sweet. (Laughter)
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看看這個嚇人的方程式 酷
00:30
Actually, for the next 18 minutes I'm going to do the best I can
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在接下來的18分鐘裡 我會盡自己所能
00:34
to describe the beauty of particle physics without equations.
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在不用方程式的前提之下 讓大家了解粒子學的美妙
00:38
It turns out there's a lot we can learn from coral.
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我們發現到 我們能從珊瑚身上學到很多東西
00:41
Coral is a very beautiful and unusual animal.
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珊瑚是種奇特及美妙的動物
00:44
Each coral head consists of thousand of individual polyps.
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每一個珊瑚群都由成千上萬的珊瑚組成
00:48
These polyps are continually budding and branching
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這些珊瑚會不停的生長及分裂
00:50
into genetically identical neighbors.
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變成基因相同的群體
00:53
If we imagine this to be a hyper-intelligent coral,
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想像如果這些珊瑚擁有很高的智商
00:55
we can single out an individual and ask him a reasonable question.
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我們就能抓出其中的一個珊瑚 並且問他一個簡單的問題
00:59
We can ask how exactly he got to be in this particular location
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你為什麼會剛好出現在這
01:02
compared to his neighbors --
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而不是其他的地方
01:04
if it was just chance, or destiny, or what?
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是剛好 命運 還是其他的原因
01:08
Now, after admonishing us for turning the temperature up too high,
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在我們收到全球暖化的警告之後
01:11
he would tell us that our question was completely stupid.
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他回答我們 這問題真是愚蠢極了
01:15
These corals can be quite kind of mean, you see,
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這珊瑚有時候還真不客氣
01:17
and I have surfing scars to prove that.
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我衝浪時所受的傷就是證明
01:20
But this polyp would continue and tell us
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這珊瑚繼續回答我們
01:21
that his neighbors were quite clearly identical copies of him.
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他旁邊的這些珊瑚都是跟他一模一樣的複製品
01:25
That he was in all these other locations as well,
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他跟其他珊瑚聚在一起成為一個整體
01:27
but experiencing them as separate individuals.
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只是表現為不同的個體而已
01:30
For a coral, branching into different copies
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對於珊瑚來說 分裂出不同個體
01:33
is the most natural thing in the world.
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是再自然不過的事情了
01:35
Unlike us, a hyper-intelligent coral would be uniquely prepared
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和我們不同的是 高智商的珊瑚已具備了
01:39
to understand quantum mechanics.
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理解量子力學的能力
01:42
The mathematics of quantum mechanics very accurately
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量子力學透過數學方法準確的描述
01:44
describes how our universe works.
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宇宙的運行模式
01:46
And it tells us our reality is continually branching
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它告訴我們 現實世界和珊瑚一樣
01:49
into different possibilities, just like a coral.
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也具有不同可能性的發展
01:53
It's a weird thing for us humans to wrap our minds around,
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我們人類很難理解這個問題
01:55
since we only ever get to experience one possibility.
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因為每個人只能經歷一種人生
01:58
This quantum weirdness was first described
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這種量子力學的奇特現象
02:00
by Erwin Schrödinger and his cat.
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最早是由薛丁格和他的貓提出來的
02:02
The cat likes this version better.
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貓更喜歡這版本
02:04
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:08
In this setup, Schrödinger is in a box with a radioactive sample
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在他的實驗裡 薛丁格待在一個具有放射物質的空間中
02:11
that, by the laws of quantum mechanics, branches into a state
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根據量子力學原理 放射物質有兩種可能情況
02:14
in which it is radiated and a state in which it is not.
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可能衰變或者不衰變
02:18
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:22
In the branch in which the sample radiates,
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如果粒子發生衰變的話
02:23
it sets off a trigger that releases poison and Schrödinger is dead.
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會激發連鎖反應 釋放毒氣 薛丁格必死無疑
02:27
But in the other branch of reality, he remains alive.
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但如果薛丁格遇到另一種情況 他就能活下來
02:30
These realities are experienced separately by each individual.
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每個個體都只能經歷其中的一種情形
02:33
As far as either can tell, the other one doesn't exist.
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而另一種可能對他來說並不存在
02:36
This seems weird to us, because each of us
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這對我們來說很難理解 因為我們每一個人
02:38
only experiences an individual existence,
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都只能了解自己所處的狀態
02:40
and we don't get to see other branches.
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而感覺不到其他狀態
02:42
It's as if each of us, like Schrödinger here, are a kind of coral
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我們和薛丁格一樣，如同那些
02:45
branching into different possibilities.
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被分化成不同的狀態的珊瑚
02:49
The mathematics of quantum mechanics tells us
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量子力學用數學的方法告訴我們
02:51
this is how the world works at tiny scales.
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這就是微小世界的法則
02:53
It can be summed up in a single sentence:
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用一句話來下結論
02:56
Everything that can happen, does.
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所有一切可能發生的事情 都在發生
02:58
That's quantum mechanics.
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這就是量子力學
03:00
But this does not mean everything happens.
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但是這並不代表任何事情都會發生
03:02
The rest of physics is about describing what can happen
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物理學的其他方向則能夠描述哪些可以發生
03:05
and what can't.
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哪些不可以
03:07
What physics tells us is that everything comes down to geometry
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物理學告訴我們 一切都可用幾何學解釋
03:10
and the interactions of elementary particles.
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只有在這些相互作用
03:12
And things can happen only if these interactions
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都剛剛好平衡的時候
03:15
are perfectly balanced.
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事情才有可能發生
03:19
Now I'll go ahead and describe how we know about these particles,
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現在我將講說明我們對這些粒子的認識
03:21
what they are and how this balance works.
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它們是什麼 而它們的平衡機制如何運作
03:25
In this machine, a beam of protons and anti-protons
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在此裝置中 質子和反質子
03:28
are accelerated to near the speed of light
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都被加速到接近光速的速度
03:30
and brought together in a collision, producing a burst of pure energy.
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然後相撞 產生出一股巨大的純能量
03:34
This energy is immediately converted into a spray
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這些能量迅速轉化
03:36
of subatomic particles,
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以亞原子形式噴射出來
03:38
with detectors and computers used to figure out their properties.
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檢測儀和電腦將對他們的性質加以分析
03:41
This enormous machine -- the large Hadron Collider
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這個位於日內瓦歐核中心的巨型機器名叫
03:43
at CERN in Geneva --
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大型強子對撞機
03:45
has a circumference of 17 miles
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周長有17英里
03:46
and, when it's operating, draws five times as much power
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運轉時 對撞機消耗的能量相當於
03:48
as the city of Monterey.
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蒙特雷全市用電量的5倍
03:51
We can't predict specifically what particles will be produced
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我們無法精確的猜測
03:54
in any individual collision.
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哪些粒子會在每次對撞後產生
03:56
Quantum mechanics tells us all possibilities are realized.
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量子力學告訴我們一切皆有可能
03:59
But physics does tell us what particles can be produced.
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但物理學告訴我們哪些粒子有可能產生
04:03
These particles must have just as much mass and energy
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這些產生的粒子的數量和能量
04:05
as is carried in by the proton and anti-proton.
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都必須擁有質子和反質子的相互平衡
04:09
Any particles more massive than this energy limit
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任何數量超過了這限制的粒子
04:11
aren't produced, and remain invisible to us.
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都不會出現，因此我們不會看到
04:15
This is why this new particle accelerator is so exciting.
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這個新型粒子加速器令人無比興奮的原因
04:18
It's going to push this energy limit seven times
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就在於它達到的能量極限
04:20
beyond what's ever been done before,
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是以前的7倍多
04:22
so we're going to get to see some new particles very soon.
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所以我們很快會看到新的粒子
04:26
But before talking about what we might see,
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在討論未知粒子之前
04:27
let me describe the particles we already know of.
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讓我先介紹下那些已知的粒子
04:31
There's a whole zoo of subatomic particles.
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亞原子多得都可以組成一間動物園了
04:33
Most of us are familiar with electrons.
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大部分人都知道電子
04:35
A lot of people in this room make a good living
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在場的各位的工作
04:36
pushing them around.
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有不少都和它密切相關
04:37
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:40
But the electron also has a neutral partner called the neutrino,
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電子有個不帶電的夥伴叫做中子
04:42
with no electric charge and a very tiny mass.
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不帶電 且有著極小的質量
04:46
In contrast, the up-and-down quarks have very large masses,
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相反 上夸克和下夸克有較大的質量
04:49
and combine in threes to make the protons and neutrons
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把三個夸克合在一起就得到
04:51
inside atoms.
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原子裏的質子和中子
04:53
All of these matter particles come in left- and right-handed varieties,
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這些粒子分為兩類 左旋和右旋
04:55
and have anti-particle partners that carry opposite charges.
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它們都有攜帶相反電荷的反粒子
05:01
These familiar particles also have less familiar
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這些熟悉的粒子還有我們不太熟悉的
05:02
second and third generations, which have the same charges as the first
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第二代和第三代 電量和第一代相同
05:06
but have much higher masses.
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但質量更高
05:10
These matter particles all interact with the various force particles.
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粒子通過基本力相互作用
05:13
The electromagnetic force interacts with electrically charged matter
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帶電粒子通過光子傳遞電磁力
05:16
via particles called photons.
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相互作用
05:18
There is also a very weak force called, rather unimaginatively,
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還有一種十分微弱的力很直接的叫做弱力
05:21
the weak force, that interacts
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這個力只和
05:24
only with left-handed matter.
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左旋的物質相作用
05:27
The strong force acts between quarks which carry
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夸克以色荷為載體
05:29
a different kind of charge, called color charge,
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通過強力相互作用
05:31
and come in three different varieties: red, green and blue.
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色荷分三種 紅 綠 藍
05:34
You can blame Murray Gell-Mann for these names --
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這都是默里‧蓋爾曼的錯
05:36
they're his fault.
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名字是他是取的
05:38
Finally, there's the force of gravity, which interacts with matter
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最後 就是重力 是有質量的物體
05:41
via its mass and spin.
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作用於物體 的傳遞
05:44
The most important thing to understand here
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最重要的是
05:46
is that there's a different kind of charge associated
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每一種力都對應有
05:48
with each of these forces.
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不同的載荷
05:50
These four different forces interact with matter
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四種力通過各自粒子所攜帶的載荷
05:52
according to the corresponding charges that each particle has.
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和物質發生作用
05:57
A particle that hasn't been seen yet, but we're pretty sure exists,
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有一種我們沒見過但確信存在的粒子
05:59
is the Higgs particle, which gives masses to all these other particles.
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稱為希格斯粒子 它使所有粒子有了質量
06:04
The main purpose of the Large Hadron Collider
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大型強子對撞機的主要目的
06:05
is to see this Higgs particle, and we're almost certain it will.
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是發現希格斯粒子 我們確信可以做到
06:09
But the greatest mystery is what else we might see.
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但最大的奧秘在於我們還能看到什麼
06:13
And I'm going to show you one beautiful possibility
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我會在演講最後向你們展示
06:15
towards the end of this talk.
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這美好的可能性
06:19
Now, if we count up all these different particles
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現在 如果我們用不同的自旋和載荷
06:20
using their various spins and charges, there are 226.
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計算所有可能的粒子 共有226種
06:25
That's a lot of particles to keep track of.
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數目大得驚人
06:27
And it seems strange that nature would have
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大自然擁有這麼多的基本粒子
06:29
so many elementary particles.
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是多奇妙的一件事阿
06:32
But if we plot them out according to their charges,
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但如果我們按他們各自的載荷把他們畫出來
06:34
some beautiful patterns emerge.
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會出現一些美麗的圖案
06:38
The most familiar charge is electric charge.
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我們最熟悉的載荷是電荷
06:41
Electrons have an electric charge, a negative one,
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電子擁有一個負電荷
06:43
and quarks have electric charges in thirds.
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而夸克擁有1/3的電荷
06:45
So when two up quarks and a down quark are combined
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由2個上夸克和1個下夸克
06:47
to make a proton, it has a total electric charge of plus one.
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生成的質子有一個正電荷
06:51
These particles also have anti-particles, which have opposite charges.
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粒子還有極性相反的反粒子
06:55
Now, it turns out the electric charge is actually
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我們發現電荷實際上
06:56
a combination of two other charges:
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是另兩種載荷的結合
06:59
hypercharge and weak charge.
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超荷和弱荷
07:02
If we spread out the hypercharge and weak charge
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如果我們把超荷和弱荷分開
07:03
and plot the charges of particles in this two-dimensional charge space,
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在這個二度載荷空間上畫出粒子的載荷
07:08
the electric charge is where these particles sit
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電荷就在這些粒子的
07:10
along the vertical direction.
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垂直方向上
07:13
The electromagnetic and weak forces interact with matter
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電磁力和弱力通過超荷和弱荷
07:15
according to their hypercharge and weak charge,
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與物質相互作用
07:17
which make this pattern.
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而形成這一型式
07:19
This is called the Unified Electroweak Model,
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我們稱之為電弱統一模型
07:20
and it was put together back in 1967.
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於1967年提出
07:24
The reason most of us are only familiar with electric charge
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因為希格斯粒子的緣故 我們只對電荷有瞭解
07:26
and not both of these is because of the Higgs particle.
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卻不知道超荷和弱荷
07:30
The Higgs, over here on the left, has a large mass
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左邊的希格斯粒子質量很大
07:33
and breaks the symmetry of this electroweak pattern.
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破壞了電弱型式的對稱性
07:36
It makes the weak force very weak
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通過給弱子較大的質量
07:37
by giving the weak particles a large mass.
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使弱力更加弱
07:39
Since this massive Higgs sits along the horizontal direction
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由於大量的希格斯粒子在水準方向分佈
07:42
in this diagram, the photons of electromagnetism remain massless
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產生電磁力的光子仍然沒有質量
07:46
and interact with electric charge along the vertical direction
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而且在載荷空間中和電荷
07:48
in this charge space.
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相互作用
07:52
So the electromagnetic and weak forces are described
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所以電磁力和弱力在這個二度空間中
07:54
by this pattern of particle charges in two-dimensional space.
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通過粒子載荷的型式表示出來
07:58
We can include the strong force by spreading out
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我們可以把強力沿兩個載荷的方向表示出來
08:00
its two charge directions and plotting the charges
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然後將載荷用夸克形式
08:03
of the force particles in quarks along these directions.
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沿這兩個方向畫出來
08:07
The charges of all known particles can be plotted
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所有已知粒子的載荷可以
08:09
in a four-dimensional charge space, and projected down
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在四度空間中畫出來 然後投影到
08:12
to two dimensions like this so we can see them.
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二度空間 以便我們能觀察到
08:15
Whenever particles interact, nature keeps things in a perfect balance
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無論粒子如何作用 自然會在這四個載荷方向上
08:18
along all four of these charge directions.
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保持完美的平衡
08:21
If a particle and an anti-particle collide, it creates a burst of energy
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一個粒子如果和它的反粒子相撞 會產生能量
08:24
and a total charge of zero in all four charge directions.
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四個電荷方向的載荷疊加變為零
08:28
At this point, anything can be created as long as it has
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這樣 只要保持能量相同和載荷總量為零
08:31
the same energy and maintains a total charge of zero.
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可以產生任何物質
08:34
For example, this weak force particle and its anti-particle
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比如說 這個弱子和它的反粒子
08:37
can be created in a collision.
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可以在碰撞中產生
08:39
In further interactions, the charges must always balance.
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在之後的相互作用中 載荷必須保持平衡
08:42
One of the weak particles could decay into an electron
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一個弱子可以衰退成一個電子
08:45
and an anti-neutrino,
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和一個反中微子
08:47
and these three still add to zero total charge.
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而這三個的總載荷仍然是零
08:50
Nature always keeps a perfect balance.
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大自然總是會保持完美的平衡
08:53
So these patterns of charges are not just pretty.
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所以這些電荷的型式不僅漂亮
08:55
They tell us what interactions are allowed to happen.
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還告訴我們 什麼樣的相互作用是符合規則的
08:58
And we can rotate this charge space in four dimensions
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如果在四度空間中旋轉載荷空間
09:01
to get a better look at the strong interaction,
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可以從更好的角度觀察強相互作用
09:03
which has this nice hexagonal symmetry.
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也就是這個美麗的對稱六角形結構
09:06
In a strong interaction, a strong force particle, such as this one,
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在強相互作用中 強子 比如說這個
09:10
interacts with a colored quark, such as this green one,
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會和有色夸克相互作用 比如這個綠夸克
09:13
to give a quark with a different color charge -- this red one.
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這樣的作用會讓夸克帶上不同的色荷 比如這個紅夸克
09:18
And strong interactions are happening millions of times
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強相互作用每秒鐘會在我們身體的
09:20
each second in every atom of our bodies,
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每個原子裏發生上百萬次
09:23
holding the atomic nuclei together.
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使原子核保持一體
09:27
But these four charges corresponding to three forces
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但是和三種力相對應的這四種載荷
09:30
are not the end of the story.
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還不是終點
09:32
We can also include two more charges
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我們還可以根據重力
09:33
corresponding to the gravitational force.
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導入兩個載荷
09:35
When we include these, each matter particle
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導入後 每個粒子會有
09:38
has two different spin charges, spin-up and spin-down.
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自旋向上和自旋向下兩種自旋載荷
09:42
So they all split, and give a nice pattern
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若把它們全部分開 會在六度載荷空間中
09:44
in six-dimensional charge space.
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形成漂亮的圖案
09:46
We can rotate this pattern in six dimensions,
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在六度空間中將這個圖案進行旋轉
09:48
and see that it's quite pretty.
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我們會發現它十分漂亮
09:53
Right now, this pattern matches our best current knowledge
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這個圖案把我們已知的
09:57
of how nature is built at the tiny scales
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自然界在微觀小世界中的粒子組成
09:59
of these elementary particles.
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完全呈現出來了
10:01
This is what we know for certain.
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這是我們能確定的
10:03
Some of these particles are at the very limit
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其中的一些粒子
10:04
of what we've been able to reach with experiments.
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在實驗中很難看到
10:07
From this pattern, we already know the particle physics
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從這個規則中 我們瞭解了微小世界的粒子組成
10:10
of these tiny scales. The way the universe works
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宇宙在這種微小世界中的運行模式
10:13
with these tiny scales is very beautiful.
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是異常美麗的
10:17
But now I'm going to discuss some new and old ideas
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接下去 我想講一下關於未知領域的
10:19
about things we don't know yet.
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一些新的老觀念
10:22
We want to expand this pattern using mathematics alone,
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我們把這個型式規則 用數學方法進一步擴展
10:24
and see if we can get our hands on the whole enchilada.
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看看能不能俯瞰全貌
10:27
We want to find all the particles and forces
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我們希望找到構成宇宙的
10:29
that make a complete picture of our universe.
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所有種類的粒子和力量
10:32
And we want to use this picture to predict new particles
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然後在獲得更高能量進行實驗之前
10:34
that we'll see when experiments reach higher energies.
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用這幅規則預測新的粒子
10:39
So there's an old idea in particle physics
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量子物理學的舊觀念認為
10:41
that this known pattern of charges, which is not very symmetric,
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這個不對稱的載荷圖案
10:45
could emerge from a more perfect pattern that gets broken --
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源自於一個更完美的圖案
10:49
similar to how the Higgs particle breaks the electroweak pattern
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跟希格斯粒子使電弱圖案分裂
10:51
to give electromagnetism.
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產生電磁力是一個道理
10:53
In order to do this, we need to introduce new forces
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因此 我們要導入含有
10:56
with new charge directions.
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新的載荷方向的新的力量
11:00
When we introduce a new direction, we get to guess
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在導入新方向的時候 我們要猜測
11:02
what charges the particles have along this direction,
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在這個方向上粒子帶有什麼樣的載荷
11:05
and then we can rotate it in with the others.
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然後我們就能讓它和其他粒子一起旋轉
11:08
If we guess wisely, we can construct the standard charges
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如果猜對的話 我們就可以在六度載荷空間中
11:11
in six charge dimensions as a broken symmetry
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構造標準載荷集 作為更完美的
11:14
of this more perfect pattern in seven charge dimensions.
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七度載荷空間圖案的非對稱子集
11:18
This particular choice corresponds to a grand unified theory
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這種粒子選擇方法由帕蒂和薩拉姆在1973年提出
11:21
introduced by Pati and Salam in 1973.
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它是大統一理論的一種探索
11:24
When we look at this new unified pattern,
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在我們看到這個新的合成圖案時
11:27
we can see a couple of gaps where particles seem to be missing.
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發現有些空間應該有粒子 卻空出來了
11:31
This is the way theories of unification work.
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這是統一理論的研究方式
11:34
A physicist looks for larger, more symmetric patterns
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物理學家將已有的結構作為子集
11:36
that include the established pattern as a subset.
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探索更大 更對稱的結構
11:40
The larger pattern allows us to predict the existence
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這個更大的結構可以讓我們預測那些
11:42
of particles that have never been seen.
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實際存在 卻沒有被觀察到的粒子
11:45
This unification model predicts the existence of these two
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這個統一模型推測出了這兩種新子
11:48
new force particles, which should act a lot like the weak force,
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對應的粒子 它們應該和弱力很相似
11:52
only weaker.
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但是效果更弱
11:54
Now we can rotate this set of charges in seven dimensions
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現在可以在七度空間中旋轉這個載荷集
11:56
and consider an odd fact about the matter particles:
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同時考慮一下關於粒子的奇怪現象:
11:59
the second and third generations of matter
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在六度載荷空間中
12:02
have exactly the same charges in six-dimensional charge space
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物質的第二代和第三代 擁有和第一代物質
12:05
as the first generation.
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擁有和第一代物質相同的載荷
12:08
These particles are not uniquely identified by their six charges.
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這些粒子通過對應的六個載荷無法一一識別
12:12
They sit on top of one another in the standard charge space.
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在標準載荷空間上 他們會彼此疊加
12:16
However, if we work in eight-dimensional charge space,
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然而 在八度載荷空間中
12:19
then we can assign unique new charges to each particle.
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我們可以賦予每一個粒子唯一的新載荷
12:23
Then we can spin these in eight dimensions,
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然後在八度空間中旋轉
12:26
and see what the whole pattern looks like.
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看看整體的圖案是什麼樣的
12:30
Here we can see the second and third generations of matter now
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這裏 我們可以看到物質的第二代和第三代
12:32
related to the first generation by a symmetry called "triality."
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通過一種叫“三重性”對稱和第一代相關聯
12:38
This particular pattern of charges in eight dimensions is actually
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在八度中的這個特殊的載荷圖案是
12:41
part of the most beautiful geometric structure in mathematics.
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數學中最為漂亮的幾何結構之一
12:46
It's a pattern of the largest exceptional Lie group, E8.
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這是最大的例外型李群E8的圖案
12:50
This Lie group is a smooth, curved shape with 248 dimensions.
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李群是光滑曲線形的248維空間
12:54
Each point in this pattern corresponds to a symmetry
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圖案的每一點都能在這個極其複雜而又美麗的£
12:57
of this very complex and beautiful shape.
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圖案中找到對稱點
13:00
One small part of this E8 shape can be used
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E8中的一小部分可以用來描述
13:02
to describe the curved space-time of Einstein's general relativity,
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愛因斯坦廣義相對論中用來解釋重力的
13:05
explaining gravity.
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扭曲時空
13:07
Together with quantum mechanics, the geometry of this shape
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這個幾何形狀和量子力學
13:10
could describe everything about how the universe works
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宇宙怎麼用
13:12
at the tiniest scales.
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最小的尺度運作
13:14
The pattern of this shape living in eight-dimensional charge space
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描述萬物之理 而在八度載荷空間中的這個圖案
13:17
is exquisitely beautiful,
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顯得異常美麗
13:21
and it summarizes thousands of possible interactions
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它還囊括了上千種這些基本粒子之間
13:23
between these elementary particles, each of which
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可能的相互作用 每一種作用
13:25
is just a facet of this complicated shape.
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只是這個複雜形狀的一個平面
13:30
As we spin it, we can see many of the other intricate patterns
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轉動它時 可以看到包含其中的很多
13:32
contained in this one.
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錯綜複雜的圖案
13:36
And with a particular rotation, we can look down through this pattern
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通過某種旋轉 我們可以在八度空間
13:38
in eight dimensions along a symmetry axis
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沿一個對稱軸方向觀察這個圖案
13:41
and see all the particles at once.
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並且一次看盡所有粒子
13:44
It's a very beautiful object, and as with any unification,
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這是個很美的結構 和其他統一理論一樣
13:47
we can see some holes where new particles are required
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我們可以看到在這個圖案中有一些空格需要
13:49
by this pattern.
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新的粒子來填補
13:52
There are 20 gaps where new particles should be,
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在這有20個空格需要新粒子來填補
13:55
two of which have been filled by the Pati-Salam particles.
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其中兩個已有帕蒂和薩拉姆粒子填補
13:58
From their location in this pattern, we know that these new particles
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從圖案的位置我們知道這些新粒子和
14:00
should be scalar fields like the Higgs particle,
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希格斯粒子一樣存在於純量場中
14:03
but have color charge and interact with the strong force.
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但是它們擁有色荷 且和強力相互作用
14:06
Filling in these new particles completes this pattern,
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填入這些新粒子使圖案完整
14:08
giving us the full E8.
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讓我們得到完整的E8
14:10
This E8 pattern has very deep mathematical roots.
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這個E8圖案有著深厚的數學根基
14:13
It's considered by many to be the most beautiful structure
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在數學界中它被很多人認為是
14:16
in mathematics.
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最美麗的結構
14:17
It's a fantastic prospect that this object of great
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有人預言 這個擁有無比數學美的結構有人預言 這個擁有無比數學美的結構
14:20
mathematical beauty could describe the truth of particle interactions
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能夠以我們可以想像到的最小尺寸
14:23
at the smallest scales imaginable.
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描述粒子相互作用的真相
14:25
And this idea that nature is described by mathematics
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而這個數學描述自然的理論
14:30
is not at all new.
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並不是新的
14:32
In 1623, Galileo wrote this:
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1623年 伽利略說
14:36
"Nature's grand book, which stands continually open to our gaze,
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大自然這本一直展示在我們面前的書
14:39
is written in the language of mathematics.
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是用數學的語言寫的
14:42
Its characters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures,
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它由三角形 圓形和其他幾何形狀組成
14:45
without which it is humanly impossible to understand
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沒有了這些東西 在人力所及的範圍裏我們
14:47
a single word of it;
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根本不能瞭解
14:49
without these, one is wandering around in a dark labyrinth."
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沒有了這些 我們會迷失在黑暗的迷宮中
14:54
I believe this to be true, and I've tried
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我相信這是真的
14:56
to follow Galileo's guidance in describing the mathematics
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我曾試過按照伽利略的指導只用三角形
14:58
of particle physics using only triangles, circles
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圓形和其他的幾何形狀去描述
15:01
and other geometrical figures.
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量子物理的數學性
15:03
Of course, when other physicists and I actually work on this stuff,
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當我和其他物理學家在研究這些東西時
15:06
the mathematics can resemble a dark labyrinth.
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數學就像一個黑暗的迷宮
15:11
But it's reassuring that at the heart of this mathematics
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但是我們確信 數學的核心是
15:14
is pure, beautiful geometry.
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純粹美麗的幾何學
15:18
Joined with quantum mechanics, this mathematics
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與量子力學一起 形成的數學
15:20
describes our universe as a growing E8 coral,
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把我們的宇宙描述為一個在成長的E8珊瑚
15:22
with particles interacting at every location in all possible ways
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同時粒子在每個可能的位置相互作用
15:26
according to a beautiful pattern.
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展現出美麗的圖案
15:30
And as more of the pattern comes into view using new machines
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借助大型強子對撞機之類的新型機器
15:32
like the Large Hadron Collider, we may be able to see
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圖案得到進一步豐富 我們可能看到
15:35
whether nature uses this E8 pattern or a different one.
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到底E8圖案還是另一種圖案反映了自然的本質
15:40
This process of discovery is a wonderful adventure to be involved in.
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這個探索過程是一個奇妙的探險
15:44
If the LHC finds particles that fit this E8 pattern,
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如果對撞機發現了符合E8圖案的粒子
15:47
that will be very, very cool.
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那就太酷了
15:50
If the LHC finds new particles, but they don't fit this pattern --
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如果對撞機發現了新粒子 但不符合這個圖案
15:53
well, that will be very interesting, but bad for this E8 theory.
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那會非常有趣 雖然對E8理論不利
15:58
And, of course, bad for me personally.
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而且 在一定程度上 對我不利
16:00
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
16:03
Now how bad would that be?
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那到底有多不利呢？
16:04
Well, pretty bad.
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恩 那是十分的不利啊
16:06
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
16:10
But predicting how nature works is a very risky game.
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但推測大自然的運作總是很冒險的
16:13
This theory and others like it are long shots.
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這個理論和其他這類型的理論都是在下大注
16:17
One does a lot of hard work knowing that most of these ideas
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即使花很多精力取得很多成果
16:20
probably won't end up being true about nature.
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也不一定能得出自然的真理
16:22
That's what doing theoretical physics is like:
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理論物理就是這樣
16:24
there are a lot of wipeouts.
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失敗是很常見的
16:26
In this regard, new physics theories are a lot like start-up companies.
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這樣看來 新物理理論就像新開的公司一樣
16:32
As with any large investment, it can be emotionally difficult
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巨大投資後 對那些失敗的嘗試
16:34
to abandon a line of research when it isn't working out.
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情感上總會難以割捨
16:37
But in science, if something isn't working, you have to
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但在科學界 如果沒有用
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toss it out and try something else.
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就要丟掉它 再試試別的
16:42
Now, the only way to maintain sanity and achieve happiness
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而在這些不確定中
16:45
in the midst of this uncertainty is to keep balance
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唯一能夠保持理智並獲得幸福的方法是
16:47
and perspective in life.
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在生活中保持平衡和明察事理
16:51
I've tried the best I can to live a balanced life.
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我已經盡可能保持生活的平衡了
16:53
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
16:56
I try to balance my life equally between physics, love and surfing --
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我試著在物理 愛情和衝浪中尋找平衡
16:59
my own three charge directions.
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就是我三個載荷的方向
17:01
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
17:03
This way, even if the physics I work on comes to nothing,
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這樣 就算我的物理研究沒有任何成果
17:05
I still know I've lived a good life.
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我依然擁有美好的生活
17:08
And I try to live in beautiful places.
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我試著在風景優美的地方居住
17:10
For most of the past ten years I've lived on the island of Maui,
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過去十年 我大部分時間都住在毛伊島
17:13
a very beautiful place.
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一個超級漂亮的地方
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Now it's one of the greatest mysteries in the universe to my parents
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現在 我父母最大的疑惑是
17:18
how I managed to survive all that time without engaging
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我是怎樣在沒有一個全職工作的情況下
17:21
in anything resembling full-time employment.
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活下來的
17:23
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
17:27
I'm going to let you in on that secret.
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我要告訴你們這個秘密
17:31
This was a view from my home office on Maui.
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這是我在毛伊島上的家庭辦公室的照片
17:35
And this is another, and another.
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這些也是
17:39
And you may have noticed that these beautiful views
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你們可能注意到這些照片
17:41
are similar, but in slightly different places.
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似曾相似 但背景稍有不同
17:45
That's because this used to be my home and office on Maui.
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因為這曾經是我在毛伊島的家和辦公室
17:48
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
17:50
I've chosen a very unusual life.
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我選擇了一種特別的生活
17:53
But not worrying about rent allowed me to spend my time
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不擔心房租 讓我把時間花在
17:55
doing what I love.
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喜歡做的事情上
17:57
Living a nomadic existence has been hard at times,
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流浪的生活方式有時會很艱難
17:59
but it's allowed me to live in beautiful places
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也正因此 我才能可生活在美麗的地方
18:01
and keep a balance in my life that I've been happy with.
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維持我所喜歡的平衡的生活
18:05
It allows me to spend a lot of my time hanging out
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我可以花大量的時間在
18:07
with hyper-intelligent coral.
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超級聰明的珊瑚上
18:11
But I also greatly enjoy the company of hyper-intelligent people.
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同時我也很樂意和超級聰明的人打交道
18:14
So I'm very happy to have been invited here to TED.
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所以我很高興能被邀請到這兒演講
18:17
Thank you very much.
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謝謝大家
18:18
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
18:31
Chris Anderson: I probably understood two percent of that,
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我想我只懂了百分之二的部分
18:32
but I still absolutely loved it. So I'm going to sound dumb.
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但是我絕對喜歡它 所以我想獻一下醜
18:38
Your theory of everything --
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你的萬物理論
18:41
Garrett Lisi: I'm used to coral.
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我喜歡稱之為珊瑚理論
18:42
CA: That's right. The reason it's got a few people
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好吧 它讓人們興奮的原因是
18:44
at least excited is because, if you're right, it brings
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如果你是對的，那就把
18:47
gravity and quantum theory together.
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重力和量子理論結合了起來
18:50
So are you saying that we should think of the universe,
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所以你是不是說我們應該瞭解
18:53
at its heart -- that the smallest things that there are,
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在宇宙中那些最微小的事物
18:56
are somehow an E8 object of possibility?
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有可能就是E8模型
19:03
I mean, is there a scale to it, at the smallest scale,
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我是說 你心裏是不是有一個最小的尺寸
19:05
or ...?
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還是
19:06
GL: Well, right now the pattern I showed you that corresponds
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嗯，剛剛給你們看得圖案規則
19:09
to what we know about elementary particle physics --
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就是我們所知的基本粒子物理
19:13
that already corresponds to a very beautiful shape.
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而且它已經是一個很漂亮的圖案了
19:16
And that's the one that I said we knew for certain.
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那個就是我所說的我們很確信的地方
19:18
And that shape has remarkable similarities -- and the way it fits
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而這個形狀和E8有著明顯的相似處
19:22
into this E8 pattern could be the rest of the picture.
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在剩下的圖片中幾乎和E8合為一體
19:26
And these patterns of points that I've shown for you
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我給你們看得這些點狀圖案
19:29
actually represent symmetries of this high-dimensional object
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實際上代表著更高維物體的對稱性
19:33
that would be warping and moving and dancing
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這些圖案在我們生活的時空中
19:36
over the space time that we experience.
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蜷曲，移動和舞蹈
19:39
And that would be what explains all these
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這就解釋了所有的
19:41
elementary particles that we see.
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我們所看見的基本粒子
19:42
CA: But a string theorist,
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我們所看見的基本粒子
19:45
as I understand it, explains electrons in terms of much smaller
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弦理論家會在更小的弦震動裏
19:47
strings vibrating --
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解釋電子
19:48
I know you don't like string theory -- vibrating inside it.
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我知道你不喜歡弦理論
19:51
How should we think of an electron in relation to E8?
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但我們該怎樣理解在E8模型中的電子
19:57
GL: No, it would be one of the symmetries of this E8 shape.
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不 它將會是這個E8型狀對稱性的一部分
20:01
So what's happening is, as the shape is moving over space-time,
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所以實際上 當這個形狀在時空中游走
20:05
it's twisting. And the direction it's twisting as it moves
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它會扭曲 而它扭曲的方向就是
20:09
is what particle we see. So it would be --
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我們所看到的粒子 所以就是
20:11
CA: The size of the E8 shape,
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E8形狀的大小
20:13
how does that relate to the electron?
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是怎麼樣和電子相聯繫的呢
20:14
I kind of feel like I need that for my picture.
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我自己有些想像不出來
20:16
Is it bigger? Is it smaller?
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它會大些還是小些
20:17
GL: Well, as far as we know electrons are point particles,
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嗯 就我們所知電子是點粒子
20:20
so this would be going down to the smallest possible scales.
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所以這個會讓我們看到最小的尺寸
20:24
So the way these things are explained in quantum field theory
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所以在量子場論中，這些東西的解釋方式是
20:26
is, all possibilities are expanding and developing at once.
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所有的可能性都在同時展開發展
20:30
And this is why I use the analogy to coral.
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這也是我為什麼拿珊瑚作類比
20:33
And in this way, the way that E8 comes in is
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因為這樣，E8的進入方式是
20:40
it will be as a shape that's attached at each point in space-time.
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一個可以連接時空中每一點的形狀
20:45
And, as I said, the way the shape twists --
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還有 想我所說的 形狀在經過這個曲線的表面時
20:49
the directional along which way the shape is twisting
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它的扭曲的方式
20:51
as it moves over this curved surface --
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和其的扭曲方向是
20:52
is what the elementary particles are, themselves.
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基本粒子它們自己
20:56
So through quantum field theory, they manifest themselves
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在量子場理論中 粒子與粒子間
21:00
as points and interact that way.
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和點與點間一樣，相互作用
21:02
I don't know if I'll be able to make this any clearer.
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我不知道我能不能解釋得更加清楚了
21:04
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
21:08
CA: It doesn't really matter.
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沒關係
21:09
It's evoking a kind of sense of wonder, and I certainly
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它已經激起了我們的興趣
21:13
want to understand more of this.
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我確定我想瞭解的更多
21:16
But thank you so much for coming. That was absolutely fascinating.
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太感謝你的光臨了。你的演說太吸引人了
21:18
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Garrett Lisi - PhysicistPhysicist Garrett Lisi has proposed a new "theory of everything" -- a grand unified theory that explains all the elementary particles, as well as gravity.
Why you should listen
Working from principles of differential geometry, physicist Garrett Lisi is developing a new unified theory that purports to explain all the elementary particles, and gravity, in one elegant model. His theory is based on a mathematical shape called E8. With 248 symmetries, E8 is large, complex and beautiful -- and Lisi believes the relationships of its symmetries correspond to known particles and forces, including gravity.
His work, explained in his paper "An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything," and in an ongoing discussion on FQXi, is still on science's speculative fringe. But some physicists believe he could be pointing the way toward a truly unified theory.
Garrett Lisi | Speaker | TED.com