TEDWomen 2010
Hans Rosling: The magic washing machine
Hans Rosling og den magiske vaskemaskine
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Hvad var den industrielle revolutions største opfindelse? Hans Rosling siger vaskemaskinen. Med nydesignede grafer fra Gapminder, viser Rosling os den magi som opstår, når økonomisk vækst og elektricitet forvandler en kedelig vaskedag til en intellektuel dag med læsning.
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionary
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
In Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I was only four years old
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Jeg var kun fire år gammel
00:17
when I saw my mother load a washing machine
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da jeg så min mor fylde en vaskemaskine
00:20
for the very first time in her life.
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for første gang i sit liv.
00:23
That was a great day for my mother.
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Det var en stor dag for min mor.
00:25
My mother and father had been saving money for years
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Min mor og far havde sparet op i årevis
00:28
to be able to buy that machine,
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for at få råd til at købe den maskine.
00:30
and the first day it was going to be used,
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Den første dag, den skulle bruges
00:32
even Grandma was invited
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blev bedstemor endda inviteret
00:34
to see the machine.
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til at se maskinen.
00:36
And Grandma was even more excited.
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Og bedstemor var endnu mere spændt.
00:39
Throughout her life
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Gennem hendes liv
00:41
she had been heating water with firewood,
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havde hun varmet vand med brænde,
00:43
and she had hand washed laundry
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og hun havde vasket tøj i hånden
00:45
for seven children.
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for syv børn.
00:47
And now she was going to watch
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Og nu skulle hun se
00:50
electricity do that work.
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elektriciteten gøre arbejdet.
00:53
My mother carefully opened the door,
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Min mor åbnede forsigtigt døren,
00:57
and she loaded the laundry
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og hun puttede vasketøjet
00:59
into the machine,
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ind i maskinen,
01:01
like this.
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sådan her.
01:03
And then, when she closed the door,
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Og så, da hun lukkede døren,
01:05
Grandma said, "No, no, no, no.
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sagde bedstemor: "Nej, nej, nej, nej.
01:07
Let me, let me push the button."
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Lad mig, lad mig trykke på knappen."
01:11
And Grandma pushed the button,
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Og bedstemor trykkede på knappen,
01:13
and she said, "Oh, fantastic!
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og hun sagde, "Åh, fantastisk.
01:16
I want to see this! Give me a chair!
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Jeg vil se dette. Giv mig en stol.
01:18
Give me a chair! I want to see it,"
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Giv mig en stol. Jeg vil se det."
01:20
and she sat down in front of the machine,
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Og hun sad ned foran maskinen,
01:23
and she watched the entire washing program.
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og hun så hele vaskeprogrammet.
01:27
She was mesmerized.
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Hun var tryllebundet.
01:29
To my grandmother,
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For min bedstemor,
01:32
the washing machine was a miracle.
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var vaskemaskinen et mirakel.
01:35
Today, in Sweden and other rich countries,
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I dag, i Sverige og andre rige lande,
01:38
people are using
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bruger folk
01:40
so many different machines.
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så mange forskellige maskiner.
01:42
Look, the homes are full of machines.
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Hjemmene er fyldt med maskiner;
01:44
I can't even name them all.
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jeg kan ikke engang nævne dem alle.
01:46
And they also, when they want to travel,
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Og når folk vil rejse,
01:49
they use flying machines
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bruger de flyvemaskiner
01:52
that can take them to remote destinations.
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som kan bringe dem til fjerne destinationer.
01:54
And yet, in the world, there are so many people
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Og alligevel, er der så mange folk i verden,
01:56
who still heat the water on fire,
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som stadig varmer vandet over ild,
01:59
and they cook their food on fire.
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og de laver mad på bål.
02:02
Sometimes they don't even have enough food,
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Nogen gange har de ikke engang nok mad.
02:04
and they live below the poverty line.
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Og de lever under fattigdomsgrænsen.
02:07
There are two billion fellow human beings
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Der er to milliarder mennesker
02:10
who live on less than two dollars a day.
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som lever for under to dollars om dagen.
02:12
And the richest people over there --
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Og de rigeste folk --
02:14
there's one billion people --
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det er en milliard mennesker --
02:16
and they live above what I call the "air line,"
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og de lever over det jeg kalder himmelgrænsen,
02:20
because they spend more than $80 a day
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fordi de bruger mere end 80 dollars om dagen
02:23
on their consumption.
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på forbrug.
02:25
But this is just one, two, three billion people,
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Men det er kun en, to, tre milliarder mennesker,
02:28
and obviously there are seven billion people in the world,
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for der er jo syv milliarder mennesker i verden,
02:31
so there must be one, two, three, four billion people more
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så der må være en, to, tre, fire milliarder mennesker mere,
02:34
who live in between the poverty and the air line.
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som lever mellem fattigdoms- og himmelgrænsen.
02:37
They have electricity,
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De har elektricitet,
02:40
but the question is, how many have washing machines?
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men spørgsmålet er, hvor mange der har vaskemaskine?
02:43
I've done the scrutiny of market data,
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Jeg har foretaget en granskning af markedet,
02:46
and I've found that, indeed,
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og har fundet ud af,
02:48
the washing machine has penetrated below the air line,
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at vaskemaskinen har indtaget befolkningen under himmelgrænsen,
02:51
and today there's an additional one billion people out there
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og i dag er der en ekstra milliard mennesker derude,
02:54
who live above the "wash line."
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som lever over vaskemaskinegrænsen.
02:57
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
02:59
And they consume more than $40 per day.
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Og de forbruger mere end 40 dollars om dagen.
03:03
So two billion have access to washing machines.
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Så to milliarder har adgang til vaskemaskiner.
03:06
And the remaining five billion,
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Og de sidste fem milliarder,
03:08
how do they wash?
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hvordan vasker de tøj?
03:10
Or, to be more precise,
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Eller, for at være mere præcis,
03:12
how do most of the women in the world wash?
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hvordan vasker flertallet af kvinder i denne verden tøj?
03:15
Because it remains hard work for women to wash.
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For det er hårdt arbejde for kvinder at vaske tøj.
03:19
They wash like this: by hand.
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De vasker sådan her: i hånden.
03:22
It's a hard, time-consuming labor,
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Det er hårdt, tidskrævende arbejde,
03:26
which they have to do for hours every week.
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som de hver uge må bruge timevis på.
03:29
And sometimes they also have to bring water from far away
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Og nogen gange må de også hente vand langt væk fra,
03:32
to do the laundry at home,
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for at vaske tøjet derhjemme.
03:34
or they have to bring the laundry away to a stream far off.
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Eller de må bringe vasketøjet til en flod langt borte.
03:38
And they want the washing machine.
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Og de vil gerne have en vaskemaskine.
03:41
They don't want to spend such a large part of their life
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De ønsker ikke at bruge så stor en del af deres liv
03:44
doing this hard work
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på dette hårde arbejde
03:46
with so relatively low productivity.
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med så relativt lav produktivitet.
03:48
And there's nothing different in their wish
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Og deres ønske er ikke anderledes end det,
03:50
than it was for my grandma.
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min bedstemor havde.
03:52
Look here, two generations ago in Sweden --
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Se, for to generationer siden i Sverige --
03:55
picking water from the stream,
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da hentede vi vand fra floderne,
03:57
heating with firewood and washing like that.
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varmede op vha. brænde, og vaskede tøj på den måde.
04:00
They want the washing machine in exactly the same way.
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De ønsker en vaskemaskine af præcis de samme grunde.
04:03
But when I lecture to environmentally-concerned students,
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Men når jeg underviser miljøbekymrede studerende,
04:06
they tell me, "No, everybody in the world cannot have cars and washing machines."
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siger de til mig, "Nej, ikke alle i verden kan have biler og vaskemaskiner."
04:11
How can we tell this woman
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Hvordan kan vi sige til denne kvinde,
04:13
that she ain't going to have a washing machine?
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at hun ikke skal have en vaskemaskine?
04:15
And then I ask my students,
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Og så spørger jeg mine elever,
04:17
I've asked them -- over the last two years I've asked,
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jeg har spurgt dem -- gennem de sidste to år har jeg spurgt,
04:19
"How many of you doesn't use a car?"
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"Hvor mange af jer bruger ikke en bil?"
04:21
And some of them proudly raise their hand
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Og nogen af dem rejser stolt deres hånd
04:23
and say, "I don't use a car."
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og siger "Jeg bruger ikke nogen bil."
04:25
And then I put the really tough question:
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Og så stiller jeg et rigtig hårdt spørgsmål:
04:27
"How many of you
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"Hvor mange af jer
04:29
hand-wash your jeans and your bed sheets?"
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vakser jeres jeans og dynebetræk i hånden?"
04:31
And no one raised their hand.
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Og ingen rejser deres hånd.
04:34
Even the hardcore in the green movement
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Selv de allermest hardcore i den grønne bevægelse
04:37
use washing machines.
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bruger vaskemaskiner.
04:39
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
04:43
So how come [this is] something that everyone uses
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Så hvorfor er det noget, som alle bruger,
04:45
and they think others will not stop it? What is special with this?
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hvad er det, der er så specielt ved det?
04:48
I had to do an analysis about the energy used in the world.
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Jeg foretog en analyse om verdens energiforbrug.
04:51
Here we are.
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Her er vi.
04:53
Look here, you see the seven billion people up there:
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Se her, I kan se de syv milliarder mennesker heroppe:
04:55
the air people, the wash people,
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himmelfolket, vaskefolket,
04:57
the bulb people and the fire people.
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pærefolket og brændefolket.
05:00
One unit like this
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En enhed som denne
05:02
is an energy unit of fossil fuel --
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er en energi-enhed af fossil brændsel --
05:05
oil, coal or gas.
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olie, kul eller gas.
05:07
That's what most of electricity and the energy in the world is.
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Sådan er det meste af verdens elektricitet og energi.
05:11
And it's 12 units used in the entire world,
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Og det er 12 enheder brugt i hele verden,
05:14
and the richest one billion, they use six of them.
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og den rigeste millard bruger 6 af dem.
05:17
Half of the energy is used by one seventh of the world's population.
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Halvdelen af energien bruges af hver syvende person i verden.
05:20
And these ones who have washing machines,
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Og dem som har vaskemaskiner,
05:22
but not a house full of other machines,
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men ikke et hus fuld af andre maskiner,
05:24
they use two.
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de bruger to.
05:26
This group uses three, one each.
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Denne gruppe bruger tre, en hver.
05:28
And they also have electricity.
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Og de har også elektricitet.
05:30
And over there they don't even use one each.
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Og derovre bruger de slet ikke en hver.
05:33
That makes 12 of them.
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Det giver 12 i alt.
05:35
But the main concern
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Men den største bekymring
05:37
for the environmentally-interested students -- and they are right --
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for de miljøinteresserede studerende -- og de har ret --
05:40
is about the future.
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er fremtiden.
05:42
What are the trends? If we just prolong the trends,
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Hvad er tendenserne? Hvis vi bare forlænger tendenserne,
05:45
without any real advanced analysis, to 2050,
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uden nogen særligt avanceret analyse, til 2050,
05:48
there are two things that can increase the energy use.
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er der to ting som kan øge energiforbruget.
05:51
First, population growth.
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1: befolkningstilvækst.
05:53
Second, economic growth.
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2: økonomisk vækst.
05:55
Population growth will mainly occur among the poorest people here
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Befolkningstilvækst vil hovedsagligt finde sted blandt de fattigste folk,
05:58
because they have high child mortality
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fordi de har en høj børnedødelighed,
06:00
and they have many children per woman.
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og de får mange børn per kvinde.
06:02
And [with] that you will get two extra,
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Og med det får vi to ekstra,
06:04
but that won't change the energy use very much.
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men det vil ikke ændre energiforbruget særligt meget.
06:06
What will happen is economic growth.
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Det, som vil ske, er økonomsik vækst.
06:09
The best of here in the emerging economies --
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De bedste af de frembrusende økonomier,
06:11
I call them the New East --
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jeg kalder dem New East --
06:13
they will jump the air line.
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de vil ryge over himmelgrænsen.
06:15
"Wopp!" they will say.
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"Wopp!", vil de sige.
06:17
And they will start to use as much as the Old West are doing already.
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Og de vil begynde at bruge lige så meget, som det Gamle Vesten allerede gør.
06:20
And these people, they want the washing machine.
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Og disse mennesker, de vil have vaskemaskiner.
06:23
I told you. They'll go there.
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Jeg sagde det jo. De kommer dertil.
06:25
And they will double their energy use.
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Og de vil fordoble deres energiforbrug.
06:27
And we hope that the poor people will get into the electric light.
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Og vi håber at de fattige folk vil bruge elektrisk lys.
06:30
And they'll get a two-child family without a stop in population growth.
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Og de vil få en familie med to børn, uden et stop i befolkningstilvæksten.
06:32
But the total energy consumption
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Men det totale energiforbrug
06:34
will increase to 22 units.
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vil stige til 22 enheder.
06:36
And these 22 units --
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Og af disse 22 enheder
06:39
still the richest people use most of it.
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vil de fleste stadig blive brugt af de rigeste folk.
06:43
So what needs to be done?
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Så hvad skal vi gøre?
06:45
Because the risk,
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For risikoen,
06:47
the high probability of climate change is real.
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den store sandsynlighed for klimaforandringer, er reel.
06:50
It's real.
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Det er reelt.
06:52
Of course they must be more energy-efficient.
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Selvfølgelig må de være mere energieffektive.
06:55
They must change behavior in some way.
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De må ændre opførsel.
06:57
They must also start to produce green energy,
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De må også begynde at producere grøn energi,
06:59
much more green energy.
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meget mere grøn energi.
07:01
But until they have the same energy consumption per person,
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Men indtil de har det samme energiforbrug per person,
07:04
they shouldn't give advice to others --
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bør de ikke rådgive andre --
07:06
what to do and what not to do.
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om, hvad man skal og ikke skal.
07:08
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
07:10
Here we can get more green energy all over.
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Her kan vi få mere grøn energi over det hele.
07:14
This is what we hope may happen.
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Det er, hvad vi håber vil ske.
07:16
It's a real challenge in the future.
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Det er en stor udfordring i fremtiden.
07:19
But I can assure you that this woman in the favela in Rio,
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Men jeg forsikrer jer, at denne kvinde i slummen i Rio,
07:22
she wants a washing machine.
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hun ønsker sig en vaskemaskine.
07:24
She's very happy about her minister of energy
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Hun er meget glad for energiministeren,
07:27
that provided electricity to everyone --
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som sørgede for elektricitet til alle --
07:29
so happy that she even voted for her.
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så glad, at hun endda stemte på hende.
07:32
And she became Dilma Rousseff,
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Og hun blev Dilma Rousseff,
07:34
the president-elect
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den valgte præsident,
07:36
of one of the biggest democracies in the world --
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i et verdens største demokratier --
07:38
moving from minister of energy to president.
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fra at være energiminister til at være præsident.
07:41
If you have democracy,
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Hvis der er demokrati,
07:43
people will vote for washing machines.
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vil folk stemme for vaskemaskiner.
07:45
They love them.
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De elsker dem.
07:49
And what's the magic with them?
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Og hvad er det magiske ved dem?
07:51
My mother explained the magic with this machine
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Min mor forklarede magien ved den maskine,
07:54
the very, very first day.
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den aller, aller første dag.
07:56
She said, "Now Hans,
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Hun sagde, "Så Hans,
07:58
we have loaded the laundry.
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vi har puttet vasketøjet ind;
08:00
The machine will make the work.
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maskinen gør arbejdet.
08:02
And now we can go to the library."
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Og nu kan vi gå på biblioteket."
08:04
Because this is the magic:
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Fordi dette er magien:
08:06
you load the laundry,
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man putter vasketøjet ind,
08:08
and what do you get out of the machine?
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og hvad får man ud af maskinen?
08:10
You get books out of the machines,
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Man får bøger,
08:13
children's books.
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børnebøger.
08:15
And mother got time to read for me.
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Og min mor fik tid til at læse for mig.
08:17
She loved this. I got the "ABC's" --
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Hun elskede det. Jeg fik "ABC"-bogen.
08:19
this is where I started my career as a professor,
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Det var her, jeg startede min karriere som professor,
08:22
when my mother had time to read for me.
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da min mor fik tid til at læse for mig.
08:24
And she also got books for herself.
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Og hun fik også bøger til sig selv.
08:26
She managed to study English
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Hun studerede engelsk,
08:28
and learn that as a foreign language.
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og lærte det som et fremmedsprog.
08:30
And she read so many novels,
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Og hun læste så mange romaner,
08:32
so many different novels here.
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så mange forskellige bøger her.
08:35
And we really, we really loved this machine.
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Og vi elskede virkelig denne maskine.
08:39
And what we said, my mother and me,
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Og vi sagde, min mor og jeg,
08:42
"Thank you industrialization.
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"Tak skal du have, industrialisering.
08:45
Thank you steel mill.
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Tak, stålmølle.
08:47
Thank you power station.
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Tak, elværk.
08:49
And thank you chemical processing industry
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Og tak, kemi-industri,
08:52
that gave us time to read books."
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som gav os tid til at læse bøger."
08:54
Thank you very much.
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Mange tak.
08:56
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hans Rosling - Global health expert; data visionaryIn Hans Rosling’s hands, data sings. Global trends in health and economics come to vivid life. And the big picture of global development—with some surprisingly good news—snaps into sharp focus.
Why you should listen
Even the most worldly and well-traveled among us have had their perspectives shifted by Hans Rosling. A professor of global health at Sweden's Karolinska Institute, his work focused on dispelling common myths about the so-called developing world, which (as he pointed out) is no longer worlds away from the West. In fact, most of the Third World is on the same trajectory toward health and prosperity, and many countries are moving twice as fast as the west did.
What set Rosling apart wasn't just his apt observations of broad social and economic trends, but the stunning way he presented them. Guaranteed: You've never seen data presented like this. A presentation that tracks global health and poverty trends should be, in a word: boring. But in Rosling's hands, data sings. Trends come to life. And the big picture — usually hazy at best — snaps into sharp focus.
Rosling's presentations were grounded in solid statistics (often drawn from United Nations and World Bank data), illustrated by the visualization software he developed. The animations transform development statistics into moving bubbles and flowing curves that make global trends clear, intuitive and even playful. During his legendary presentations, Rosling took this one step farther, narrating the animations with a sportscaster's flair.
Rosling developed the breakthrough software behind his visualizations through his nonprofit Gapminder, founded with his son and daughter-in-law. The free software — which can be loaded with any data — was purchased by Google in March 2007. (Rosling met the Google founders at TED.)
Rosling began his wide-ranging career as a physician, spending many years in rural Africa tracking a rare paralytic disease (which he named konzo) and discovering its cause: hunger and badly processed cassava. He co-founded Médecins sans Frontièrs (Doctors without Borders) Sweden, wrote a textbook on global health, and as a professor at the Karolinska Institut in Stockholm initiated key international research collaborations. He's also personally argued with many heads of state, including Fidel Castro.
Hans Rosling passed away in February 2017. He is greatly missed.
Hans Rosling | Speaker | TED.com