TED@BCG Toronto
Anirudh Sharma: Ink made of air pollution
阿尼魯德 · 沙馬: 用空氣污染製成的墨水
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能夠收集我們周圍的空氣污染物，將它轉變成有用的東西嗎？發明家阿尼魯德 · 沙馬分享他如何創造用PM 2.5 污染製成的黑墨水 AIR-INK。來進一步了解這種新的碳材料如何能夠打破時裝、印刷和包裝業界用了數世紀的傳統流程，讓世界變乾淨一點。
Anirudh Sharma - Engineer, inventor
Inventor Anirudh Sharma is the founder of Graviky Labs, an MIT Media Labs spinoff. Full bio
Inventor Anirudh Sharma is the founder of Graviky Labs, an MIT Media Labs spinoff. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Every year, more than four
to five million people die
to five million people die
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每年，全世界有超過四、五百萬人
00:15
due to exposure to outdoor air pollution
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是因為暴露在戶外空氣污染下而死。
00:18
around the world.
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00:20
This petri dish that you are looking at
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你們現在看到的這個培養皿，
00:23
contains approximately
20 minutes' worth of pollution
20 minutes' worth of pollution
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收集大約二十分鐘的空氣污染
來自熱裂解工廠。
（以廢輪胎和塑料產生再生能源）
（以廢輪胎和塑料產生再生能源）
00:26
captured off a pyrolysis plant.
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00:29
This is PM 2.5.
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這是細懸浮微粒（PM 2.5）。
00:31
These particles --
you can see it right now,
you can see it right now,
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這些粒子──你們現在看得到，
00:33
but when they're out there
in the air, you won't see them.
in the air, you won't see them.
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但當你們在外面在空氣中時
是無法看到它們的。
是無法看到它們的。
00:36
These are so tiny that our lungs --
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它們非常微小，
我們的肺、我們的身體無法濾掉。
我們的肺、我們的身體無法濾掉。
00:38
our bodies cannot filter them,
and they end up in our bodies --
and they end up in our bodies --
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它們最後會留在我們的身體中，
00:43
give us asthma and lung cancer
if not treated in the right time.
if not treated in the right time.
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造成氣喘或肺癌，
如果沒有即時治療的話。
如果沒有即時治療的話。
00:47
On a trip back to India,
when I was a student in 2012,
when I was a student in 2012,
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2012 年，我還是學生時，回到印度，
00:50
I took this picture.
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拍下了這張照片。
00:51
This picture stuck in my head.
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這影像在我腦中揮之不去。
00:53
On one side, you see this exhaust
of a diesel generator,
of a diesel generator,
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一邊是柴油發電機的廢氣，
00:57
the same generator
which is a sign of human progress,
which is a sign of human progress,
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設計發電機的目的
是為了人類的進步，
是為了人類的進步，
01:00
which is a sign of rapid industrialization
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它象徵著快速工業化，
01:03
and what we have become
as a society in the last 100 years,
as a society in the last 100 years,
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以及在過去一百年間我們
這個社會變成了什麼樣子，
這個社會變成了什麼樣子，
01:06
generating energy.
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以產生能源。
但在另一邊，你們可以看到
這個有趣的黑色三角形區塊，
這個有趣的黑色三角形區塊，
01:08
But on the other side,
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01:09
you see this very interesting
triangular, black-colored swatch,
triangular, black-colored swatch,
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01:12
that is produced by the same
residual particulate waste
residual particulate waste
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是發電機排放氣體中的
01:16
created by the emissions of the generator.
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殘留廢粒子造成的。
01:20
Now, this picture gave me an idea
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這張照片讓我靈機一動，
01:22
and got me thinking about rethinking
both pollution and inks,
both pollution and inks,
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或許應該要重新思考污染及墨水，
01:27
because it was making
that black-colored mark.
that black-colored mark.
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因為它製造出了那塊黑色的記號。
01:29
Now, the reality is that most of the black
ink that we use conventionally
ink that we use conventionally
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現實是，我們一般使用的黑墨水
傳統的做法是在工廠中
燃燒化石燃料來製造。
燃燒化石燃料來製造。
01:33
is traditionally produced
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01:34
by conventionally burning
fossil fuels in factories.
fossil fuels in factories.
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01:38
There are factories around the world
that are burning fossil fuels
that are burning fossil fuels
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全世界都有工廠
專門在燃燒化石燃料，
專門在燃燒化石燃料，
01:41
to produce carbon black,
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來生成炭黑，製造我們
每天使用的黑墨水。
每天使用的黑墨水。
01:43
to make black inks that we use
on an everyday basis.
on an everyday basis.
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01:46
But given that millions
of liters of fossil fuels
of liters of fossil fuels
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但既然已經有
數百萬公升的化石燃料
數百萬公升的化石燃料
01:49
are already being burned out there
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在外頭被我們的汽車、
01:51
by our cars, our engines
and our exhaust out there,
and our exhaust out there,
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我們的引擎給燃燒掉，
有那麼多廢氣在外頭，
有那麼多廢氣在外頭，
01:54
what if you could capture that pollution
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如果我們能收集那些污染，
01:57
and use it to recycle and make those inks?
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將它們回收來做墨水呢？
02:00
I decided to give this experiment a shot.
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我決定實驗看看。
02:03
I went back to my lab back in Boston
and conducted a small experiment.
and conducted a small experiment.
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我回到我在波士頓的實驗室，
進行了一項小實驗。
進行了一項小實驗。
02:07
In Boston, I couldn't find
much pollution to play with,
much pollution to play with,
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在波士頓沒有多少污染可以用，
02:10
so I resorted to using a candle.
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所以我改為用蠟燭。
02:12
This was an experiment.
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這就是我的實驗。
02:14
I burnt a candle,
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我燃燒蠟燭，
02:15
built this contraption
that would suck in that candle soot,
that would suck in that candle soot,
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建造了這個新玩意兒，
它會吸入蠟燭的煤煙，
它會吸入蠟燭的煤煙，
02:19
mixed it with some
vegetable oil and vodka,
vegetable oil and vodka,
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和某種植物油和伏特加混合，
02:21
because to a DIY hacker,
these were really easily available.
these were really easily available.
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因為對 DIY 駭客而言，
這些東西都很容易取得。
這些東西都很容易取得。
（笑聲）在把它們混合之後，
02:25
(Laughter)
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02:26
And after mixing them,
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02:27
you could churn out
a very rudimentary form of ink
a very rudimentary form of ink
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就能大量產出非常初階的墨水，
02:30
that would go into a cartridge,
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放到墨水匣中，
02:32
and now you could print with it.
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就可以用來列印了。
02:34
This was my "Hello, World!"
of experimenting
of experimenting
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這是我的「哈囉，世界！」，
用實驗墨水列印出來的。
02:37
with printing with pollution.
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02:41
This is the same pollution
that I showed you in the petri dish,
that I showed you in the petri dish,
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這和各位剛才在培養皿中
看到的是同一種污染，
看到的是同一種污染，
02:44
which is the result of any fossil fuel
that is being burned out there.
that is being burned out there.
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外頭燃燒的任何一種化石燃料
都會產生這種污染。
都會產生這種污染。
02:49
In 2015, I decided to take
this experimentation forward
this experimentation forward
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2015 年，我決定進一步實驗，
02:52
and set up a lab in India
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在印度設立了一間實驗室，
02:54
to work on the capture and recycling
of air pollution.
of air pollution.
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致力於收集和回收空氣污染。
02:57
In the good times, the lab
used to look something like this.
used to look something like this.
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在好日子，實驗室看起來這樣。
03:00
But experimentations
were not always controlled,
were not always controlled,
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但，實驗不見得都能受到控制，
03:02
and disasters happened.
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災難會發生。
03:04
And while experimentation would happen,
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雖然實驗是進行了，
03:06
the lab would end up
looking something like this.
looking something like this.
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但實驗室最後會變成像這個樣子。
03:09
Well, we knew where we wanted to go,
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嗯，我們知道我們的目標，
03:11
but we were not sure
how exactly to reach there.
how exactly to reach there.
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但我們還不知道要如何到達那裡。
03:14
The passersby who used to go
by that lab through that building
by that lab through that building
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以前，這棟大樓裡
經過這間實驗室的路人
經過這間實驗室的路人
03:17
used to, at times, think,
"These guys are making bombs in there,"
"These guys are making bombs in there,"
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有時會心想：
「這些人是在做炸彈吧！」
「這些人是在做炸彈吧！」
03:20
because there was too much fire,
wires and smoke in the same vicinity.
wires and smoke in the same vicinity.
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因為在同一塊區域中
有太多火、電線，和煙了。
有太多火、電線，和煙了。
03:25
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:27
We decided, let's move to a garage
and take experiments forward.
and take experiments forward.
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我們決定搬到車庫進一步實驗。
03:30
We took a garage,
and during the early stages,
and during the early stages,
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我們找了一間車庫，在初期，
我們會開車載著這些新玩意兒
在班加羅爾各地跑。
在班加羅爾各地跑。
03:32
we were driving around Bangalore
with contraptions like these.
with contraptions like these.
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03:35
This is an early-stage prototype.
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這是早期的原型。
想像大家看我們的表情：
「這些車跑來跑去是在幹嘛？」
「這些車跑來跑去是在幹嘛？」
03:37
Imagine the looks people gave us,
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03:38
"What are these cars
driving around doing?"
driving around doing?"
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這個早期的原型
03:41
This is an early-stage prototype
of our system that would capture pollution
of our system that would capture pollution
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是我們用來收集污染的系統，
03:44
that is being released from
a conventional diesel-based car.
a conventional diesel-based car.
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收集從一般柴油車排放的污染。
03:48
This is an early stage of the technology.
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這是這項技術的早期。
03:50
We advanced the technology
and created this into this version
and created this into this version
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我們進一步發展，創造出這個版本，
03:55
that would capture pollution
from static sources of pollution,
from static sources of pollution,
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它能夠收集來自靜態污染源的污染，
像是柴油發電機。
像是柴油發電機。
03:58
like a diesel generator.
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03:59
If you see, all the fumes disappear
as soon as you turn this machine on.
as soon as you turn this machine on.
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可以看到，一啟動這台機器，
所有的煙都不見了。
所有的煙都不見了。
04:04
Without affecting
the performance of the engine,
the performance of the engine,
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在不會影響引擎效能的前提下，
04:08
we are able to capture
95 percent worth of pollution
95 percent worth of pollution
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95% 柴油發電機所產生的污染
能被我們收集起來。
能被我們收集起來。
04:11
released from the diesel generator.
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04:13
This is the particulate matter
that we are talking about that we capture,
that we are talking about that we capture,
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這就是我們收集到的懸浮微粒，
04:17
in this case, within three to four hours
of operation of a generator.
of operation of a generator.
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在這個例子中，發電機運轉
三到四小時就能收集這些。
三到四小時就能收集這些。
04:22
And while our experiments
and our research was advancing,
and our research was advancing,
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在我們的實驗和研究進展當中，
04:26
a very big company, a very big brand,
approached us and said,
approached us and said,
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一間很大的公司，
很大的品牌來找我們，說：
很大的品牌來找我們，說：
04:29
"We want to take this idea
further with you guys,
further with you guys,
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「我們想和你們合作，
把這個點子再進一步發揮，
把這個點子再進一步發揮，
04:32
and take this further
in a very big celebrated form."
in a very big celebrated form."
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而且要玩很大。」
04:36
They said, "Let's do a global art campaign
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他們說：「讓我們辦一場
全球的藝術活動，
全球的藝術活動，
04:38
with the inks that you are making
off this pollution."
off this pollution."
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使用你們從污染物製出的墨水。」
04:41
I'll show you what the ink looks like.
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各位看看這墨水是什麼樣子。
04:43
So, this pen is made by recycling
40 to 50 minutes of that car pollution
40 to 50 minutes of that car pollution
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這支筆是用回收四、五十分鐘的
汽車污染所製成的，
汽車污染所製成的，
04:49
that we are talking about,
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我們剛談過的，
04:51
the same pollution
that is in the petri dish.
that is in the petri dish.
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和培養皿中的污染相同。
它是種非常鮮明的黑色，
可以用來寫字。
可以用來寫字。
04:53
And it's a very sharp black
that you can write with.
that you can write with.
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04:55
So I'm going to write ...
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所以我要寫……
05:00
PM 2.5, that's incorrect.
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「PM 2.5」是不妥的。
05:03
So this is a very sharp black
that is generated by the same pollution.
that is generated by the same pollution.
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這鮮明的黑色
是用同樣的污染做出來的。
是用同樣的污染做出來的。
05:08
After much work on the lab-level research,
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在實驗室裡的很多研究努力之後，
05:10
we got an offer from a big corporation
to do a very big trial of this idea.
to do a very big trial of this idea.
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有一間大企業提議和我們合作，
為這個點子做一場大型試驗。
為這個點子做一場大型試驗。
05:14
And it happened to be a brand,
and we didn't think twice.
and we didn't think twice.
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恰好是我們完全不假思索的品牌，
05:17
We said, "Let's go ahead."
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我們說：「就做吧。」
05:19
Inventing in the lab is one thing
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在實驗室中發明是一回事，
05:21
and taking ideas and deploying them
in the real world is completely another.
in the real world is completely another.
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把點子部署到現實世界中
完全是另一回事。
完全是另一回事。
05:26
During early stages,
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在初期，
05:27
we had to resort to using
our own houses and own kitchens
our own houses and own kitchens
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我們得要用我們自己的房子和廚房
05:31
as our ink-making factories,
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來當作墨水製造工廠，
05:33
and our own bedrooms and living rooms
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我們的臥室和客廳
05:35
as the first assembly line
for making these inks.
for making these inks.
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則是最初製作這些墨水的裝配線。
05:38
This is my cofounder Nikhil's own bedroom,
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這是我的共同創辦人
尼基爾自己的臥室，
尼基爾自己的臥室，
05:41
that is being used to supply inks
to artists all around the world,
to artists all around the world,
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我們用這間臥室來供應墨水
給全世界願意用 AIR-INK
給全世界願意用 AIR-INK
05:45
who would paint with AIR-INK.
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來畫畫的藝術家。
05:46
And that's him, delivering
AIR-INKs to the ports
AIR-INKs to the ports
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那是他把 AIR-INK 遞送到港口，
05:49
so that the artists
around the world can use it.
around the world can use it.
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讓全世界的藝術家能夠使用它。
05:52
Soon, we started seeing
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我們很快就看到
05:53
that thousands of artists around the world
started using AIR-INK,
started using AIR-INK,
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全世界數千名藝術家
開始使用 AIR-INK，
開始使用 AIR-INK，
05:56
and artworks started emerging like this.
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像這樣的藝術作品也開始出現。
05:59
Soon, thousands of black-and-white,
pollution-made artworks
pollution-made artworks
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很快的，數千件
用污染繪製的黑白作品
用污染繪製的黑白作品
06:02
started emerging on a global scale.
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開始在全球出現。
06:04
And believe me, for a group
of scientists and engineers and inventors,
of scientists and engineers and inventors,
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相信我，對一群科學家、
工程師，和投資者來說，
工程師，和投資者來說，
06:08
there was nothing more satisfying
than that the product of their work
than that the product of their work
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最讓人滿足的就是
他們努力做出的產品
他們努力做出的產品
06:11
is now being used by some
of the finest artists around the world.
of the finest artists around the world.
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現在正在被全世界
一些最棒的藝術家使用。
一些最棒的藝術家使用。
06:14
This is the cover of "Contagious"
magazine last year,
magazine last year,
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這是《Contagious》雜誌去年的封面，
06:17
that was done by using the same ink
that we made back in our labs.
that we made back in our labs.
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它所使用的墨水就是
我們實驗室生產的墨水。
我們實驗室生產的墨水。
06:22
This is a famous painting
by the British artist, Christian Furr,
by the British artist, Christian Furr,
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這是英國藝術家
克里斯汀 · 佛爾的知名畫作，
克里斯汀 · 佛爾的知名畫作，
06:25
who painted it for the song
"Paint It Black" by The Rolling Stones.
"Paint It Black" by The Rolling Stones.
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為滾石樂團的歌曲
《Paint It Black》所畫。
《Paint It Black》所畫。
06:30
Now, there's more to this pen and this ink
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這支筆和這種墨水不只是
06:33
than just the popular
and pop-culture artworks.
and pop-culture artworks.
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用來創作流行文化藝術作品而已。
06:36
And now our goal is to create a company
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現在，我們的目標
是要創立一間公司，
是要創立一間公司，
06:38
that can actually make some black money --
I mean, just money --
I mean, just money --
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能夠真的賺一些黑錢——
我是說，賺一些錢——
我是說，賺一些錢——
06:42
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
06:43
and high-quality printing
processes and inks
processes and inks
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製造高品質的印刷流程和墨水，
06:45
that can replace
the conventional black inks
the conventional black inks
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來取代全世界過去數千年來
06:48
that have been produced for the last
thousands of years around the world.
thousands of years around the world.
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用慣行法製造的黑墨水。
06:52
Soon after our growing popularity
and artworks around the world,
and artworks around the world,
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在我們的知名度打開，
藝術作品紅起來之後，
藝術作品紅起來之後，
06:56
we started facing a very different
kind of a problem.
kind of a problem.
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我們開始面臨不同類的問題。
06:59
We started getting spammed by polluters,
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我們開始收到污染者的垃圾郵件，
07:02
who would send us bags full of pollution
to our office address,
to our office address,
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他們會寄一袋一袋滿滿的污染物
到我們的辦公室地址。
到我們的辦公室地址。
07:05
asking us, "What can we do
with this pollution?"
with this pollution?"
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問我們：「要如何處理這些污染？」
07:08
Our lab back in Bombay right now
has pollution samples
has pollution samples
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我們在孟買的實驗室
現在已經有各地的樣本，
現在已經有各地的樣本，
07:11
that have come from London,
from India, from China, you name it.
from India, from China, you name it.
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來自倫敦、印度、中國，
任何你能想到的地方。
任何你能想到的地方。
07:15
And this is just the beginning.
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且這只是開端。
07:17
This polluter sent us
this specific image, asking us
this specific image, asking us
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這位污染者寄來明確的影像，問──
07:21
that these are all bags
filled with PM 2.5,
filled with PM 2.5,
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這些袋子都裝滿細懸浮微粒──
07:24
and can we recycle it for him
if we paid him some money.
if we paid him some money.
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問我們能不能回收，且付錢給他。
07:28
Well, what would he have done
if we did not take that pollution?
if we did not take that pollution?
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如果我們不收下這些污染，
他會怎麼處理？
他會怎麼處理？
07:32
He would probably find a nearby river
or a landfill and dump it over there.
or a landfill and dump it over there.
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他很可能會直接丟棄在
鄰近的河流或垃圾場裡。
鄰近的河流或垃圾場裡。
07:36
But now, because we had the economics
of AIR-INK figured out on the other side,
of AIR-INK figured out on the other side,
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但現在因為 AIR-INK
另一端的經濟問題已經有解，
另一端的經濟問題已經有解，
07:39
we could incentivize him to give us
this pollution and make inks from it,
this pollution and make inks from it,
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我們能鼓勵他把污染交給我們，
用來製造墨水，
07:45
and turn it into even
more valuable products.
more valuable products.
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甚至將之轉變成更有價值的產品。
07:49
Now, pollution, as we all know,
is a global killer.
is a global killer.
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我們都知道污染是全球性的殺手。
07:52
We can't claim that our ink
will solve the world's pollution problem.
will solve the world's pollution problem.
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我們無法宣稱我們的墨水
能夠解決全世界的污染問題。
能夠解決全世界的污染問題。
07:56
But it does show what can be done
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但它確實顯示
若用稍微不同的角度看這個問題，
我們能夠做什麼。
我們能夠做什麼。
07:57
if you look at this problem
slightly differently.
slightly differently.
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08:00
Look at this T-shirt
I'm holding right now.
I'm holding right now.
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看看我手上的這件 T 恤。
08:04
This is made from the same
AIR-INK I'm talking about.
AIR-INK I'm talking about.
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它同樣也是用我說的 AIR-INK 印製的，
08:08
It's made from the same pollution
that is inside this petri dish.
that is inside this petri dish.
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和這培養皿中的同樣的污染，
08:11
And the same pollution we are all
breathing in when we are walking outdoors.
breathing in when we are walking outdoors.
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也是當我們在戶外散步時
吸入的那種污染。
吸入的那種污染。
08:15
And we are on our way
to do better than this.
to do better than this.
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我們正努力做得更好。
08:17
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝。
08:19
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anirudh Sharma - Engineer, inventorInventor Anirudh Sharma is the founder of Graviky Labs, an MIT Media Labs spinoff.
Why you should listen
Anirudh Sharma's interest lies in deep-tech, science-based social entrepreneurship. He fuses cutting-edge sensor, wearable and man-machine interface technology. In 2010, Sharma invented a haptic shoe called "Lechal" to guide the blind. Lechal was the earliest wearable innovation designed for the visually challenged. During his tenure at Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab, Sharma worked on future fabrication and augmented reality with futuristic displays. After returning from MIT, he co-led the nonprofit consortium MIT Media Lab India Initiative with the goal of remodeling and perpetuating self-organized, design-led innovation into the grassroots in India.
Sharma also cofounded Graviky Labs to evolve his side project KAALINK, a retrofit technology which captures particulate carbon emissions from chimneys or diesel engines (without affecting the performance of the engine) before they enter the atmosphere. The captured pollutants are then recycled into inks, called AIR-INK. Forty-five minutes of automotive emissions is equivalent to produce 30 milliliters of black AIR-INK. The company has found its niche globally, replacing conventional black inks applied to arts, printing and fashion industry as a means to offset carbon. To date, Graviky has recycled roughly 250 kilograms of PM2.5 air pollution waste, which has produced 1,200 liters of AIR-INK. Sharma also loves folk, magic and indie artforms.
Anirudh Sharma | Speaker | TED.com