Daniel Streicker: What vaccinating vampire bats can teach us about pandemics
دانيال ستركير: ماذا يمكن لتطعيم الخفافيش الماصة للدماء أن يعلّمنا حول الأوبئة
Daniel Streicker investigates how everyday killer pathogens can provide insight into future outbreaks of infectious disease. Full bio
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to tell you today,
about an outbreak of mysterious illness
rainforest of Peru.
from this illness,
were children.
people was a virus,
never before seen by science.
التي لم يسمع بها العلم من قبل.
of an ancient killer,
بسبب قاتل قديم.
was that as they slept,
هو أنهم عندما كانوا ينامون.
that lives exclusively on a diet of blood:
التي لا تتغذّى سوى على الدماء.
that jump from bats into people,
قفز من الخفاش إلى الإنسان
in the last couple of decades.
and spread globally.
ثم انتشر عالميا.
was eventually traced back to bats,
في النهاية عرفنا أنه يرجع للخفافيش.
undetected, for centuries.
showing up in West Africa,
الإيبولا في غرب افريقيا.
to the science at the time,
to be in West Africa.
and most widespread Ebola outbreak
انتشار وتفشي لللإيبولا .
where we can't really expect them,
في أماكن لا يمكننا توقّعها.
after the next viral emergency
واحدة تلو الأخرى.
after they've already started.
بعد أن تكون قد بدأت فعلا.
الجديدة التي تظهر سنويا.
about what we can do about it.
حول : مالذي يمكننا فعله.
Ebola to happen,
outwits our vaccines,
want to anticipate --
that is a good thing --
it's a little bit of a problem.
فإن هذا يعتبر مشكلة نوعا ما .
happens just once or twice,
to find any patterns.
or where the next pandemic might strike.
أو أين سيضرب الوباء التالي.
we may have is to study some viruses
هو أن ندرس بعض الفيروسات.
animals into people,
الحيوانات البرية إلى الإنسان.
to cause pandemics.
those everyday killer viruses
الفيروسات القاتلة المعروفة.
from one species to the next,
من نوع حي إلى آخر
between species more rarely
تنتقل بين الأنواع بشكل نادر.
virus in this case.
and you don't get treated early,
ولم تعالج مبكّرا.
a problem of the past either.
50 to 60,000 people every year.
من 50 إلى 60 ألف من البشر سنويا.
Ebola outbreak --
للإيبولا في غرب افريقيا.
that died in that outbreak
with rabies every single year.
from a virus like Ebola
مختلفا عن فيروسات مثل الإيبولا.
a person gets rabies,
by a rabid animal,
between species,
but so rare for most viruses,
ولكنه نادر لأغلب الفيروسات.
happening by the thousands.
is almost like the fruit fly
and study to find patterns
ودراسته لإيجاد الأنماط.
about that outbreak of rabies
مرة عن تفشي داء الكلب.
potentially powerful
from bats into other animals
الخفافيش إلى الحيوانات الأخرى.
be able to anticipate it ...
of my high school Spanish class,
من المدرسة الاسبانية العليا
and flew off to Peru,
of this project were really tough.
to rid Latin America of rabies,
لتخليص أمريكا اللاتينية من داء الكلب.
supply of mudslides and flat tires,
وإطارات مخروقة.
all stopping me.
أمراض معدّة كلّها ستوقفني.
might actually have some real impact
ربّما يكون له تأثير حقيقي.
at a village and ask around.
هو الظهور في القرية والسؤال.
by a bat lately?"
is an everyday occurrence,
هو حادثة يومية.
was go to the right house,
هو الذهاب إلى المنزل المناسب.
to fly in and feed on human blood.
الغذاء على دماء البشر.
on his head or blood stains on his sheets,
على رأسه أو الدم يتدفق على أوراقه.
or physical headache
all night long, though,
how I might actually solve this problem,
للتفكير حول كيفية حل هذه المشكلة.
that there were two burning questions.
that people are bitten all the time,
الناس يتمّ عضّهم دائما.
aren't happening all the time --
maybe even every decade,
when and where the next outbreak would be,
متى؟ وأين؟ سيحصل التفشي المقبل.
people ahead of time,
is really just a Band-Aid.
and we have to do it,
ويجب علينا فعله.
how many people we vaccinate,
amount of rabies up there in the bats.
الكلب هناك عند الخفافيش.
hasn't changed at all.
cut the virus off at its source?
القضاء على الفيروس من مصدره.
of rabies in the bats themselves,
داء الكلب عند الخفافيش.
to one based on prevention.
إلى واحدة أساسها المنع.
we needed to understand
in its natural host --
في مضيفه الطبيعي.
for any infectious disease,
species like bats,
was looking at some historical data.
البحث في بعض البيانات القديمة.
happened in the past?
هذا المرض في الماضي؟
that rabies was a virus
for a year, maybe two,
منطقة واحدة لسنة أو اثنين.
to infect somewhere else,
من الخفافيش لإصابتها في مكان آخر.
of the rabies transmission challenge.
من تحدي انتقال داء الكلب.
with a virus on the move,
مع فيروس في حالة حركة.
where it was going.
more of a Google Maps-style prediction,
على خارطة من غوغل.
the destination of the virus?
to take to get there?
to the genomes of rabies.
has a tiny little genome,
من الفيروسات لديها جينوم صغير.
really, really quickly.
has moved from one point to the next,
من نقطة إلى أخرى.
a couple of new mutations.
is kind of connect the dots
where the virus has been in the past
you get rabies viruses.
from the viruses in those cow brains,
من فيروسات أدمغة الأبقار.
between 10 and 20 miles each year.
the speed limit of the virus,
of where is it going in the first place.
وهو أين حصل هذا في أول مرة.
a little bit more like a bat,
how far to fly and how often to fly.
إلى أي مدى يطير ؟ وكم مرة يطير؟
all that far with this
that we first tried putting on bats.
حاولنا تثبيته على الخفاش.
the information we needed.
المعلومات التي نحتاجها
to the mating patterns of bats.
أنماط تزاوج الخفاش.
of the bat genome,
groups of bats were mating with each other
من الخفافيش تتزاوج مع بعضها البعض.
the trail laid out by the bat genomes.
الطريق الذي يرسمه الجينوم.
as being a little bit surprising --
straight over the Peruvian Andes,
فوق جبال الأنديز في البيرو
to the Pacific coast,
about 22,000 feet,
for a vampire to fly.
لمصاص الدماء ليطير فوقه.
that was not quite too tall
to be mating with each other.
spreading through those valleys,
ينتشر عبر هذه الوديان.
models had predicated it would be.
تنبّأت نماذجنا التطوّرية أنه سيكون.
kind of an important thing
on the western slopes of the Andes,
في المنحدرات الغربية لجبال الأنديز
of South America,
in real time, a historical first invasion
أول احتلال في التاريخ.
thing we can do is tell people:
على المدى القصير إخبار الناس:
vaccinate your animals;
if we could use that new information
من استعمال هذه المعلومات الجديدة.
from arriving altogether.
"Don't fly today,"
"لا تطيروا اليوم"
from hitching a ride along with the bat.
من الركوب مع الخفافيش.
that we have learned
الدرس المفتاحي الذي تعلمناه.
all around the world,
skunks, raccoons,
أو ظربان أو راكون
is the only thing that stops rabies.
هو الشيء الوحيد الذي يوقف داء الكلب.
and cats all the time,
about vaccinating bats.
already have edible rabies vaccines
لدينا حقن مأكولة لداء الكلب
can actually spread from bat to bat.
أن تنتشر من خفاش إلى آخر.
of grooming each other
millions of bats one by one
واحدا واحدا.
doesn't mean we know how to use it.
لا يعني أننا نعرف كيف نستعملها.
list of questions.
do we need to be vaccinating?
do we need to be vaccinating?
that are really fundamental
of vaccination campaign,
that we can't answer in the laboratory.
الإجابة عنها في المخبر.
a slightly more colorful approach.
but fake vaccines.
bats when they bump into each other,
تنتشر بين الخفافيش عندما تصطدم ببعضها.
how well a real vaccine might spread
phases of this work,
are incredibly encouraging.
the vaccines that we already have,
the size of rabies outbreaks.
has to be on the move,
the size of an outbreak,
onto the next colony.
in the chain of transmission.
one step closer to extinction.
of a world in the not-too-distant future
about getting rid of rabies altogether,
التخلص من داء الكلب جميعا.
encouraging and exciting.
solution to this problem,
have left me pretty optimistic about it.
جد متفائل حولها.
to forecast outbreaks
للتكهّن بتفشي الوباء.
new technologies,
viruses at their source
هذه الفيروسات ومصدرها
to jump into people.
one step ahead.
that we can do that
that we already have now,
لدينا بالفعل.
might use a flight simulator,
هي محاكاة الطيران
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Daniel Streicker - Animal-borne disease researcherDaniel Streicker investigates how everyday killer pathogens can provide insight into future outbreaks of infectious disease.
Why you should listen
Daniel Streicker uses ecology and evolution to reveal, anticipate and prevent infectious disease transmission between species. His research uses a range of approaches including longitudinal field studies in wild bats, phylodynamics, machine learning, metagenomicsand epidemiological modeling. In Peru, Streicker uses bat and virus genetics to connect bats' movements with the spread of rabies virus. With this technique, he and his team are able to forecast outbreaks before they begin, providing valuable lead times for governments to take preventative actions, such as vaccinating humans and livestock ahead of outbreaks.
Streicker is a Wellcome Trust senior research fellow and head of the Streicker Group at the University of Glasgow Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine and the MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research.
Daniel Streicker | Speaker | TED.com