Daniel Streicker: What vaccinating vampire bats can teach us about pandemics
Daniel Streicker: ¿Qué puede enseñarnos sobre las pandemias vacunar a murciélagos vampiro?
Daniel Streicker investigates how everyday killer pathogens can provide insight into future outbreaks of infectious disease. Full bio
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to tell you today,
about an outbreak of mysterious illness
el brote de una enfermedad misteriosa
rainforest of Peru.
en la selva amazónica de Perú.
from this illness,
por esta afección
were children.
people was a virus,
matando a la gente era un virus,
never before seen by science.
nunca visto por la ciencia.
of an ancient killer,
por un antiguo asesino
was that as they slept,
era que mientras dormían,
that lives exclusively on a diet of blood:
que se alimenta solo a base de sangre:
that jump from bats into people,
de murciélagos a personas,
in the last couple of decades.
en el último par de décadas.
chinos de animales
and spread globally.
was eventually traced back to bats,
se remonta a los murciélagos,
undetected, for centuries.
sin ser detectado, por siglos.
showing up in West Africa,
aparecer el ébola en el oeste de África,
to the science at the time,
la ciencia de esa época
to be in West Africa.
en el oeste de África.
and most widespread Ebola outbreak
más grande y extendido
where we can't really expect them,
en lugares donde no podíamos esperar,
after the next viral emergency
la próxima emergencia viral
after they've already started.
después de que ya hayan comenzado.
que aparecen cada año,
about what we can do about it.
qué podemos hacer al respecto.
a que ocurra otro ébola,
Ebola to happen,
la próxima vez,
outwits our vaccines,
supere nuestras vacunas,
want to anticipate --
that is a good thing --
es algo bueno,
it's a little bit of a problem.
es un pequeño problema.
una o dos veces,
happens just once or twice,
to find any patterns.
y dónde golpeará la próxima pandemia.
or where the next pandemic might strike.
we may have is to study some viruses
que podríamos tener es estudiar los virus
animals into people,
de animales silvestres a personas,
to cause pandemics.
those everyday killer viruses
asesinos cotidianos
y crucial de una especie a la siguiente,
from one species to the next,
cómo podríamos detenerlo,
entre especies con menos frecuencia
between species more rarely
amenaza de pandemia.
virus in this case.
agradable en este caso.
and you don't get treated early,
con la rabia y no es tratado pronto,
a problem of the past either.
un problema del pasado.
50 to 60,000 people every year.
de 50 a 60 000 personas cada año.
Ebola outbreak --
de ébola en el oeste de África,
that died in that outbreak
que murieron en ese brote
with rabies every single year.
con la rabia cada año.
from a virus like Ebola
de un virus como el ébola
a person gets rabies,
una persona contrae la rabia
by a rabid animal,
por un animal rabioso,
es un perro o un murciélago.
between species,
estos saltos entre especies
but so rare for most viruses,
pero raros en la mayoría de virus,
happening by the thousands.
están sucediendo de a miles.
is almost like the fruit fly
es casi como la mosca de la fruta
de los virus mortales.
and study to find patterns
y estudiar para encontrar patrones
about that outbreak of rabies
sobre este brote de rabia
potentially powerful
de murciélagos a otros animales
from bats into other animals
be able to anticipate it ...
para que podamos anticiparlo...
of my high school Spanish class,
de español en secundaria
and flew off to Peru,
of this project were really tough.
fueron realmente difíciles.
to rid Latin America of rabies,
para librar a Latinoamérica de la rabia.
supply of mudslides and flat tires,
de deslizamiento de tierra y neumáticos,
all stopping me.
todos deteniéndome.
might actually have some real impact
podría tener algún impacto real
at a village and ask around.
aparecer en un pueblo y preguntar por ahí
by a bat lately?"
por un murciélago?"
is an everyday occurrence,
es algo cotidiano,
was go to the right house,
era ir a la casa correcta,
intentaran volar y tomar sangre humana.
to fly in and feed on human blood.
on his head or blood stains on his sheets,
en la cabeza o sangre en las sábanas
or physical headache
logístico o de cabeza
trabajando toda la noche,
all night long, though,
how I might actually solve this problem,
cómo solucionaría este problema,
había dos preguntas candentes.
that there were two burning questions.
that people are bitten all the time,
la gente es mordida todo el tiempo,
aren't happening all the time --
no ocurren todo el tiempo,
maybe even every decade,
tal vez incluso cada década,
when and where the next outbreak would be,
cómo y cuándo sería el siguiente brote,
con anticipación,
people ahead of time,
is really just a Band-Aid.
and we have to do it,
y tenemos que hacerlo,
how many people we vaccinate,
cuánta gente vacunemos,
cantidad de rabia en los murciélagos.
amount of rabies up there in the bats.
hasn't changed at all.
no ha cambiado en absoluto
cut the virus off at its source?
cortar el virus en su origen?
of rabies in the bats themselves,
de rabia en los propios murciélagos,
to one based on prevention.
a una basada en prevención.
we needed to understand
necesitábamos entender
en su anfitrión natural,
in its natural host --
cualquier enfermedad infecciosa,
for any infectious disease,
species like bats,
solitaria como los murciélagos,
por algún sitio.
was looking at some historical data.
happened in the past?
estos brotes en el pasado?
that rabies was a virus
for a year, maybe two,
un año, quizás dos,
to infect somewhere else,
grupo de murciélagos que infectar
of the rabies transmission challenge.
del desafío de la transmisión de la rabia.
con un virus en movimiento,
with a virus on the move,
where it was going.
more of a Google Maps-style prediction,
a una predicción de Google Maps,
the destination of the virus?
to take to get there?
para llegar ahí?
to the genomes of rabies.
a los genomas de la rabia.
has a tiny little genome,
virus, tiene un pequeño genoma,
really, really quickly.
muy, muy rápido.
has moved from one point to the next,
haya pasado de un punto al siguiente,
a couple of new mutations.
de mutaciones nuevas.
is kind of connect the dots
where the virus has been in the past
el virus en el pasado
you get rabies viruses.
los virus de la rabia.
from the viruses in those cow brains,
que conseguimos de los virus
entre 6 y 12 km cada año.
between 10 and 20 miles each year.
the speed limit of the virus,
el límite de velocidad del virus,
of where is it going in the first place.
de por dónde entra en primer lugar.
a little bit more like a bat,
un poco más como un murciélago,
por su murciélago anfitrión,
how far to fly and how often to fly.
volar y con qué frecuencia.
all that far with this
that we first tried putting on bats.
que primero tratamos de ponerles.
la información que necesitábamos.
the information we needed.
a los patrones de apareamiento.
to the mating patterns of bats.
of the bat genome,
partes del genoma
groups of bats were mating with each other
de murciélagos se estaban apareando
the trail laid out by the bat genomes.
el rastro trazado por sus genomas.
as being a little bit surprising --
destacó por ser un poco sorprendente,
straight over the Peruvian Andes,
directamente los Andes peruanos,
to the Pacific coast,
al litoral pacífico,
about 22,000 feet,
unos 6700 metros,
for a vampire to fly.
un murciélago pueda volar
that was not quite too tall
no demasiado alta
to be mating with each other.
lados se apareasen.
propagándose por esos valles,
spreading through those valleys,
models had predicated it would be.
nuestros modelos evolutivos.
kind of an important thing
on the western slopes of the Andes,
en las laderas occidentales de los Andes,
of South America,
de América del Sur,
in real time, a historical first invasion
en vivo, de una primera invasión histórica
de América del Sur,
thing we can do is tell people:
podemos hacer es decir a la gente:
vaccinate your animals;
vacunar a tus animales;
if we could use that new information
si pudiéramos usar nueva información
from arriving altogether.
que llegue el virus.
"Don't fly today,"
a los murciélagos: "No vuelen hoy",
from hitching a ride along with the bat.
el virus se pasee con el murciélago.
that we have learned
que hemos aprendido
de la rabia por todo el mundo,
all around the world,
skunks, raccoons,
is the only thing that stops rabies.
es lo único que detiene la rabia.
and cats all the time,
a perros y gatos,
de la vacunación de murciélagos.
about vaccinating bats.
already have edible rabies vaccines
vacunas comestibles para la rabia
can actually spread from bat to bat.
transmitir murciélago a murciélago.
de acicalarse unos a otros
of grooming each other
de murciélagos uno por uno
millions of bats one by one
doesn't mean we know how to use it.
no quiere decir que sepamos usarla.
list of questions.
completa de preguntas.
do we need to be vaccinating?
necesitamos vacunarlos?
do we need to be vaccinating?
necesitamos vacunarlos?
that are really fundamental
de campaña de vacunación,
of vaccination campaign,
that we can't answer in the laboratory.
responderse en laboratorios.
a slightly more colorful approach.
un enfoque más colorido.
but fake vaccines.
reales, pero vacunas falsas.
que hacen que el pelaje brille
bats when they bump into each other,
los murciélagos cuando chocan entre sí,
se podría extender la vacuna
how well a real vaccine might spread
de murciélagos silvestres.
fases de este trabajo,
phases of this work,
hasta ahora son alentadores.
are incredibly encouraging.
the vaccines that we already have,
las vacunas que ya tenemos
the size of rabies outbreaks.
el tamaño de los brotes de rabia.
has to be on the move,
siempre está en movimiento,
the size of an outbreak,
el tamaño de un brote,
onto the next colony.
a la próxima colonia.
in the chain of transmission.
de la cadena de transmisión.
one step closer to extinction.
más cerca de la extinción.
of a world in the not-too-distant future
en un futuro no muy distante
about getting rid of rabies altogether,
de la rabia por completo,
encouraging and exciting.
y emocionante.
solution to this problem,
milagrosa a este problema,
have left me pretty optimistic about it.
me hace ser optimista al respecto.
to forecast outbreaks
para pronosticar brotes
new technologies,
tecnologías inteligentes,
y autoexpandibles,
viruses at their source
desde su fuente
de pasar a la gente.
to jump into people.
one step ahead.
dar un paso hacia delante.
en que podemos hacerlo
that we can do that
that we already have now,
que ya tenemos,
might use a flight simulator,
usar un simulador de vuelo,
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Daniel Streicker - Animal-borne disease researcherDaniel Streicker investigates how everyday killer pathogens can provide insight into future outbreaks of infectious disease.
Why you should listen
Daniel Streicker uses ecology and evolution to reveal, anticipate and prevent infectious disease transmission between species. His research uses a range of approaches including longitudinal field studies in wild bats, phylodynamics, machine learning, metagenomicsand epidemiological modeling. In Peru, Streicker uses bat and virus genetics to connect bats' movements with the spread of rabies virus. With this technique, he and his team are able to forecast outbreaks before they begin, providing valuable lead times for governments to take preventative actions, such as vaccinating humans and livestock ahead of outbreaks.
Streicker is a Wellcome Trust senior research fellow and head of the Streicker Group at the University of Glasgow Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine and the MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research.
Daniel Streicker | Speaker | TED.com