ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anirudh Sharma - Engineer, inventor
Inventor Anirudh Sharma is the founder of Graviky Labs, an MIT Media Labs spinoff.

Why you should listen

Anirudh Sharma's interest lies in deep-tech, science-based social entrepreneurship. He fuses cutting-edge sensor, wearable and man-machine interface technology. In 2010, Sharma invented a haptic shoe called "Lechal" to guide the blind. Lechal was the earliest wearable innovation designed for the visually challenged. During his tenure at Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab, Sharma worked on future fabrication and augmented reality with futuristic displays. After returning from MIT, he co-led the nonprofit consortium MIT Media Lab India Initiative with the goal of remodeling and perpetuating self-organized, design-led innovation into the grassroots in India.

Sharma also cofounded Graviky Labs to evolve his side project KAALINK, a retrofit technology which captures particulate carbon emissions from chimneys or diesel engines (without affecting the performance of the engine) before they enter the atmosphere. The captured pollutants are then recycled into inks, called AIR-INK. Forty-five minutes of automotive emissions is equivalent to produce 30 milliliters of black AIR-INK. The company has found its niche globally, replacing conventional black inks applied to arts, printing and fashion industry as a means to offset carbon. To date, Graviky has recycled roughly 250 kilograms of PM2.5 air pollution waste, which has produced 1,200 liters of AIR-INK. Sharma also loves folk, magic and indie artforms.

More profile about the speaker
Anirudh Sharma | Speaker | TED.com
TED@BCG Toronto

Anirudh Sharma: Ink made of air pollution

Anirudh Sharma: 用大气污染物制作的墨水

Filmed:
474,007 views

如果我们可以捕获身边大气中的污染物,并且将它们变成有用的东西会怎么样?发明家Anirudh Sharma与我们分享了他是如何创造出 AIR-INK(大气墨水),一种由大气污染物PM 2.5制成的实用的黑色墨水。我们将学习到新型的碳基材料是如何能够颠覆如时装,印刷和包装等古老工业领域的生产流程的,在此过程中也能使这个世界变得更加洁净。
- Engineer, inventor
Inventor Anirudh Sharma is the founder of Graviky Labs, an MIT Media Labs spinoff. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Every一切 year, more than four
to five million百万 people die
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每年,全球有超过五百万人
因暴露于外界的大气污染中
00:15
due应有 to exposure曝光 to outdoor户外 air空气 pollution污染
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而死亡。
00:18
around the world世界.
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00:20
This petri培养皿 dish that you are looking at
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你们现在看到的这个有盖培养皿
00:23
contains包含 approximately
20 minutes'分钟' worth价值 of pollution污染
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容纳着大约相当于在20分钟内
从一个热解装置内收集的污染物。
00:26
captured捕获 off a pyrolysis热解 plant.
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00:29
This is PM下午 2.5.
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这就是PM2.5(可吸入颗粒物)。
虽然这些微粒现在肉眼可见,
00:31
These particles粒子 --
you can see it right now,
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00:33
but when they're out there
in the air空气, you won't惯于 see them.
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但是当它们散布在
大气中时,几乎看不到。
这些颗粒是如此之微小,
以至于我们的肺——
00:36
These are so tiny that our lungs --
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或者说我们的身体不能将它们滤除,
所以它们会滞留在体内——
00:38
our bodies身体 cannot不能 filter过滤 them,
and they end结束 up in our bodies身体 --
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如果没有得到及时的治疗,
将会让我们患上哮喘和肺癌。
00:43
give us asthma哮喘 and lung cancer癌症
if not treated治疗 in the right time.
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00:47
On a trip back to India印度,
when I was a student学生 in 2012,
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2012年,当我还是一个
学生的时候,有一次我回印度,
我拍下了这张照片。
00:50
I took this picture图片.
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00:51
This picture图片 stuck卡住 in my head.
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这个画面此后一直
盘踞在我的脑海中。
00:53
On one side, you see this exhaust排气
of a diesel柴油机 generator发电机,
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一方面,你们可以看到
一个柴油发电机排出的废气,
正是这样的柴油发电机
标志着人类文明的进步,
00:57
the same相同 generator发电机
which哪一个 is a sign标志 of human人的 progress进展,
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标志着快速工业化,
01:00
which哪一个 is a sign标志 of rapid快速 industrialization工业化
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也标志着作为一个社会,我们在
过去的100年里为了聚获得能量,
01:03
and what we have become成为
as a society社会 in the last 100 years年份,
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做出了怎样的努力。
01:06
generating发电 energy能源.
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01:08
But on the other side,
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但是在另一方面,
你们也能看到这个非常
有趣的三角状黑色图案,
01:09
you see this very interesting有趣
triangular三角形的, black-colored黑色 swatch样本,
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它正是用与柴油发电机
排放的完全相同的
01:12
that is produced生成 by the same相同
residual剩余的 particulate颗粒 waste浪费
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残留颗粒状废弃物创造出来的。
01:16
created创建 by the emissions排放 of the generator发电机.
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01:20
Now, this picture图片 gave me an idea理念
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这张照片让我产生了一个大胆的想法,
也让我开始重新考虑
关于污染物和墨水的事,
01:22
and got me thinking思维 about rethinking重新思考
both pollution污染 and inks油墨,
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因为它留下了那样黑色的印记。
01:27
because it was making制造
that black-colored黑色 mark标记.
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当下的现实是,我们通常
使用的大多数黑色墨水
01:29
Now, the reality现实 is that most of the black黑色
ink墨水 that we use conventionally传统
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01:33
is traditionally传统 produced生成
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是用传统工艺生产的,
01:34
by conventionally传统 burning燃烧
fossil化石 fuels燃料 in factories工厂.
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也就是照惯例在工厂内
焚烧化石燃料所得。
世界上许多工厂靠焚烧化石燃料
01:38
There are factories工厂 around the world世界
that are burning燃烧 fossil化石 fuels燃料
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来生产碳黑,
01:41
to produce生产 carbon black黑色,
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进而制作出我们每天
都使用的黑墨水。
01:43
to make black黑色 inks油墨 that we use
on an everyday每天 basis基础.
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01:46
But given特定 that millions百万
of liters of fossil化石 fuels燃料
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但是在数以百万计升的化石燃料
已经被我们的汽车,
01:49
are already已经 being存在 burned out there
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01:51
by our cars汽车, our engines引擎
and our exhaust排气 out there,
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引擎和排气装置焚烧殆尽的前提下,
如果可以捕获那些污染物,
01:54
what if you could capture捕获 that pollution污染
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回收利用并做成墨水会怎么样呢?
01:57
and use it to recycle回收 and make those inks油墨?
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02:00
I decided决定 to give this experiment实验 a shot射击.
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我决定尝试一下这个实验。
02:03
I went back to my lab实验室 back in Boston波士顿
and conducted进行 a small experiment实验.
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我回到我在波士顿的实验室,
进行了一个小实验。
在波士顿,我找不到
那么多污染物来做实验,
02:07
In Boston波士顿, I couldn't不能 find
much pollution污染 to play with,
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所以我转而使用了一根蜡烛。
02:10
so I resorted使出 to using运用 a candle蜡烛.
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02:12
This was an experiment实验.
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就是这么个实验。
我点燃一根蜡烛,
02:14
I burnt a candle蜡烛,
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制作了这个可以吸入蜡烛烟雾的装置,
02:15
built内置 this contraption玩意儿
that would suck吮吸 in that candle蜡烛 soot煤烟,
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02:19
mixed it with some
vegetable蔬菜 oil and vodka伏特加,
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并把它与些许植物油和伏特加酒混合,
02:21
because to a DIYDIY hacker黑客,
these were really easily容易 available可得到.
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毕竟对一个DIY狂热分子来说,
这些是最唾手可得的材料了。
(笑声)
02:25
(Laughter笑声)
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将它们混合之后,
02:26
And after mixing混合 them,
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02:27
you could churn搅动 out
a very rudimentary初步 form形成 of ink墨水
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你就可以大量炮制
一种非常初级的墨水,
它以被储存在墨盒里,
02:30
that would go into a cartridge盒式磁带,
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而现在你们就可以用它打印了。
02:32
and now you could print打印 with it.
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这就是我像“你好,世界!”般的第一次
02:34
This was my "Hello你好, World世界!"
of experimenting试验
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用污染物做成墨水的实验。
02:37
with printing印花 with pollution污染.
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02:41
This is the same相同 pollution污染
that I showed显示 you in the petri培养皿 dish,
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这就是我刚向你们展示的
有盖培养皿中的污染物,
也是所有那些化石燃料
被焚烧后的产物。
02:44
which哪一个 is the result结果 of any fossil化石 fuel汽油
that is being存在 burned out there.
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02:49
In 2015, I decided决定 to take
this experimentation实验 forward前锋
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在2015年,我决定
将这个实验向前推进,
并在印度成立了一个实验室,
02:52
and set up a lab实验室 in India印度
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来从事捕获和回收利用
大气污染物的工作。
02:54
to work on the capture捕获 and recycling回收
of air空气 pollution污染.
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02:57
In the good times, the lab实验室
used to look something like this.
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在情况尚佳的时候,
实验室通常看起来像这样。
但是并不是每一次实验
都能被精准控制,
03:00
But experimentations性实验
were not always controlled受控,
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“灾难”时常发生。
03:02
and disasters灾害 happened发生.
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当实验失败的时候,
03:04
And while experimentation实验 would happen发生,
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实验室就会变得一片狼藉。
03:06
the lab实验室 would end结束 up
looking something like this.
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03:09
Well, we knew知道 where we wanted to go,
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虽然我们对最终目标都心知肚明,
但是却并不清楚具体怎样去实现。
03:11
but we were not sure
how exactly究竟 to reach达到 there.
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03:14
The passersby路人 who used to go
by that lab实验室 through通过 that building建造
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那些经常穿过那栋楼,
路过我们实验室的过路人
时常暗想:“这些家伙
正在那儿制造炸弹呢吧。”
03:17
used to, at times, think,
"These guys are making制造 bombs炸弹 in there,"
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那是因为有太多火焰,
导线和浓烟聚集在一处了。
03:20
because there was too much fire,
wires电线 and smoke抽烟 in the same相同 vicinity附近.
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(笑声)
03:25
(Laughter笑声)
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03:27
We decided决定, let's move移动 to a garage车库
and take experiments实验 forward前锋.
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我们决定,不如搬去
车库继续推进实验吧。
我们找到了一个车库,在初期阶段,
03:30
We took a garage车库,
and during the early stages阶段,
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我们开车带着这样的装置
在班加罗尔四处转。
03:32
we were driving主动 around Bangalore班加罗尔
with contraptions玩意儿 like these.
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这就是一个初期的雏形。
03:35
This is an early-stage早期 prototype原型.
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可以想象人们向我们投来的眼神,
03:37
Imagine想像 the looks容貌 people gave us,
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“这些车四处兜转是在做什么?”
03:38
"What are these cars汽车
driving主动 around doing?"
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这是一个捕获大气
污染物的早期原型机,
03:41
This is an early-stage早期 prototype原型
of our system系统 that would capture捕获 pollution污染
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它捕获的是从传统
柴油汽车中排放的污染物。
03:44
that is being存在 released发布 from
a conventional常规 diesel-based基于柴油的 car汽车.
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这就是这项技术的早期阶段。
03:48
This is an early stage阶段 of the technology技术.
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我们后来改进了这项技术,
并创造出了这个
03:50
We advanced高级 the technology技术
and created创建 this into this version
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能从静止污染源捕获污染物的版本,
03:55
that would capture捕获 pollution污染
from static静态的 sources来源 of pollution污染,
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比如一个柴油发电机。
03:58
like a diesel柴油机 generator发电机.
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可以看到,所有烟气都在
我们刚启动这机器的时候消失了。
03:59
If you see, all the fumes油烟 disappear消失
as soon不久 as you turn this machine on.
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04:04
Without没有 affecting影响
the performance性能 of the engine发动机,
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在没有影响到引擎性能的前提下,
我们可以捕获相当于95%
04:08
we are able能够 to capture捕获
95 percent百分 worth价值 of pollution污染
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由柴油发电机排放的污染物。
04:11
released发布 from the diesel柴油机 generator发电机.
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这正是我刚刚谈到的
我们要捕获的东西,
04:13
This is the particulate颗粒 matter
that we are talking about that we capture捕获,
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在这个例子中,就是在发电机
工作3到4小时间所产生的污染物。
04:17
in this case案件, within three to four hours小时
of operation手术 of a generator发电机.
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04:22
And while our experiments实验
and our research研究 was advancing前进,
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当我们的实验和
研究正在取得进展时,
一家非常大的公司,
一个很大的品牌找到我们说,
04:26
a very big company公司, a very big brand,
approached接近 us and said,
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“我们想和你们一起推进这个想法,
04:29
"We want to take this idea理念
further进一步 with you guys,
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并将它进一步发展成
一种非常知名的形式。“
04:32
and take this further进一步
in a very big celebrated著名 form形成."
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他们说,“就用你们用污染物做的墨水,
04:36
They said, "Let's do a global全球 art艺术 campaign运动
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举办一场全球性的艺术活动吧。”
04:38
with the inks油墨 that you are making制造
off this pollution污染."
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04:41
I'll show显示 you what the ink墨水 looks容貌 like.
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我来展示一下这个墨水是什么样子。
这支笔是通过对我们所谈论的
40到50分钟内收集的汽车废弃物
04:43
So, this pen钢笔 is made制作 by recycling回收
40 to 50 minutes分钟 of that car汽车 pollution污染
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回收利用制成的,
04:49
that we are talking about,
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跟那个有盖培养皿中的
污染物成分相同。
04:51
the same相同 pollution污染
that is in the petri培养皿 dish.
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它有一种可以用来
书写的很明晰的黑色。
04:53
And it's a very sharp尖锐 black黑色
that you can write with.
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那么我要写下……
04:55
So I'm going to write ...
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05:00
PM下午 2.5, that's incorrect不正确.
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PM 2.5,再划掉。
05:03
So this is a very sharp尖锐 black黑色
that is generated产生 by the same相同 pollution污染.
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所以这是一种用相同污染物
积聚而成的非常明晰的黑色。
05:08
After much work on the lab-level实验室级 research研究,
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在从事了许多实验室研究之后,
我们收到一个大公司的邀请,
来进行一次大尝试。
05:10
we got an offer提供 from a big corporation公司
to do a very big trial审讯 of this idea理念.
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它正好也算是一个大品牌,
所以我们毫不犹豫的答应了。
05:14
And it happened发生 to be a brand,
and we didn't think twice两次.
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我们说,“那我们继续吧。”
05:17
We said, "Let's go ahead."
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然而在实验室进行发明创造是一回事,
05:19
Inventing发明 in the lab实验室 is one thing
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将点子带到现实世界
实施却完全是另一回事。
05:21
and taking服用 ideas思路 and deploying部署 them
in the real真实 world世界 is completely全然 another另一个.
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05:26
During early stages阶段,
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在早期阶段,
我们不得不使用自己的家和厨房
05:27
we had to resort采取 to using运用
our own拥有 houses房屋 and own拥有 kitchens厨房
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作为我们的墨水制造厂,
05:31
as our ink-making制墨 factories工厂,
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也要把我们自己的卧室还有起居室,
05:33
and our own拥有 bedrooms卧室 and living活的 rooms客房
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作为第一条制造这些墨水的流水线。
05:35
as the first assembly部件 line线
for making制造 these inks油墨.
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05:38
This is my cofounder联合创始人 Nikhil's尼基勒的 own拥有 bedroom卧室,
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这是我的合伙人Nikhil自己的卧室,
已经被用来向遍布全球的
艺术家们提供墨水,
05:41
that is being存在 used to supply供应 inks油墨
to artists艺术家 all around the world世界,
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他们会用AIR-INK(空气墨水)来作画。
05:45
who would paint涂料 with AIR-INK空气墨水.
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那是他,正在将AIR-INK运送到码头,
05:46
And that's him, delivering交付
AIR-INKs空气-控制 to the ports港口
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这样全球的艺术家们就能用上了。
05:49
so that the artists艺术家
around the world世界 can use it.
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05:52
Soon不久, we started开始 seeing眼看
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不久,我们开始看到
全球成千上万的艺术家们
开始使用AIR-INK,
05:53
that thousands数千 of artists艺术家 around the world世界
started开始 using运用 AIR-INK空气墨水,
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像这样的艺术品也开始出现,
05:56
and artworks艺术品 started开始 emerging新兴 like this.
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05:59
Soon不久, thousands数千 of black-and-white黑与白,
pollution-made污染制造 artworks艺术品
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不久,成千上万由污染物
制成的黑白艺术品
开始在全球范围内出现。
06:02
started开始 emerging新兴 on a global全球 scale规模.
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相信我,对于一群科学家,
工程师和发明家来说,
06:04
And believe me, for a group
of scientists科学家们 and engineers工程师 and inventors发明家,
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没有什么比他们的工作成果
06:08
there was nothing more satisfying满意的
than that the product产品 of their work
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正被全球最富盛名的艺术家
使用更让人心满意足的了。
06:11
is now being存在 used by some
of the finest最好的 artists艺术家 around the world世界.
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这是去年《Contagious》杂志的封面,
06:14
This is the cover of "Contagious传染性的"
magazine杂志 last year,
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它是由我们在实验室制成的
那种墨水制作而成的,
06:17
that was doneDONE by using运用 the same相同 ink墨水
that we made制作 back in our labs实验室.
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06:22
This is a famous著名 painting绘画
by the British英国的 artist艺术家, Christian基督教 Furr富尔,
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这是一幅英国画家
Christian Furr所作的著名画作,
是为滚石乐队的歌曲
《Paint It Black》所画的。
06:25
who painted it for the song歌曲
"Paint涂料 It Black黑色" by The Rolling滚动 Stones石头.
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06:30
Now, there's more to this pen钢笔 and this ink墨水
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除了那些流行和通俗文化的作品之外,
还有更多有关这支笔和墨水的故事。
06:33
than just the popular流行
and pop-culture流行文化 artworks艺术品.
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而现在我们的目标是成立一家公司,
06:36
And now our goal目标 is to create创建 a company公司
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能够多赚些“黑”钱,
我是说,多挣钱——
06:38
that can actually其实 make some black黑色 money --
I mean, just money --
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(笑声)
06:42
(Laughter笑声)
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生产高质量的印刷流程和墨水,
06:43
and high-quality高质量 printing印花
processes流程 and inks油墨
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06:45
that can replace更换
the conventional常规 black黑色 inks油墨
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甚至可以取代传统意义上的黑色墨水,
尽管它们已经在
全世界被生产了上千年。
06:48
that have been produced生成 for the last
thousands数千 of years年份 around the world世界.
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我们的作品在世界各地
越来越受欢迎,不久后,
06:52
Soon不久 after our growing生长 popularity声望
and artworks艺术品 around the world世界,
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我们开始面对一个非常不一样的问题。
06:56
we started开始 facing面对 a very different不同
kind of a problem问题.
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很多污染企业的邮包接踵而至,
06:59
We started开始 getting得到 spammed垃圾邮件 by polluters污染者,
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07:02
who would send发送 us bags包装袋 full充分 of pollution污染
to our office办公室 address地址,
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这些企业会把成包的污染物
寄到我们的办公室,
然后问我们:“你们能用
这些污染物做什么?”
07:05
asking us, "What can we do
with this pollution污染?"
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我们在孟买的实验室
目前拥有的污染物样品
07:08
Our lab实验室 back in Bombay孟买 right now
has pollution污染 samples样本
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是从伦敦,印度,中国,
还有其它你们能想到的地方寄来的。
07:11
that have come from London伦敦,
from India印度, from China中国, you name名称 it.
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而这仅仅是一个开始。
07:15
And this is just the beginning开始.
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07:17
This polluter污染 sent发送 us
this specific具体 image图片, asking us
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这个污染企业发给了我们
这些图片,向我们询问,
这些全是装满了PM2.5的袋子,
07:21
that these are all bags包装袋
filled填充 with PM下午 2.5,
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我们是否可以付他们一些钱
来为他们回收这些东西。
07:24
and can we recycle回收 it for him
if we paid支付 him some money.
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07:28
Well, what would he have doneDONE
if we did not take that pollution污染?
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不过,如果我们不要这些污染物,
他又会拿去做什么呢?
他或许会找一条附近的河流
或垃圾堆,将它们丢弃在那里。
07:32
He would probably大概 find a nearby附近 river
or a landfill垃圾填埋场 and dump倾倒 it over there.
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07:36
But now, because we had the economics经济学
of AIR-INK空气墨水 figured想通 out on the other side,
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但是现在,正因为我们有了
横空出世的AIR-INK经济,
我们可以激励他给我们提供
污染物并用它制成墨水,
07:39
we could incentivize激励 him to give us
this pollution污染 and make inks油墨 from it,
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再把它进一步变废为宝。
07:45
and turn it into even
more valuable有价值 products制品.
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07:49
Now, pollution污染, as we all know,
is a global全球 killer凶手.
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众所周知,大气污染物
是全球环境杀手。
07:52
We can't claim要求 that our ink墨水
will solve解决 the world's世界 pollution污染 problem问题.
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我们不能断言我们的墨水
能解决全球污染问题。
但是它确实为我们展示了
07:56
But it does show显示 what can be doneDONE
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如果从一个稍微不同的角度看问题,
我们可以做成怎样的事业。
07:57
if you look at this problem问题
slightly differently不同.
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08:00
Look at this T-shirtT恤衫
I'm holding保持 right now.
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看一下我拿着的这件T恤,
08:04
This is made制作 from the same相同
AIR-INK空气墨水 I'm talking about.
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它就是由我所谈到的
那种AIR-INK做成的。
08:08
It's made制作 from the same相同 pollution污染
that is inside this petri培养皿 dish.
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这种墨水由有盖培养皿里的污染物制成,
也与我们在户外散步
所吸入的污染物相同。
08:11
And the same相同 pollution污染 we are all
breathing呼吸 in when we are walking步行 outdoors在户外.
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而我们正沿着不断改进的道路前行。
08:15
And we are on our way
to do better than this.
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非常感谢你们的聆听。
08:17
Thank you very much.
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(掌声)
08:19
(Applause掌声)
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Translated by Melody Chen

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anirudh Sharma - Engineer, inventor
Inventor Anirudh Sharma is the founder of Graviky Labs, an MIT Media Labs spinoff.

Why you should listen

Anirudh Sharma's interest lies in deep-tech, science-based social entrepreneurship. He fuses cutting-edge sensor, wearable and man-machine interface technology. In 2010, Sharma invented a haptic shoe called "Lechal" to guide the blind. Lechal was the earliest wearable innovation designed for the visually challenged. During his tenure at Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab, Sharma worked on future fabrication and augmented reality with futuristic displays. After returning from MIT, he co-led the nonprofit consortium MIT Media Lab India Initiative with the goal of remodeling and perpetuating self-organized, design-led innovation into the grassroots in India.

Sharma also cofounded Graviky Labs to evolve his side project KAALINK, a retrofit technology which captures particulate carbon emissions from chimneys or diesel engines (without affecting the performance of the engine) before they enter the atmosphere. The captured pollutants are then recycled into inks, called AIR-INK. Forty-five minutes of automotive emissions is equivalent to produce 30 milliliters of black AIR-INK. The company has found its niche globally, replacing conventional black inks applied to arts, printing and fashion industry as a means to offset carbon. To date, Graviky has recycled roughly 250 kilograms of PM2.5 air pollution waste, which has produced 1,200 liters of AIR-INK. Sharma also loves folk, magic and indie artforms.

More profile about the speaker
Anirudh Sharma | Speaker | TED.com

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