TEDSummit
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: How Africa can keep rising
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: Hvordan Afrika fortsat kan vokse
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Afrikansk vækst er en udvikling, ikke et lykketræf, siger økonom og Nigerias tidligere finansminister Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala. I denne ligetil og forfriskende ærlige tale, beskriver Okonjo-Iweala den positive fremgang på kontinentet og peger på otte udfordringer, som afrikanske nationer stadig mangler at løse for at skabe en bedre fremtid.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
The narrative of a rising Africa
is being challenged.
is being challenged.
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Fortællingen om et voksende Afrika
er udfordret.
er udfordret.
For omkring ti år siden
snakkede jeg om et Afrika,
snakkede jeg om et Afrika,
00:16
About 10 years ago,
I spoke about an Africa,
I spoke about an Africa,
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et Afrika af håb og muligheder,
00:20
an Africa of hope and opportunity,
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et Afrika af entreprenører,
00:23
an Africa of entrepreneurs,
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et Afrika meget anderledes end det Afrika,
som man normalt hører om,
som man normalt hører om,
00:25
an Africa very different from the Africa
that you normally hear about
that you normally hear about
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00:29
of death, poverty and disease.
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af død, fattigdom og sygdom.
Og det, som jeg snakkede om,
00:31
And that what I spoke about,
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blev en del af, hvad der nu er kendt
som fortællingen om et voksende Afrika.
som fortællingen om et voksende Afrika.
00:33
became part of what is known now
as the narrative of the rising Africa.
as the narrative of the rising Africa.
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Jeg vil fortælle jer to historier
om dette voksende Afrika.
om dette voksende Afrika.
00:39
I want to tell you two stories
about this rising Africa.
about this rising Africa.
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Den første har at gøre med Rwanda,
00:42
The first has to do with Rwanda,
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et land, som har gennemgået mange
prøver og trængsler.
prøver og trængsler.
00:44
a country that has gone
through many trials and tribulations.
through many trials and tribulations.
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Rwanda har besluttet sig for
at blive
at blive
00:47
And Rwanda has decided to become
the technology hub, or a technology hub
the technology hub, or a technology hub
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et teknologicentrum på kontinentet.
00:52
on the continent.
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Det er et bjergrigt land
med et kuperet terræn,
med et kuperet terræn,
00:53
It's a country with mountainous
and hilly terrain,
and hilly terrain,
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lidt ligesom her,
00:56
a little bit like here,
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så det er svært at levere
tjenesteydelser til folk.
tjenesteydelser til folk.
00:58
so it's very difficult
to deliver services to people.
to deliver services to people.
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Så hvad har Rwanda sagt?
01:01
So what has Rwanda said?
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For at redde liv,
vil man bruge droner
vil man bruge droner
01:03
In order to save lives,
it's going to try using drones
it's going to try using drones
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til at levere livsvigtig medicin,
vacciner og blod
vacciner og blod
01:06
to deliver lifesaving drugs,
vaccines and blood
vaccines and blood
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til folk i ufremkommelige områder
01:09
to people in hard-to-reach places
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i samarbejde med et firma,
der hedder Zipline,
der hedder Zipline,
01:12
in partnership with
a company called Zipline,
a company called Zipline,
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01:14
with UPS, and also with the Gavi,
a global vaccine alliance.
a global vaccine alliance.
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med UPS og med Gavi,
en global vaccine alliance.
en global vaccine alliance.
Ved at gøre dette,
vil man redde liv.
vil man redde liv.
01:19
In doing this, it will save lives.
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Dette er en form for innovation,
vi gerne vil se i det voksende Afrika.
vi gerne vil se i det voksende Afrika.
01:21
This is part of the type of innovation
we want to see in the rising Africa.
we want to see in the rising Africa.
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Den anden historie
har at gøre med noget,
har at gøre med noget,
01:26
The second story has to do with something
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som jeg er sikker på, at de fleste
af jer har set eller kan huske.
af jer har set eller kan huske.
01:29
that I'm sure most of you
have seen or will remember.
have seen or will remember.
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Ofte lider lande i Afrika
af tørke og oversvømmelse,
af tørke og oversvømmelse,
01:32
Very often, countries in Africa
suffer drought and floods,
suffer drought and floods,
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og det sker mere hyppigt
på grund af klimaændringer.
på grund af klimaændringer.
01:36
and it's getting more frequent
because of climate change effects.
because of climate change effects.
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Når dette sker, venter de normalt på,
at internationale appeller skaffer penge.
at internationale appeller skaffer penge.
01:40
When this happens, they normally wait
for international appeals to raise money.
for international appeals to raise money.
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Man ser billeder af børn
med fluer i deres ansigter,
med fluer i deres ansigter,
01:45
You see pictures of children
with flies on their faces,
with flies on their faces,
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rådnende kroppe af døde dyr
og så videre.
og så videre.
01:49
carcasses of dead animals and so on.
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Disse 32 lande gik i stedet for sammen
01:51
Now these countries,
32 countries, came together
32 countries, came together
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under ledelse af den
Den Afrikanske Union
Den Afrikanske Union
01:54
under the auspices of the African Union
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og besluttede at danne en organisation,
kaldet Den Afrikanske Risiko Kapacitet.
kaldet Den Afrikanske Risiko Kapacitet.
01:57
and decided to form an organization
called the African Risk Capacity.
called the African Risk Capacity.
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Hvad gør den?
02:02
What does it do?
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Det er et vejrbaseret
forsikringsselskab,
forsikringsselskab,
02:03
It's a weather-based insurance agency,
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og hvert år betaler
disse lande forsikring,
disse lande forsikring,
02:05
and what these countries do
is to pay insurance each year,
is to pay insurance each year,
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02:10
about 3 million dollars a year
of their own resources,
of their own resources,
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omkring 3 mio. dollars om året
af deres egne ressourcer,
af deres egne ressourcer,
så i tilfælde af, at der er en
tørkeperiode eller en oversvømmelse,
tørkeperiode eller en oversvømmelse,
02:12
so that in the event they have
a difficult drought situation or flood,
a difficult drought situation or flood,
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vil der blive udbetalt penge til dem,
02:17
this money will be paid out to them,
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som de kan bruge til at tage
sig af befolkningen,
sig af befolkningen,
02:20
which they can then use
to take care of their populations,
to take care of their populations,
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i stedet for at vente på,
at der kommer hjælp.
at der kommer hjælp.
02:23
instead of waiting for aid to come.
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Den Afrikanske Risiko Kapacitet
udbetalte sidste år 26 mio. dollars
udbetalte sidste år 26 mio. dollars
02:26
The African Risk Capacity
last year paid 26 million dollars
last year paid 26 million dollars
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til Mauretanien, Senegal og Niger.
02:30
to Mauritania, Senegal and Niger.
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Det gjorde, at de kunne tage sig af
1.3 mio. mennesker, der var udsat for tørke.
1.3 mio. mennesker, der var udsat for tørke.
02:32
This enabled them to take care
of 1.3 million people affected by drought.
of 1.3 million people affected by drought.
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De var i stand til at
genoprette folks levebrød,
genoprette folks levebrød,
02:38
They were able to restore livelihoods,
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købe foder til kvæg,
give skolebørn mad
give skolebørn mad
02:40
buy fodder for cattle,
feed children in school
feed children in school
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og på kort sigt holde befolkningen hjemme
i stedet for at de migrerede ud af området.
i stedet for at de migrerede ud af området.
02:43
and in short keep the populations home
instead of migrating out of the area.
instead of migrating out of the area.
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Så dette er historier
02:49
So these are the kinds of stories
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om et Afrika, der er klar til
at tage ansvar for sig selv,
at tage ansvar for sig selv,
02:51
of an Africa ready
to take responsibility for itself,
to take responsibility for itself,
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og til at lede efter løsninger
til sine egne problemer.
til sine egne problemer.
02:54
and to look for solutions
for its own problems.
for its own problems.
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Men den fortælling er
udfordret i øjeblikket,
udfordret i øjeblikket,
02:57
But that narrative is being challenged now
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fordi kontinentet ikke har klaret
sig godt i de sidste to år.
sig godt i de sidste to år.
03:00
because the continent has not
been doing well in the last two years.
been doing well in the last two years.
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Det er vokset med
fem procent om året
fem procent om året
03:05
It had been growing
at five percent per annum
at five percent per annum
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gennem det sidste halvandet årti,
03:08
for the last one and a half decades,
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men dette års prognose
var kun tre procent. Hvorfor?
var kun tre procent. Hvorfor?
03:10
but this year's forecast
was three percent. Why?
was three percent. Why?
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I et usikkert, globalt miljø
er råvarepriserne faldet.
er råvarepriserne faldet.
03:12
In an uncertain global environment,
commodity prices have fallen.
commodity prices have fallen.
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03:17
Many of the economies
are still commodity driven,
are still commodity driven,
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Mange af økonomierne
er stadig drevet af råvarer,
er stadig drevet af råvarer,
03:20
and therefore their
performance has slipped.
performance has slipped.
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og derfor er deres
resultater faldet.
resultater faldet.
03:23
And now the issue of Brexit
doesn't make it any easier.
doesn't make it any easier.
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Og nu gør spørgsmålet om Brexit
det ikke meget lettere.
det ikke meget lettere.
Jeg anede ikke,
at Brexit kunne ske
at Brexit kunne ske
03:27
I never knew that the Brexit could happen
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03:31
and that it could be one of the things
that would cause global uncertainty
that would cause global uncertainty
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og at det ville være noget,
der skaber global usikkerhed,
der skaber global usikkerhed,
sådan som vi har set.
03:35
such as we have.
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03:36
So now we've got this situation,
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Så nu står vi i en situation,
03:38
and I think it's time to take stock
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og jeg synes, at det er på tide
at gøre status,
at gøre status,
03:41
and to say what were the things
that the African countries did right?
that the African countries did right?
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og snakke om, hvad de afrikanske
lande gjorde rigtigt?
lande gjorde rigtigt?
03:46
What did they do wrong?
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Hvad gjorde de forkert?
03:48
How do we build on all of this
and learn lessons
and learn lessons
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Hvordan skal vi bygge videre på dette
og lære lektien,
og lære lektien,
så vi fortsat kan få Afrika til at vokse?
03:51
so that we can keep Africa rising?
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03:54
So let me talk about six things
that I think we did right.
that I think we did right.
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Jeg vil snakke om seks ting,
som jeg synes, vi gjorde rigtigt.
som jeg synes, vi gjorde rigtigt.
03:58
The first is managing
our economies better.
our economies better.
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Den første er at administrere
vores økonomi bedre.
vores økonomi bedre.
04:02
The '80s and '90s were the lost decades,
when Africa was not doing well,
when Africa was not doing well,
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80'erne og 90'erne var de fortabte årtier,
da Afrika ikke klarede sig godt,
da Afrika ikke klarede sig godt,
04:06
and some of you will remember
an "Economist" cover
an "Economist" cover
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og nogen kan måske huske
en "Economist" forside,
en "Economist" forside,
04:09
that said, "The Lost Continent."
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som kaldte det "Det fortabte kontinent."
04:12
But in the 2000s, policymakers learned
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Men i 00'erne lærte politikerne,
at de skulle administrere det
makroøkonomiske miljø bedre,
makroøkonomiske miljø bedre,
04:16
that they needed to manage
the macroeconomic environment better,
the macroeconomic environment better,
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for at sikre stabilitet,
04:20
to ensure stability,
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holde inflationen nede på et enkelt ciffer,
04:21
keep inflation low in single digits,
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holde det offentlige budgetunderskud lavt,
under tre procent af BNP,
under tre procent af BNP,
04:24
keep their fiscal deficits low,
below three percent of GDP,
below three percent of GDP,
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give investorer - både indenlandske
og udenlandske -
og udenlandske -
04:30
give investors, both domestic and foreign,
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en stabilitet, så de ville have tillid til
at investere i disse økonomier.
at investere i disse økonomier.
04:34
some stability so they'll have confidence
to invest in these economies.
to invest in these economies.
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04:37
So that was number one.
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Det var nummer et.
04:39
Two, debt.
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To, gæld.
04:40
In 1994, the debt-to-GDP ratio
of African countries was 130 percent,
of African countries was 130 percent,
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I 1994 var gælden i forhold til BNP
på 130 procent i afrikanske lande,
på 130 procent i afrikanske lande,
04:46
and they didn't have fiscal space.
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og de havde ikke noget
økonomisk råderum.
økonomisk råderum.
04:48
They couldn't use their resources
to invest in their development
to invest in their development
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De kunne ikke bruge deres ressourcer
til at investere i udvikling,
til at investere i udvikling,
fordi de skulle betale deres gæld.
04:51
because they were paying debt.
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Der er måske nogen her i rummet,
som arbejdede på at støtte afrikanske lande
som arbejdede på at støtte afrikanske lande
04:53
There may be some of you in this room
who worked to support African countries
who worked to support African countries
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04:58
to get debt relief.
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i at få gældssanering.
Private kreditorer, multilaterale
og bilaterale gik sammen
og bilaterale gik sammen
04:59
So private creditors, multilaterals
and bilaterals came together
and bilaterals came together
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og besluttede at danne
De Forgældede Fattige Landes initiativ
De Forgældede Fattige Landes initiativ
05:03
and decided to do the Highly Indebted
Poor Countries Initiative
Poor Countries Initiative
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og give gældssanering.
05:07
and give debt relief.
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Denne gældssanering i 2005
05:08
So this debt relief in 2005
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gjorde at gælden i forhold til BNP
faldt til omkring 30 procent,
faldt til omkring 30 procent,
05:10
made the debt-to-GDP ratio
fall down to about 30 percent,
fall down to about 30 percent,
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og der var nok ressourcer
til at geninvestere.
til at geninvestere.
05:14
and there was enough resources
to try and reinvest.
to try and reinvest.
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05:18
The third thing was
loss-making enterprises.
loss-making enterprises.
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Den tredje ting var
tabsgivende virksomheder.
tabsgivende virksomheder.
Regeringer blandede sig i sager,
05:21
Governments were involved in business
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som de ikke skulle blande sig i.
05:23
which they had no business being in.
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De styrede virksomheder,
der skabte store tab.
der skabte store tab.
05:25
And they were running businesses,
they were making losses.
they were making losses.
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Så nogen af disse virksomheder
blev omstruktureret,
blev omstruktureret,
05:28
So some of these enterprises
were restructured,
were restructured,
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05:31
commercialized, privatized or closed,
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markedsført, privatiseret eller lukket,
05:34
and they became
less of a burden on government.
less of a burden on government.
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og de blev en mindre byrde
for regeringen.
for regeringen.
05:38
The fourth thing
was a very interesting thing.
was a very interesting thing.
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Den fjerde ting var meget interessant.
05:41
The telecoms revolution came,
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Revolutionen inden for
telekommunikation kom
telekommunikation kom
og afrikanske lande
var med i den.
var med i den.
05:43
and African countries jumped on it.
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I 2000 havde vi
elleve millioner telefonlinjer.
elleve millioner telefonlinjer.
05:46
In 2000, we had 11 million phone lines.
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I dag har vi omkring 687 millioner
telefonlinjer på kontinentet.
telefonlinjer på kontinentet.
05:48
Today, we have about 687 million
mobile lines on the continent.
mobile lines on the continent.
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05:54
And this has enabled us
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Dette har gjort det muligt for os
at komme frem
med mobilteknologi,
med mobilteknologi,
05:55
to go, move forward
with some mobile technology
with some mobile technology
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05:58
where Africa is actually leading.
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hvor Afrika faktisk er førende.
06:01
In Kenya, the development
of mobile money --
of mobile money --
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I Kenya blev mobilpenge udviklet --
06:03
M-Pesa, which all of you
have heard about --
have heard about --
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-- M-Pesa, som i alle har hørt om --
06:06
it took some time for the world
to notice that Africa was ahead
to notice that Africa was ahead
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Det tog lidt tid for resten af verden
at opdage, at Afrika var foran
at opdage, at Afrika var foran
indenfor denne form for teknologi.
06:10
in this particular technology.
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06:11
And this mobile money
is also providing a platform
is also providing a platform
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Denne form for mobilpenge
skaber også en platform,
skaber også en platform,
der er en adgang til alternativ energi.
06:14
for access to alternative energy.
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Folk kan nu betale for solenergi
06:17
You know, people who can now pay for solar
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06:20
the same way they pay
for cards for their telephone.
for cards for their telephone.
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på samme måde, som når
de betaler for deres telefon.
de betaler for deres telefon.
Så det var en virkelig god udvikling,
noget der gik godt.
noget der gik godt.
06:25
So this was a very good development,
something that went right.
something that went right.
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06:30
We also invested more
in education and health, not enough,
in education and health, not enough,
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Vi investerede også mere
i uddannelse og sundhed, ikke nok,
i uddannelse og sundhed, ikke nok,
06:34
but there were some improvements.
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men der var nogen forbedringer.
06:36
250 million children were immunized
in the last one and a half decades.
in the last one and a half decades.
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250 millioner børn blev vaccineret
gennem det sidste halvandet årti.
gennem det sidste halvandet årti.
06:42
The other thing was
that conflicts decreased.
that conflicts decreased.
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En anden ting var,
at der var færre konflikter.
at der var færre konflikter.
Der var mange konflikter
på kontinentet.
på kontinentet.
06:45
There were many conflicts
on the continent.
on the continent.
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06:48
Many of you are aware of that.
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Mange af jer er klar over det.
06:49
But they came down, and our leaders
even managed to dampen some coups.
even managed to dampen some coups.
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Men de blev stoppet, og det lykkedes endda
vores ledere at få stoppet nogen kup.
vores ledere at få stoppet nogen kup.
06:54
New types of conflicts have emerged,
and I'll refer to those later.
and I'll refer to those later.
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Nye typer af konflikter er opstået,
dem vil jeg snakke om senere.
dem vil jeg snakke om senere.
06:58
So based on all this, there's also
some differentiation on the continent
some differentiation on the continent
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Så på baggrund af alt dette,
er der altså stadig nogen forskelle,
er der altså stadig nogen forskelle,
07:02
that I want you to know about,
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som jeg synes, i skal kende,
fordi selvom det virker
dystert og dommedagsagtigt,
dystert og dommedagsagtigt,
07:03
because even as
the doom and gloom is here,
the doom and gloom is here,
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07:06
there are some countries --
Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Ethiopia,
Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Ethiopia,
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så er der stadig lande --
Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Etiopien,
Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Etiopien,
Tanzania og Senegal,
som klarer sig relativt godt.
som klarer sig relativt godt.
07:10
Tanzania and Senegal are performing
relatively well at the moment.
relatively well at the moment.
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07:15
But what did we do wrong?
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Men hvad gjorde vi forkert?
Jeg vil snakke om otte ting.
07:17
Let me mention eight things.
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Man skal have flere forkerte
end rigtige ting.
end rigtige ting.
07:18
You have to have
more things wrong than right.
more things wrong than right.
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(Latter)
07:20
(Laughter)
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07:22
So there are eight things we did wrong.
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Der er altså otte ting,
som vi gjorde forkert.
som vi gjorde forkert.
07:24
The first was that even though we grew,
we didn't create enough jobs.
we didn't create enough jobs.
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Det første er, at selvom vi voksede,
skabte vi ikke nok jobs.
skabte vi ikke nok jobs.
07:28
We didn't create jobs for our youth.
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Vi skabte ikke job til ungdommen.
07:30
Youth unemployment on the continent
is about 15 percent,
is about 15 percent,
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Arbejdsløshed blandt unge
på kontinentet er omkring 15 procent,
på kontinentet er omkring 15 procent,
og underbeskæftigelse er
et alvorligt problem.
et alvorligt problem.
07:33
and underemployment is a serious problem.
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07:37
The second thing that we did is that
the quality of growth was not good enough.
the quality of growth was not good enough.
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Det andet var, at kvaliteten
af vækst ikke var god nok.
af vækst ikke var god nok.
07:42
Even those jobs we created
were low-productivity jobs,
were low-productivity jobs,
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Selv de job, som vi skabte,
var lavproduktivitetsjob,
var lavproduktivitetsjob,
07:46
so we moved people
from low-productivity agriculture
from low-productivity agriculture
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så vi flyttede folk fra
lavproduktivitetsjob i landbrug
lavproduktivitetsjob i landbrug
07:50
to low-productivity commerce
and working in the informal sector
and working in the informal sector
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til lavproduktivitets- handel
og jobs i den uformelle sektor
og jobs i den uformelle sektor
07:54
in the urban areas.
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i byområderne.
07:56
The third thing
is that inequality increased.
is that inequality increased.
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Den tredje ting er,
at uligheden voksede.
at uligheden voksede.
08:00
So we created more billionaires.
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Så vi skabte flere milliardærer.
08:05
50 billionaires worth 96 billion dollars
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50 milliardærer til en
værdi af 96 milliarder dollars
værdi af 96 milliarder dollars
08:08
own more wealth than the bottom
75 million people on the continent.
75 million people on the continent.
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har en større formue end
de fattigste 75 millioner mennesker.
de fattigste 75 millioner mennesker.
08:13
Poverty,
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Fattigdom,
08:15
the proportion of people in poverty --
that's the fourth thing -- did decrease,
that's the fourth thing -- did decrease,
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andelen af mennesker i fattigdom --
det er den fjerde ting -- faldt,
det er den fjerde ting -- faldt,
08:19
but the absolute numbers did not
because of population growth.
because of population growth.
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men det endelige antal
gjorde ikke pga. befolkningsvækst.
gjorde ikke pga. befolkningsvækst.
08:24
And population growth is something
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Og befolkningsvækst er noget,
08:26
that we don't have enough
of a dialogue about on the continent.
of a dialogue about on the continent.
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som vi ikke snakker
nok om på kontinentet.
nok om på kontinentet.
Og det er noget,
vi bliver nødt til at få styr på,
vi bliver nødt til at få styr på,
08:30
And I think we will need
to get a handle on it,
to get a handle on it,
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08:33
particularly how we educate girls.
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især hvordan vi uddanner piger.
Det er vejen til at
få løst dette problem.
få løst dette problem.
08:36
That is the road to really working
on this particular issue.
on this particular issue.
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08:41
The fifth thing is that we didn't invest
enough in infrastructure.
enough in infrastructure.
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Den femte ting er, at vi ikke
investerede nok i infrastruktur.
investerede nok i infrastruktur.
08:48
We had investment from the Chinese.
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Vi havde investeringer
fra kineserne.
fra kineserne.
Det hjalp nogen lande,
men det er ikke nok.
men det er ikke nok.
08:50
That helped some countries,
but it's not enough.
but it's not enough.
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Forbruget af elektricitet
på det afrikanske kontinent
på det afrikanske kontinent
08:54
The consumption of electricity
in Africa on the continent
in Africa on the continent
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syd for Sahara
svarer til det i Spanien.
svarer til det i Spanien.
08:57
in Sub-Saharan Africa
is equivalent to Spain.
is equivalent to Spain.
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Det totale forbrug svarer
til det i Spanien.
til det i Spanien.
09:01
The total consumption
is equivalent to that of Spain.
is equivalent to that of Spain.
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Så mange mennesker
lever i mørke,
lever i mørke,
09:04
So many people are living in the dark,
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og som formanden for
Den Afrikanske Udviklings Bank sagde,
Den Afrikanske Udviklings Bank sagde,
09:07
and as the President of the African
Development Bank said recently,
Development Bank said recently,
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09:10
Africa cannot develop in the dark.
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Afrika kan ikke udvikle
sig i mørke.
sig i mørke.
09:14
The other thing we have not done
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En anden ting vi ikke har fået gjort,
er at vores økonomi
har den samme struktur,
har den samme struktur,
09:16
is that our economies
retain the same structure
retain the same structure
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som den har haft i årtier.
09:21
that we've had for decades.
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Så selvom vi er vokset,
09:23
So even though we've been growing,
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har vores økonomiske struktur
ikke ændret sig særlig meget.
ikke ændret sig særlig meget.
09:25
the structure of the economies
has not changed very much.
has not changed very much.
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09:27
We are still exporting commodities,
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Vi eksporterer stadig handelsvarer,
09:30
and exporting commodities is what?
It's exporting jobs.
It's exporting jobs.
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og hvad betyder det?
At vi eksporterer jobs.
At vi eksporterer jobs.
09:34
Our manufacturing value-added
is only 11 percent.
is only 11 percent.
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Værditilvæksten i vores produktion
er kun 11 procent.
er kun 11 procent.
09:37
We are not creating enough
decent manufacturing jobs for our youth,
decent manufacturing jobs for our youth,
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Vi skaber ikke nok anstændige jobs
inden for produktion til vores ungdom,
inden for produktion til vores ungdom,
09:42
and trade among ourselves is low.
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2616
og handlen blandt
os selv er lav.
os selv er lav.
09:44
Only about 12 percent of our trade
is among ourselves.
is among ourselves.
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Kun omkring 12 procent af vores
handel er blandt os selv.
handel er blandt os selv.
09:48
So that's another serious problem.
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Det er et andet alvorligt problem.
09:51
Then governance.
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Så er der regeringsførelsen.
09:53
Governance is a serious issue.
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Det er et alvorligt emne.
09:55
We have weak institutions,
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Vi har svage institutioner,
09:57
and sometimes nonexistent institutions,
and I think this gives way for corruption.
and I think this gives way for corruption.
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5016
nogen gange ikke-eksisterende,
og jeg tror, at det fører til korruption.
og jeg tror, at det fører til korruption.
10:02
Corruption is an issue that we have not
yet gotten a good enough handle on,
yet gotten a good enough handle on,
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Korruption er noget, som vi ikke endnu
har fået ordentligt styr på,
har fået ordentligt styr på,
10:08
and we have to fight tooth and nail,
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og vi må kæmpe med næb og kløer
10:10
that and increased transparency
in the way we manage our economies
in the way we manage our economies
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3576
og med større gennemsigtighed
i den måde vi styrer vores økonomi på
i den måde vi styrer vores økonomi på
10:14
and the way we manage our finances.
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602320
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og den måde vi styrer
vores offentlige budget på.
vores offentlige budget på.
Vi må også være på vagt
overfor nye konflikter,
overfor nye konflikter,
10:16
We also need to be wary of new conflicts,
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4736
nye typer af konflikter,
10:21
new types of conflicts,
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1936
10:23
such as we have with Boko Haram
in my country, Nigeria,
in my country, Nigeria,
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3216
sådan som vi har været med Boko Haram
i mit land, Nigeria,
i mit land, Nigeria,
10:26
and with Al-Shabaab in Kenya.
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og med Al-Shabaab i Kenya.
10:28
We need to partner
with international partners,
with international partners,
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3336
Vi bliver nødt til at samarbejde
med internationale partnere,
med internationale partnere,
10:32
developed countries,
to fight this together.
to fight this together.
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udviklede lande,
for at bekæmpe dette sammen.
for at bekæmpe dette sammen.
10:35
Otherwise, we create a new reality
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Ellers skaber vi en ny virkelighed,
som ikke er af den slags,
vi ønsker for et voksende Afrika.
vi ønsker for et voksende Afrika.
10:37
which is not the type
we want for a rising Africa.
we want for a rising Africa.
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Og endelig,
spørgsmålet om uddannelse.
spørgsmålet om uddannelse.
10:40
And finally, the issue of education.
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3536
Vores uddannelsessystem
i mange lande er ødelagt.
i mange lande er ødelagt.
10:43
Our education systems
in many countries are broken.
in many countries are broken.
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3296
10:47
We are not creating the types of skills
needed for the future.
needed for the future.
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4536
Vi skaber ikke de færdigheder,
der er brug for i fremtiden.
der er brug for i fremtiden.
Så vi må finde en måde
at gøre uddannelse bedre på.
at gøre uddannelse bedre på.
10:51
So we have to find a way
to educate better.
to educate better.
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2640
10:54
So those are the things
that we are not doing right.
that we are not doing right.
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2720
Det er altså de ting,
vi ikke gør rigtigt.
vi ikke gør rigtigt.
10:58
Now, where do we go from there?
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Hvor fortsætter vi herfra?
11:01
I believe that the way forward
is to learn to manage success.
is to learn to manage success.
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Jeg tror på, at vejen frem
er at lære at lede succes.
er at lære at lede succes.
11:05
Very often, when people succeed
or countries succeed,
or countries succeed,
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Når mennesker eller
lande har succes,
lande har succes,
11:09
they forget what made them succeed.
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657720
2200
glemmer de ofte,
hvad der gjorde dem succesfulde.
hvad der gjorde dem succesfulde.
11:12
Learning what you're successful at,
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At lære hvad du
er succesfuld i,
er succesfuld i,
11:15
managing it and keeping it
is vital for us.
is vital for us.
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at styre det og beholde det
er afgørende for os.
er afgørende for os.
11:17
So all those things I said we did right,
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Alle de ting, jeg sagde,
vi gjorde rigtigt,
vi gjorde rigtigt,
11:19
we have to learn to do it right again,
keep doing it right.
keep doing it right.
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skal vi lære at gøre rigtigt igen
og blive ved med det.
og blive ved med det.
11:23
Managing the economy well,
creating stability is vital,
creating stability is vital,
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At styre økonomien og at
skabe stabilitet er afgørende,
skabe stabilitet er afgørende,
at få de rigtige priser
og sammenhængende politik.
og sammenhængende politik.
11:27
getting prices right,
and policy consistency.
and policy consistency.
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Ofte er der ikke
sammenhæng.
sammenhæng.
11:30
Very often, we are not consistent.
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Ét regime kommer ud,
et andet kommer ind,
et andet kommer ind,
11:33
One regime goes out, another comes in
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og de smider selv den fungerende
orden ud, der var der før.
orden ud, der var der før.
11:35
and they throw away even the functioning
policies that were there before.
policies that were there before.
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3456
Hvad gør dette?
11:39
What does this do?
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1256
Det skaber usikkerhed
for mennesker, husstande,
for mennesker, husstande,
11:40
It creates uncertainty
for people, for households,
for people, for households,
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2376
usikkerhed for virksomheder.
11:42
uncertainties for business.
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690800
1376
De ved ikke om,
og hvordan de skal investere.
og hvordan de skal investere.
11:44
They don't know whether and how to invest.
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2696
11:46
Debt: we must manage
the success we had in reducing our debt,
the success we had in reducing our debt,
217
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4336
Gæld: vi skal styre den succes,
vi havde i at reducere vores gæld,
vi havde i at reducere vores gæld,
11:51
but now countries
are back to borrowing again,
are back to borrowing again,
218
699280
2536
men nu er flere lande gået
tilbage til at låne igen,
tilbage til at låne igen,
11:53
and we see our debt-to-GDP ratio
beginning to creep up,
beginning to creep up,
219
701840
3416
og vi ser, at gælden i forhold
til BNP er begyndt at stige,
til BNP er begyndt at stige,
11:57
and in certain countries,
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og i visse lande
11:58
debt is becoming a problem,
so we have to avoid that.
so we have to avoid that.
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2496
er gæld ved at blive et problem,
så det bliver vi nødt til at undgå.
så det bliver vi nødt til at undgå.
12:01
So managing success.
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At styre succes.
12:02
The next thing
is focusing with a laser beam
is focusing with a laser beam
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2656
Den næste ting er
at fokusere specifikt
at fokusere specifikt
12:05
on those things we did not do well.
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1856
på de ting,
vi ikke gjorde godt.
vi ikke gjorde godt.
12:07
First and foremost is infrastructure.
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1856
Først og fremmest infrastruktur.
12:09
Yes, most countries now recognize
they have to invest in this,
they have to invest in this,
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3576
De fleste lande anerkender nu,
at de må investere i dette,
at de må investere i dette,
12:12
and they are trying to do
the best they can to do that.
the best they can to do that.
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og de prøver at gøre
det bedste, de kan.
det bedste, de kan.
Vi skal.
12:15
We must.
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Det vigtigste er elektricitet.
12:16
The most important thing is power.
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1656
Man kan ikke udvikle sig i mørke.
12:18
You cannot develop in the dark.
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Og så regeringsførelse
og korruption:
og korruption:
12:20
And then governance and corruption:
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2256
vi må kæmpe.
12:22
we have to fight.
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1216
12:24
We have to make our countries transparent.
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2776
Vi bliver nødt til at gøre
vores lande gennemsigtige.
vores lande gennemsigtige.
Og vi bliver især nødt til at
engagere unge mennesker.
engagere unge mennesker.
12:26
And above all, we have to
engage our young people.
engage our young people.
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3576
12:30
We have genius in our young people.
235
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2216
Vi har genialitet i
unge mennesker.
unge mennesker.
Jeg ser det hver dag.
12:32
I see it every day.
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Det er det, som får mig op
om morgenen og klar.
om morgenen og klar.
12:34
It's what makes me wake up
in the morning and feel ready to go.
in the morning and feel ready to go.
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3536
12:37
We have to unleash
the genius of our young people,
the genius of our young people,
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Vi bliver nødt til at slippe
genialiteten løs i unge mennesker,
genialiteten løs i unge mennesker,
12:40
get out of their way,
support them to create and innovate
support them to create and innovate
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ikke stå i vejen for dem,
støtte dem til at skabe og innovere
støtte dem til at skabe og innovere
12:43
and lead the way.
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1216
og føre vejen frem.
12:44
And I know that they will lead us
in the right direction.
in the right direction.
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Og jeg ved, at de vil lede os
i den rigtige retning.
i den rigtige retning.
12:47
And our women, and our girls:
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2176
Og vores kvinder og piger:
12:49
we have to recognize
that girls and women are a gift.
that girls and women are a gift.
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3056
vi bliver nødt til at anerkende,
at piger og kvinder er en gave.
at piger og kvinder er en gave.
12:52
They have strength,
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De har styrke,
12:54
and we have to unleash that strength
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og vi må slippe den styrke fri,
12:56
so that they can
contribute to the continent.
contribute to the continent.
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2936
så de kan bidrage
til kontinentet.
til kontinentet.
12:59
I strongly believe
that when we do all of these things,
that when we do all of these things,
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Jeg tror meget stærkt på,
at når vi gør alle disse ting,
at når vi gør alle disse ting,
13:03
we find that the rising Africa narrative
248
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3216
kan vi se, at fortællingen
om et voksende Afrika
om et voksende Afrika
13:06
is not a fluke.
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ikke blot er et lykketræf.
13:07
It's a trend.
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1240
Det er en udvikling.
13:09
It's a trend, and if we continue,
if we unleash our youth,
if we unleash our youth,
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3816
Det er en udvikling, og hvis vi
fortsætter og slipper vores ungdom løs,
fortsætter og slipper vores ungdom løs,
13:13
if we unleash our women,
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hvis vi slipper kvinderne løs,
13:14
we may step backwards sometimes,
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2016
går vi måske nogen gange
et skridt tilbage
et skridt tilbage
13:16
we may even step sideways,
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1896
vi træder måske endda
et skridt til siden,
et skridt til siden,
13:18
but the trend is clear.
255
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1616
men udviklingen er tydelig.
13:20
Africa will continue to rise.
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2016
Afrika vil fortsætte med at vokse.
13:22
And I tell you businesspeople
in the audience,
in the audience,
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Og jeg siger til de forretningsfolk
i mængden,
i mængden,
13:26
investment in Africa is not for today,
is not for tomorrow,
is not for tomorrow,
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at investering i Afrika ikke bare
er for i dag eller i morgen,
er for i dag eller i morgen,
13:29
it's not a short-term thing,
it's a longer term thing.
it's a longer term thing.
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det er ikke en kortsigtet ting,
det er en langsigtet ting.
det er en langsigtet ting.
Men hvis du ikke investerer i Afrika,
13:33
But if you are not invested in Africa,
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2416
13:35
then you will be missing
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så går du glip af
en af de vigtigste og mest
fremspirende muligheder i verden.
fremspirende muligheder i verden.
13:36
one of the most important
emerging opportunities in the world.
emerging opportunities in the world.
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Tak.
13:41
Thank you.
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(Bifald)
13:42
(Applause)
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2520
13:51
Kelly Stoetzel: So you mentioned
corruption in your talk,
corruption in your talk,
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Kelly Stoetzel: Du nævnte
korruption i din tale,
korruption i din tale,
13:53
and you're known, well-known
as a strong anticorruption fighter.
as a strong anticorruption fighter.
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og du er kendt som en
stærk antikorruptions-kæmper.
stærk antikorruptions-kæmper.
13:57
But that's had consequences.
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Men det har haft konsekvenser.
14:00
People have fought back,
and your mother was kidnapped.
and your mother was kidnapped.
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Folk har kæmpet tilbage,
og din mor blev kidnappet.
og din mor blev kidnappet.
14:02
How have you been handling this?
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Hvordan har du håndteret dette?
14:05
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala:
It's been very difficult.
It's been very difficult.
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Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala:
Det har været svært.
Det har været svært.
Tak fordi du nævner
kidnapningen af min mor.
kidnapningen af min mor.
14:07
Thank you for mentioning
the issue of the kidnap of my mother.
the issue of the kidnap of my mother.
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14:11
It's a very difficult subject.
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Det er et meget vanskeligt emne.
14:14
But what it means
is that when you fight corruption,
is that when you fight corruption,
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Men det betyder,
at når du bekæmper korruption,
at når du bekæmper korruption,
når du rører ved lommerne
på dem, som stjæler penge,
på dem, som stjæler penge,
14:18
when you touch the pockets
of people who are stealing money,
of people who are stealing money,
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14:21
they don't just keep quiet.
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vil de ikke bare være stille.
14:23
They fight back, and the issue for you
is when they try to intimidate you,
is when they try to intimidate you,
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De kæmper imod, og problemet er,
at når de prøver at skræmme dig,
at når de prøver at skræmme dig,
giver du så op,
eller kæmper du videre?
eller kæmper du videre?
14:27
do you give up, or do you fight on?
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14:30
Do you find a way
to stay on and fight back?
to stay on and fight back?
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Finder du en måde
at blive ved med at kæmpe på?
at blive ved med at kæmpe på?
14:33
And the answer that I had
with the teams I worked with
with the teams I worked with
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Og svaret jeg kom frem til,
sammen med det team, jeg arbejdede med,
sammen med det team, jeg arbejdede med,
er, at vi må kæmpe videre.
14:38
is we have to fight on.
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Vi må skabe de institutioner.
14:40
We have to create those institutions.
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Vi må finde måder
at stoppe de mennesker
at stoppe de mennesker
14:41
We have to find ways to stop these people
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i at stjæle
fremtidens arv.
fremtidens arv.
14:45
from taking away
the heritage of the future.
the heritage of the future.
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Så det er, hvad vi gjorde.
14:48
And so that's what we did.
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14:50
And even out of government,
we continued to make that point.
we continued to make that point.
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Og selv ude af regeringen,
fortsatte vi med at kæmpe.
fortsatte vi med at kæmpe.
I vores lande,
vil ingen bekæmpe korruption
vil ingen bekæmpe korruption
14:53
In our countries, nobody,
nobody is going to fight corruption
nobody is going to fight corruption
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for os udover os selv.
14:57
for us but us.
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14:59
And therefore,
that comes with consequences,
that comes with consequences,
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Og det kommer
med konsekvenser,
med konsekvenser,
og vi må bare gøre det
bedste, vi kan.
bedste, vi kan.
15:01
and we just have to do the best we can.
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Men jeg vil takke jer og TED
for at give os en stemme
for at give os en stemme
15:03
But I thank you and thank TED
for giving us a voice
for giving us a voice
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15:07
to say to those people, you will not win,
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til at fortælle de mennesker,
at de ikke vil vinde,
at de ikke vil vinde,
og vi vil ikke blive skræmte.
15:10
and we will not be intimidated.
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Tak.
15:12
Thank you.
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(Bifald)
15:13
(Applause)
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Kelly Stoetzel: Mange tak for din
fantastiske tale og vigtige arbejde.
fantastiske tale og vigtige arbejde.
15:15
Kelly Stoetzel: Thank you so much
for your great talk and important work.
for your great talk and important work.
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(Bifald)
15:18
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala - EconomistNgozi Okonjo-Iweala is a respected global economist.
Why you should listen
Okonjo-Iweala was the Finance Minister of Nigeria, Africa’s largest economy, from 2003 to 2006, and then briefly the country’s Foreign Affairs Minister, the first woman to hold either position. From 2011 to 2015 she was again named Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister for the Economy of Nigeria. Between those terms, from 2007 to 2011, she was one of the managing director of the World Bank and a candidate to the organization’s presidency. She is now a senior advisor at financial advisory and asset management firm Lazard, and she chairs the Board of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. At the World Bank, she worked for change in Africa and assistance for low-income countries. As Finance Minister, she attacked corruption to make Nigeria more transparent and desirable for investment and jobs, an activism that attracted criticism from circles opposed to reform.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala | Speaker | TED.com